{"id":3535,"date":"2018-06-15T10:40:33","date_gmt":"2018-06-15T10:40:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=3535"},"modified":"2019-02-28T18:11:04","modified_gmt":"2019-02-28T18:11:04","slug":"osynileiki-barna-sem-leita-althjodlegrar-verndar-a-islandi-i-fylgd-foreldra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-14-no-1-2019\/other-contributions-volume-14-no-1-2019\/osynileiki-barna-sem-leita-althjodlegrar-verndar-a-islandi-i-fylgd-foreldra\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d3s\u00fdnileiki barna sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed fylgd foreldra"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n

Fl\u00f3ttamannastofnun Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (UNHCR) \u00e1\u00e6tlar a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2017 hafi um 68,5 millj\u00f3nir einstaklinga veri\u00f0 \u00e1 fl\u00f3tta, \u00fear af s\u00e9 r\u00famlega helmingur b\u00f6rn (UNHCR, 2018). Ums\u00e6kjandi um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd er hver s\u00e1 sem hefur fl\u00fai\u00f0 heimar\u00edki sitt og s\u00f3tt um a\u00f0 f\u00e1 vi\u00f0urkennda st\u00f6\u00f0u fl\u00f3ttamanns og dvalarleyfi hj\u00e1 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum annars r\u00edkis (Rau\u00f0i krossinn, e.d.). Mikil aukning hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 sl\u00edkum ums\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi undanfari\u00f0 og er nokkur fj\u00f6ldi barnafj\u00f6lskyldna \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2015 voru 79 b\u00f6rn \u00e1 me\u00f0al ums\u00e6kjenda um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd, 249 b\u00f6rn \u00e1ri seinna (\u00datlendingastofnun, 2017) og 156 b\u00f6rn \u00e1ri\u00f0 2017 (\u00datlendingastofnun, 2018). \u00c1ri\u00f0 2018 voru 166 b\u00f6rn me\u00f0al ums\u00e6kjenda (\u00datlendingastofnun, 2019) en \u00feessar t\u00f6lur eiga vi\u00f0 um b\u00f6rn sem leita\u00f0 hafa al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar \u00ed fylgd me\u00f0 foreldrum s\u00ednum e\u00f0a forr\u00e1\u00f0am\u00f6nnum.<\/p>\n

\u00deann 1. jan\u00faar 2017 t\u00f3ku gildi n\u00fd l\u00f6g \u00e1 \u00cdslandi um \u00fatlendinga, nr. 80\/2016, \u00fear sem l\u00f6g\u00f0 er aukin \u00e1hersla \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi barna mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 fyrri l\u00f6g um \u00fatlendinga nr. 96\/2002. Helsta r\u00e9ttarfarsb\u00f3tin er \u00ed 25. grein laganna en \u00fear kemur fram a\u00f0 \u201ebarni sem getur mynda\u00f0 eigin sko\u00f0anir skal trygg\u00f0ur r\u00e9ttur til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig \u00ed m\u00e1li sem \u00fea\u00f0 var\u00f0ar og skal teki\u00f0 tillit til sko\u00f0ana \u00feess \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 aldur og \u00feroska\u201c (L\u00f6g um \u00fatlendinga nr. 80\/2016). A\u00f0 auki er r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a fylgdarlausra barna sk\u00fdr\u00f0 og komi\u00f0 er \u00e1 r\u00e9tti til fj\u00f6lskyldusameiningar fyrir fylgdarlaus b\u00f6rn sem hafa fengi\u00f0 vernd. Teki\u00f0 er fram a\u00f0 bestu hagsmunir barnsins skulu alltaf haf\u00f0ir a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si en ekki hafa veri\u00f0 sett upp vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 um hvernig meta skuli hagsmuni barna.<\/p>\n

Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindum barna sem s\u00e6kja um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed fylgd foreldra og a\u00f0 r\u00f6dd \u00feeirra heyrist og a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feau s\u00e9 hlusta\u00f0. Markmi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knarinnar er a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa og greina hvernig b\u00f6rn og foreldrar upplifa ums\u00f3knarferli\u00f0 um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi og \u00e1hrif \u00feessarar reynslu \u00e1 s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega vell\u00ed\u00f0an \u00feeirra. Uppfyllir ums\u00f3knarferli\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um r\u00e9ttindi barna \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna? Ef ekki, a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a leyti er Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn ekki uppfylltur? Fyrst er ger\u00f0 grein fyrir st\u00f6\u00f0u barnafr\u00e6\u00f0a (e. childhood studies) og Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna me\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku tilliti til st\u00f6\u00f0u barna sem s\u00e6kja um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd. \u00de\u00e1 er a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0in kynnt og ger\u00f0 grein fyrir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um. Loks er sta\u00f0a barnanna sko\u00f0u\u00f0 \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu samhengi og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur dregnar saman \u00ed lokaor\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur rammi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00deegar l\u00ed\u00f0a t\u00f3k \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u barnafr\u00e6\u00f0in a\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku fr\u00e6\u00f0asvi\u00f0i sem einkennist af \u00feverfaglegum ranns\u00f3knum \u00fear sem b\u00f6rn tj\u00e1 sig um eigi\u00f0 l\u00edf og m\u00e1lefni sem \u00feau var\u00f0a og a\u00f0 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 \u00feeirra s\u00e9u tekin alvarlega (James and Prout, 1990; Punch 2016). \u00cd sta\u00f0 fyrri ranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 b\u00f6rnum, sem fj\u00f6llu\u00f0u gjarnan um b\u00f6rn sem ver\u00f0andi fullor\u00f0na fyrir tilstilli f\u00e9lagsm\u00f3tunar, l\u00f6g\u00f0u fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn \u00ed auknum m\u00e6li \u00e1herslu \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knir me\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum \u00fear sem atbeini (e. agency) og reynsla \u00feeirra \u00e1 l\u00ed\u00f0andi stundu v\u00e6ri \u00ed forgrunni. Me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum hafa \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00e1herslubreytingar innan barnafr\u00e6\u00f0anna. A\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um barna innan fj\u00f6lskyldurnnar, samskiptum kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a og f\u00e9lagslegri st\u00f6\u00f0u er \u00feannig veitt aukin athygli, en \u00ed vi\u00f0leitni til a\u00f0 draga fram atbeini barna einbl\u00edndu stundum barnafr\u00e6\u00f0in einhli\u00f0a \u00e1 b\u00f6rn \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 taka tillit til st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra (Punch, 2016). Bent er \u00e1 a\u00f0 inntak hugtaksins atbeini geti veri\u00f0 \u00f3lj\u00f3st, enda b\u00fai meirihluti barna heimsbygg\u00f0arinnar (e. majority world) vi\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ar efnahags- og f\u00e9lagslegar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur og m\u00f6rg \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 s\u00e1raf\u00e1t\u00e6kt, erfi\u00f0isvinnu, str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1stand og hungursney\u00f0 (Bordonaro and Payne 2012). Ranns\u00f3knir b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 og me\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum einbl\u00edna \u00fe\u00f3 oftast \u00e1 anna\u00f0 hvort minnihluta barna heimsbygg\u00f0arinnar (e. minority world) e\u00f0a meirihlutann. Punch (2016) bendir \u00e1 a\u00f0 vegna f\u00f3lksflutninga, til d\u00e6mis vegna ney\u00f0ar\u00e1stands vegna hl\u00fdnunar jar\u00f0ar og str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1taka, skarist vegir barna heimsbygg\u00f0arinnar \u00ed auknum m\u00e6li. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00fev\u00ed t\u00edmab\u00e6rt a\u00f0 sam\u00fe\u00e6tta ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 b\u00f6rnum, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00feeirra og hva\u00f0an \u00feau koma. Eins leggur Punch til a\u00f0 kenningar og hugt\u00f6k barnafr\u00e6\u00f0anna ver\u00f0i betur n\u00fdtt til a\u00f0 stefnum\u00f3tunar og a\u00f0ger\u00f0a \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu allra barna.<\/p>\n

Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (e.d.) \u00e1 r\u00e6tur \u00ed s\u00f6mu hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i og barnafr\u00e6\u00f0in og hefur hann veri\u00f0 sam\u00feykktur af \u00f6llum l\u00f6ndum heims a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkjunum undanskildum (CRC Poilicy Center, e.d.). \u00cd anda barnafr\u00e6\u00f0anna n\u00e6r Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn til allra barna sem sta\u00f0sett eru \u00ed a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum hans, veitir \u00feeim v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka vernd og vi\u00f0urkennir atbeini \u00feeirra og sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindum fullor\u00f0inna (Smyth, 2014; Tisdall og Punch, 2012). \u00cd Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lnum eru 54 efnisgreinar, \u00fear af 41 grein sem sn\u00fdr a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindum barna en 13 efnisgreinar kunngera hvernig s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum skuli framfylgt (Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur barna, e.d.). Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn hefur fj\u00f6gur grundvallar\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i en \u00feau fjalla um jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i og bann vi\u00f0 mismunun (2. gr.), bestu hagsmuni barna (3. gr.), r\u00e9tt barna til \u00feess a\u00f0 lifa og \u00feroskast (6. gr.) og r\u00e9tt barna til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig um m\u00e1lefni er \u00feau var\u00f0a (12. gr.) (Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna, e.d.; UNHCR, 2008). \u00cd Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum er fjalla\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega um r\u00e9tt barna sem eru \u00e1 fl\u00f3tta, en \u00ed 22. efnisgrein segir:<\/p>\n

A\u00f0ildarr\u00edki skulu gera vi\u00f0eigandi r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir til a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 barn sem leitar eftir r\u00e9ttarst\u00f6\u00f0u sem fl\u00f3ttama\u00f0ur, e\u00f0a sem tali\u00f0 er fl\u00f3ttama\u00f0ur samkv\u00e6mt vi\u00f0eigandi reglum og starfsh\u00e1ttum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar e\u00f0a landslaga, f\u00e1i, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed fylgd foreldra e\u00f0a annarra e\u00f0a ekki, vi\u00f0eigandi vernd og mann\u00fa\u00f0lega a\u00f0sto\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00fdta s\u00e9r \u00feau r\u00e9ttindi sem vi\u00f0 eiga og kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00e1 um \u00ed samningi \u00feessum og \u00f6\u00f0rum al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum l\u00f6ggerningum \u00e1 svi\u00f0i mannr\u00e9ttinda- e\u00f0a mann\u00fa\u00f0arm\u00e1la sem r\u00edki \u00feau er um r\u00e6\u00f0ir eiga a\u00f0ild a\u00f0.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka s\u00e1tt um Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann eru b\u00f6rn og ungmenni oft \u00f3s\u00fdnileg og \u00feau eru ekki spur\u00f0 um m\u00e1lefni sem \u00feau var\u00f0a. \u00deetta \u00e1 s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0 um b\u00f6rn sem eru \u00ed vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mri st\u00f6\u00f0u, til d\u00e6mis b\u00f6rn sem eru beitt ofbeldi, b\u00f6rn \u00e1n skilr\u00edkja og fylgdarlaus b\u00f6rn (Ferguson, 2017; Meloni, Rousseau, Ricard-Guay og Hanley, 2017). Samkv\u00e6mt European Network of Ombudspersons for Children (ENOC), sem er tengslanet umbo\u00f0smanna barna \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu, f\u00e1 b\u00f6rn sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1samt foreldrum e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum forr\u00e1\u00f0am\u00f6nnum oft minni athygli en fylgdarlaus b\u00f6rn vi\u00f0 ger\u00f0 verklagsreglna fyrir ums\u00f3knarferli\u00f0 og minni \u00fej\u00f3nustu (ENOC, 2013). \u00deau f\u00e1 heldur ekki \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0sto\u00f0, vernd, athygli e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3nustu sem \u00feau eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 (Fagerholm og Verheul, 2016). \u00deeim \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um sem geta valdi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindum \u00feessara barna og \u00fe\u00f6rfum \u00feeirra s\u00e9 ekki m\u00e6tt er ekki n\u00e6gilegur gaumur gefinn, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al a\u00f0 foreldrar \u00feeirra geti \u00e1tt erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 sinna foreldrahlutverki s\u00ednu \u00e1 fulln\u00e6gjandi h\u00e1tt vegna \u00e1falla og streitu (Bj\u00f6rnberg, 2013; Eastmond og Cederborg, 2016; Fagerholm og Verheul, 2016; Ottoson, Newbigging og Thomas, 2011). B\u00f6rn sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar me\u00f0 foreldrum e\u00f0a forr\u00e1\u00f0am\u00f6nnum ver\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 einhverju leyti \u00f3s\u00fdnileg \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd (Fagerholm og Verheaul, 2016). Or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed ums\u00f3knarr\u00edkinu getur einnig haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u sl\u00edkra barna; \u00ed Noregi hefur h\u00fan til d\u00e6mis einkennst af \u00e1herslu \u00e1 varnarleysi barnanna og mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau f\u00e1i vernd en \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku er sta\u00f0a \u00feeirra ger\u00f0 tortryggileg (Vitus og Lid\u00e9n, 2010).<\/p>\n

A\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar sem h\u00e9r eru kynntar eru hluti ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0na st\u00e6rri ranns\u00f3knar, en gagna var afla\u00f0 seinni hluta \u00e1rs 2015 (Helga Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir, 2016). Gagna\u00f6flun bygg\u00f0i \u00e1 h\u00e1lfst\u00fdr\u00f0um samt\u00f6lum vi\u00f0 12 b\u00f6rn og 10 foreldra sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u s\u00f3tt um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. B\u00f6rnin voru 2\u201317 \u00e1ra og foreldrarnir 25\u201360 \u00e1ra \u00feegar \u00feau komu til landsins. Fj\u00f6lskyldurnar komu fr\u00e1 mismunandi l\u00f6ndum og voru \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur ums\u00f3knar breytilegar hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar reynslu af str\u00ed\u00f0i, ofbeldi, p\u00f3lit\u00edskum ofs\u00f3knum e\u00f0a har\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i. T\u00edu b\u00f6rn voru \u00e1 grunnsk\u00f3laaldri og tv\u00f6 \u00e1 menntask\u00f3laaldri \u00feegar vi\u00f0tal var teki\u00f0, en \u00ferj\u00fa b\u00f6rn \u00e1 sk\u00f3laaldri voru ekki byrju\u00f0 \u00ed sk\u00f3la \u00feegar vi\u00f0t\u00f6lin f\u00f3ru fram.<\/p>\n

Markvisst \u00fartak var nota\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 velja \u00fe\u00e1tttakaendur \u00ed ranns\u00f3knina, en \u00fe\u00e6r fj\u00f6lskyldur sem t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt voru \u00fdmist komnar me\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0u fl\u00f3ttamanns h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, h\u00f6f\u00f0u dvalarleyfi af mann\u00fa\u00f0ar\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um e\u00f0a bi\u00f0u eftir svari fr\u00e1 yfirv\u00f6ldum. \u00cd fyrstu h\u00f6f\u00f0u millili\u00f0ir me\u00f0 l\u00f6gm\u00e6tan a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingum um fj\u00f6lskyldur og b\u00f6rn \u00ed \u00feessum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um samband vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldurnar til \u00feess a\u00f0 kynna ranns\u00f3knina fyrir \u00feeim e\u00f0a fengu leyfi fr\u00e1 \u00feeim fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 t\u00falkur hef\u00f0i samband til \u00feess a\u00f0 kynna hana n\u00e1nar. Kynningarfundur var s\u00ed\u00f0an haldinn fyrir \u00fe\u00e6r fj\u00f6lskyldur, hverja fyrir sig, sem s\u00fdndu ranns\u00f3kninni \u00e1huga \u00fear sem fari\u00f0 var \u00edtarlega yfir hana og tilgangur hennar og framkv\u00e6md \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0 og r\u00e6dd. \u00cd flestum tilfellum f\u00f3r kynningin fram me\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 t\u00falks auk \u00feess sem uppl\u00fdsingabl\u00f6\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0eigandi tungum\u00e1lum voru afhent fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0limum. B\u00f6rnin g\u00e1fu munnlegt sam\u00feykki fyrir \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku og foreldrar veittu skriflegt sam\u00feykki fyrir sig og b\u00f6rn s\u00edn, og \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 hven\u00e6r og hvar samt\u00f6lin myndu eiga s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. \u00cd flestum tilfellum \u00e1ttu \u00feau s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00e1 heimilum vi\u00f0m\u00e6lenda. Fyrsti h\u00f6fundur hitti hverja fj\u00f6lskyldu 2\u20133 sinnum og st\u00f3\u00f0u samt\u00f6lin a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i 1\u20133 klukkustundir \u00ed hvert sinn og samtals var rannsakandi 3\u20136 klukkustundir me\u00f0 hverri fj\u00f6lskyldu. Faglegur t\u00falkur var vi\u00f0staddur \u00ed n\u00e6r \u00f6llum tilfellum. Foreldrar og b\u00f6rn h\u00f6f\u00f0u a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi, s\u00e9r a\u00f0 kostna\u00f0arlausu, ef \u00feau t\u00f6ldu sig \u00feurfa \u00e1 sl\u00edkri a\u00f0sto\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda vegna \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni. Enginn \u00feeirra n\u00fdtti s\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i en rannsakandi hefur til margra \u00e1ra unni\u00f0 me\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum og fj\u00f6lskyldum \u00ed vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mri st\u00f6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n

\u00cd ranns\u00f3kninni var stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 tvo vi\u00f0talsramma, annars vegar fyrir samr\u00e6\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin og hins vegar vi\u00f0 foreldrana. Markmi\u00f0 samtalanna vi\u00f0 foreldrana var a\u00f0 gefa \u00feeim t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til \u00feess a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig um reynslu s\u00edna af foreldrahlutverkinu \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu og hvernig \u00feeir upplif\u00f0u l\u00ed\u00f0an og l\u00edf barna sinna eftir komuna til \u00cdslands. \u00cd samt\u00f6lunum vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin var markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 gefa \u00feeim t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa upplifun sinni og l\u00ed\u00f0an eftir komuna til \u00cdslands og hva\u00f0 skipti \u00feau m\u00e1li \u00ed l\u00edfinu. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 hefja samtali\u00f0 vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin var stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 gamlar og n\u00fdjar lj\u00f3smyndir, en sum b\u00f6rnin t\u00f3ku lj\u00f3smyndir me\u00f0 s\u00edma e\u00f0a myndav\u00e9lum sem \u00feau fengu hj\u00e1 rannsakanda. Eins voru teikningar barnanna nota\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 au\u00f0velda samr\u00e6\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00feau (sj\u00e1 Fargas-Malet, McSherry, Larkin og Robinson, 2010). \u00deegar rannsakandi hitti fj\u00f6lskyldurnar \u00e1tti s\u00e9r oftast fyrst sta\u00f0 samtal vi\u00f0 foreldra og b\u00f6rnin saman \u00e1 kynningarfundinum, s\u00ed\u00f0an vi\u00f0 foreldrana (b\u00f6rnin voru \u00fdmist heima e\u00f0a a\u00f0 heiman \u00feegar vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 foreldrana \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0) og loks eing\u00f6ngu vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin. Systkini voru \u00fe\u00f3 stundum saman \u00ed samtali \u00feegar \u00feegar um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a yngri b\u00f6rn og samr\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00e1ttu s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 samhli\u00f0a leik. Misjafnt var hvort b\u00e1\u00f0ir foreldrar e\u00f0a anna\u00f0 t\u00e6kju \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni en a\u00f0 minnsta kosti anna\u00f0 foreldranna var heima \u00feegar samtal \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin en \u00fe\u00e1 var vi\u00f0komandi oftast \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru herbergi, til d\u00e6mis eldh\u00fasinu. \u00dea\u00f0 var undir b\u00f6rnum og foreldrum komi\u00f0 hva\u00f0 \u00feeim fannst vi\u00f0eigandi. N\u00e6rvera foreldris \u00feegar r\u00e6tt var vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 ekki var leita\u00f0 svara vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num spurningum, til d\u00e6mis um andlega l\u00ed\u00f0an foreldris. B\u00f6rnin r\u00e6ddu \u00fe\u00f3 gjarnan vi\u00f0kv\u00e6ma st\u00f6\u00f0u foreldra sinna, jafnvel \u00ed \u00feeirra n\u00e1vist. Samr\u00e6\u00f0urnar voru oft tilfinninga\u00ferungnar.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6gnin voru greind og \u00feemaflokku\u00f0 me\u00f0 a\u00f0laga\u00f0ri grunda\u00f0ri kenningu a\u00f0 h\u00e6tti Crang og Cook (2007, bls. 134-146) en \u00ed henni felst a\u00f0 tilg\u00e1tur og kenningar eru mynda\u00f0ar \u00ed yfirfer\u00f0 og greiningu ranns\u00f3knargagna en eru ekki fyrirfram m\u00f3ta\u00f0ar \u00feegar ranns\u00f3knin hefst. \u00cd ranns\u00f3kninni var ekki \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0 grundu\u00f0 kenning \u00ed eiginlegri mynd heldur ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar settar fram me\u00f0 \u00feematengdum og l\u00fdsandi h\u00e6tti. Unni\u00f0 var \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sj\u00f3narhorni a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin s\u00e9u best til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra reynslu s\u00edna, s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega vell\u00ed\u00f0an og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur og \u00feau skuli virt sem gerendur \u00ed eigin l\u00edfi \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 horfa fram hj\u00e1 erfi\u00f0ri st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra (J\u00f3hanna Einarsd\u00f3ttir, 2007; Tisdall og Punch, 2012). \u00de\u00f3tt ekki s\u00e9 til nein ein skilgreining \u00e1 hugtakinu vell\u00ed\u00f0an (Dodge, Daly, Huyton og Sanders, 2012) er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslegir \u00fe\u00e6ttir geta haft neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heilsu barna og fullor\u00f0inna (CSDH, 2008). \u00cd \u00feessari grein er leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa hugl\u00e6gri upplifun \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda ranns\u00f3knarinnar af l\u00ed\u00f0an sinni og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um. Teki\u00f0 var mi\u00f0 af vinnu Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) sem skilgreinir hugtaki\u00f0 s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagsleg vell\u00ed\u00f0an sem f\u00e6rni \u00feeirra sem lent hafa \u00ed erfi\u00f0um a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um til a\u00f0 eiga \u00ed n\u00fdjum f\u00e9lagslegum samskiptum, hvernig \u00feeir r\u00e1\u00f0i vi\u00f0 breyttar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur (\u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al menningu, gildi og almenn vi\u00f0mi\u00f0) og sj\u00e1lfsmats (Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies, 2016).<\/p>\n

Si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg \u00e1litam\u00e1l eru m\u00f6rg vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn sem \u00feessa, enda eru b\u00f6rnin og foreldrarnir \u00ed vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mri st\u00f6\u00f0u vegna a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na og b\u00f6rnin vegna aldurs (V\u00edsindasi\u00f0anefnd H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, 2014). Rannsakandi \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0i tilgang og framkv\u00e6md ranns\u00f3knar eins vel og unnt var svo vi\u00f0m\u00e6lendur g\u00e6tu teki\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsta \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku, \u00ed flestum tilfellum me\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 t\u00falks og uppl\u00fdsingabla\u00f0i sem \u00fe\u00fddd voru \u00e1 vi\u00f0eigandi tungum\u00e1l. Til a\u00f0 standa v\u00f6r\u00f0 um pers\u00f3nuvernd barna og foreldra sem t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni er ekki greint fr\u00e1 kyni barna n\u00e9 foreldra, aldri \u00feeirra e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erni. Ranns\u00f3knin f\u00e9kk j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a umfj\u00f6llun hj\u00e1 V\u00edsindasi\u00f0anefnd H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og var skr\u00e1\u00f0 hj\u00e1 Pers\u00f3nuvernd.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00derj\u00fa \u00feemu m\u00f6rku\u00f0u l\u00edf barnanna og foreldra \u00feeirra \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00feau bi\u00f0u \u00farlausnar yfirvalda \u00e1 ums\u00f3kn sinni um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd. \u00cd fyrsta lagi er \u00fea\u00f0 bi\u00f0in eftir svari vi\u00f0 ums\u00f3kn um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd, en helstu undir\u00feemu eru \u00f3vissa, a\u00f0ger\u00f0aleysi, framt\u00ed\u00f0in og hugarangur. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi eru samskipti vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsar stofnanir fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0limum ofarlega \u00ed huga, og helstu undir\u00feemu eru \u00f3s\u00fdnileiki, \u00f3tti, \u00e1fall, velvild og afskiptaleysi. \u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi er fj\u00f6lskyldul\u00edfi\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt og undir\u00feemu sem koma upp \u00ed \u00feeirri umr\u00e6\u00f0u eru \u00e1byrg\u00f0, \u00feakkl\u00e6ti, a\u00f0 vera \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e1\u00f0ur, vanl\u00ed\u00f0an, j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ni og br\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00feroski.<\/p>\n

Bi\u00f0t\u00edminn eftir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu haf\u00f0i mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega velfer\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0lima sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 mislengi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, sumir \u00ed nokkrar vikur e\u00f0a m\u00e1nu\u00f0i, a\u00f0rir meira en \u00e1r og jafnvel lengur. Foreldrar og b\u00f6rn l\u00fdstu \u00e1laginu vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 horfast \u00ed augu vi\u00f0 \u00f3vissuna, tilbreytingarsnau\u00f0an hversdagsleikann og \u00e1hyggjur af framt\u00ed\u00f0inni. Eitt foreldranna lag\u00f0i \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 bi\u00f0in skapa\u00f0i \u00e1lag fyrir alla fj\u00f6lskylduna: \u201e\u00deetta er eins og sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur. B\u00f6rnin hafa \u00e1hyggjur og \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki gott a\u00f0 hugsa miki\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0 vi\u00f0 eigum a\u00f0 gera ef vi\u00f0 ver\u00f0um send til baka. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki gott fyrir b\u00f6rnin, a\u00f0 hugsa alltaf um \u00fea\u00f0.\u201c Foreldranir reyndu \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 vernda b\u00f6rnin, og s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feau yngstu, fr\u00e1 \u00e1hyggjum me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja \u00feeim ekki allan sannleikann um a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur fj\u00f6lskyldunnar.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6rn allt fr\u00e1 12 \u00e1ra aldri t\u00f6lu\u00f0u um \u00e1hrif bi\u00f0t\u00edmans og \u00feau voru m\u00f6rg hver me\u00f0vitu\u00f0 um hva\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00ed h\u00fafi. Til a\u00f0 mynda sag\u00f0i eitt barni\u00f0: \u201e\u00deetta hefur gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega \u00e1hrif \u00e1 okkar l\u00edf, \u00fev\u00ed okkar l\u00edf veltur \u00e1 einu svari. Framt\u00ed\u00f0in hr\u00e6\u00f0ir mig svol\u00edti\u00f0 au\u00f0vita\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 fer allt eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 \u00feeir segja.\u201c Foreldri l\u00fdsti \u00fev\u00ed hvernig barn \u00feess s\u00e1 fyrir s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u201el\u00edfi\u00f0 g\u00e6ti bara enda\u00f0\u201c ef svari\u00f0 yr\u00f0i neikv\u00e6tt. Eitt barni\u00f0 sag\u00f0ist vera \u201ehr\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 framt\u00ed\u00f0ina … hr\u00e6\u00f0sla vi\u00f0 hva\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur um okkur.\u201c Sum reyndu engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 halda \u00ed vonina og l\u00edta fram \u00e1 vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ni \u00ed huga \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allt. Eitt barnanna l\u00fdsti l\u00ed\u00f0an sinni gagnvart framt\u00ed\u00f0inni me\u00f0 eftirfarandi or\u00f0um:<\/p>\n

\u00c9g get veri\u00f0 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0(ur) \u00fat \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0ina, stundum ver\u00f0 \u00e9g neikv\u00e6\u00f0(ur) … en \u00e9g er hr\u00e6dd(ur) a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum okkar vandam\u00e1l og \u00feetta er l\u00f6ng bi\u00f0 og vi\u00f0 vitum ekki hva\u00f0 mun gerast … en n\u00fana er \u00e9g j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0(ur).<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c1hyggjur af st\u00f6\u00f0u fj\u00f6lskyldunnar og m\u00f6gulegri synjun \u00e1 ums\u00f3kn fj\u00f6lskyldunnar um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd haf\u00f0i \u00e1hrif \u00e1 svefn fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0lima. B\u00f6rnin \u00e1ttu sum hver erfitt me\u00f0 svefn en megin\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess voru martra\u00f0ir og \u00e1hyggjur sem ollu \u00feeim hugarangri. Sl\u00edkt m\u00e1tti greina \u00e1 sv\u00f6rum barnanna \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0: \u201e\u00c9g \u00e1 mj\u00f6g erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 sofa, f\u00e6 martra\u00f0ir,\u201c og \u201estundum \u00e1 \u00e9g erfitt me\u00f0 svefn … \u00e9g ver\u00f0 lei\u00f0(ur), velti fyrir m\u00e9r hvort \u00e9g f\u00e1i a\u00f0 vera h\u00e9r \u00e1fram og hugsa neikv\u00e6tt … vil ekki fara til baka.\u201c Barn sem var b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed marga m\u00e1nu\u00f0i eftir svari fr\u00e1 yfirv\u00f6ldum sag\u00f0ist til a\u00f0 mynda eiga erfitt me\u00f0 svefn \u201e\u00fev\u00ed \u00e9g er a\u00f0 hugsa um eitthva\u00f0 neikv\u00e6tt … neikv\u00e6tt \u00ed sambandi vi\u00f0 \u00f3\u00feolandi bi\u00f0 … a\u00f0 vita ekki hva\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur.\u201c<\/p>\n

A\u00f0ger\u00f0aleysi svo d\u00f6gum, vikum e\u00f0a m\u00e1nu\u00f0um skipti og tilheyrandi tilbreytingarsnau\u00f0ur hversdagsleiki haf\u00f0i mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edf fj\u00f6lskyldnanna. B\u00f6rnin voru \u00fe\u00f3 flest komin \u00ed sk\u00f3la en \u00feau s\u00f6g\u00f0u a\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0aleysi\u00f0 \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00feau bi\u00f0u eftir a\u00f0 komast inn \u00ed sk\u00f3lakerfi\u00f0 hef\u00f0i reynst \u00feeim erfitt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var ekkert fyrir \u00feau a\u00f0 gera. Hins vegar lei\u00f0 \u00feeim betur eftir a\u00f0 \u00feau byrju\u00f0u \u00ed sk\u00f3lanum og me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa eitthva\u00f0 fyrir stafni var\u00f0 bi\u00f0in ekki eins \u00feungb\u00e6r. \u00dea\u00f0 l\u00e9tti einnig undir me\u00f0 foreldrunum a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin f\u00f3ru \u00ed sk\u00f3lann en \u00fear hittu \u00feau \u00f6nnur b\u00f6rn og fengu \u00fatr\u00e1s fyrir eigin orku. Tv\u00f6 b\u00f6rn nefndu a\u00f0 \u00feau leg\u00f0u sig s\u00e9rstaklega fram vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra og a\u00f0lagast hratt og vel \u00fev\u00ed \u00feau t\u00f6ldu a\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00e1rangur \u00feeirra g\u00e6ti m\u00f6gulega auki\u00f0 l\u00edkur fj\u00f6lskyldunnar \u00e1 dvalarleyfi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Hins vegar gat langur t\u00edmi \u00ed \u00f3vissu haft letjandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 b\u00f6rnin til \u00feess a\u00f0 standa sig \u00ed n\u00e1minu, e\u00f0a eins og eitt barnanna or\u00f0a\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0: \u201eEf \u00e9g fengi a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 \u00e9g m\u00e6tti vera \u00e1fram \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00fe\u00e1 myndi \u00e9g gera meira \u00ed sk\u00f3lanum, l\u00e6ra tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 betur og l\u00e6ra meira \u00ed sk\u00f3lanum.\u201c<\/p>\n

Foreldrarnir h\u00f6f\u00f0u oft l\u00edti\u00f0 fyrir stafni \u00e1 daginn og a\u00f0ger\u00f0aleysi\u00f0 lag\u00f0ist \u00feungt \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 enda h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00f3takmarka\u00f0an t\u00edma til \u00feess a\u00f0 hugsa um st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna, erfi\u00f0a l\u00edfsreynslu og \u00f3lj\u00f3sa framt\u00ed\u00f0. S\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00feau fr\u00e1 vanl\u00ed\u00f0an og vonleysi sem haf\u00f0i svo aftur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 getu \u00feeirra til \u00feess a\u00f0 sinna foreldrahlutverki s\u00ednu og haf\u00f0i \u00feannig \u00e1hrif \u00e1 b\u00f6rnin.<\/p>\n

\u00d3s\u00fdnileg b\u00f6rn<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00deegar s\u00f3tt er um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00feurfa ums\u00e6kjendur a\u00f0 fara \u00ed vi\u00f0t\u00f6l og veita uppl\u00fdsingar, til d\u00e6mis hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglunni og \u00datlendingastofnun auk samskipta vi\u00f0 Rau\u00f0a krossinn, f\u00e9lags\u00fej\u00f3nustu, heilbrig\u00f0iskerfi\u00f0 og fleiri \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ila. \u00cd samt\u00f6lunum vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin og foreldrana kom sk\u00fdrt fram a\u00f0 ekki var leita\u00f0 eftir uppl\u00fdsingum fr\u00e1 b\u00f6rnunum e\u00f0a tala\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feau \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu heldur var n\u00e1nast eing\u00f6ngu r\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 foreldrana. Einnig kom fram a\u00f0 \u00feau hef\u00f0u ekki fengi\u00f0 neinar uppl\u00fdsingar um vi\u00f0 hverju \u00feau m\u00e6ttu b\u00faast \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu e\u00f0a hva\u00f0a r\u00e9ttindi \u00feau hef\u00f0u h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Sumum fannst fyrirkomulagi\u00f0 \u00ed lagi en a\u00f0rir voru \u00feeirrar sko\u00f0unar a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e6tti vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin og gefa \u00feeim t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 f\u00e9lags\u00fej\u00f3nustuna. R\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e6tti vi\u00f0 \u00feau um s\u00e1lr\u00e6na l\u00ed\u00f0an \u00feeirra og hvernig \u00feeim gengi a\u00f0 f\u00f3ta sig \u00ed n\u00fdjum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um. Barn sag\u00f0i: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 hefur enginn spurt mig um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig m\u00e9r l\u00ed\u00f0i,\u201c og \u00f6nnur b\u00f6rn h\u00f6f\u00f0u svipa\u00f0a s\u00f6gu a\u00f0 segja. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki \u00feannig a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin v\u00e6ru algj\u00f6rlega afskipt. Starfsmenn \u00e1v\u00f6rpu\u00f0u b\u00f6rnin og \u00feau fundu fyrir almennri velvild \u00feeirra en \u00fea\u00f0 var hins vegar ekki um innihaldsr\u00edk samskipti a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

\u00cd heilbrig\u00f0iskerfinu \u00e1tti \u00fea\u00f0 sama vi\u00f0. Oftast spur\u00f0u starfsmenn, til d\u00e6mis \u00ed fyrstu sko\u00f0un og vi\u00f0 heims\u00f3knir \u00e1 heilsug\u00e6slust\u00f6\u00f0, l\u00edti\u00f0 e\u00f0a ekkert \u00fat \u00ed andlega l\u00ed\u00f0an barnanna a\u00f0 fyrra brag\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 var einnig misjafnt hvort a\u00f0rir \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilar spyr\u00f0u \u00fat \u00ed sl\u00edka hluti. Fram kom \u00ed samtali vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var ekki spurt um andlega l\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed s\u00f3ttvarnarsko\u00f0uninni sem \u00f6ll b\u00f6rnin f\u00f3ru \u00ed eftir komuna til \u00cdslands. \u00dear var eing\u00f6ngu um l\u00edkamlega sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. L\u00fdsingar voru yfirleitt \u00e1 \u00feann veg a\u00f0 barni\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sko\u00f0a\u00f0 vandlega l\u00edkamlega en ekki hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 spurt \u00fat \u00ed anna\u00f0: \u201e\u00deau t\u00f6lu\u00f0u vi\u00f0 mig, voru a\u00f0 spyrja mig hvernig heilsan v\u00e6ri … hvernig m\u00e9r lei\u00f0 \u00ed kroppnum … en ekki andlega.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00cd ums\u00f3knarferlinu var almennt ekki leita\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsinga fr\u00e1 b\u00f6rnunum um a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00feeirra h\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u201eM\u00e9r finnst nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 l\u00edka tala\u00f0 vi\u00f0 mig, \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e9g s\u00e9 barn, \u00fev\u00ed b\u00f6rn geta l\u00edka veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1falli, \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e1 ekki gleyma \u00fev\u00ed,\u201c sag\u00f0i eitt barnanna. Anna\u00f0 barn sag\u00f0i: \u201eM\u00e9r finnst \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig og tala vera mj\u00f6g g\u00f3\u00f0 lei\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 gera \u00e1standi\u00f0 au\u00f0veldara fyrir okkur.\u201c Tv\u00f6 af eldri b\u00f6rnunum bentu l\u00edka \u00e1 a\u00f0 eftirfylgni me\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum \u00ed kerfinu m\u00e6tti vera meiri og s\u00fdnilegri, til d\u00e6mis hvernig \u00feeim gengi a\u00f0 f\u00f3ta sig \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu og eignast vini og kunningja. Eitt \u00feeirra sag\u00f0i:<\/p>\n

M\u00e9r finnst mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn sem hafa komi\u00f0 hinga\u00f0 og hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1falli hafi einhvern me\u00f0 s\u00e9r, lei\u00f0beinanda e\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0gjafa … til a\u00f0 fylgja m\u00e1lunum eftir. Hann myndi kannski hitta \u00feau 2\u20133 sinnum \u00ed viku til a\u00f0 spjalla og sj\u00e1 hvernig gangi … a\u00f0 a\u00f0lagast … \u00fea\u00f0 g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 einhver … sem veit hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 ganga \u00ed gegnum \u00feetta … anna\u00f0 hvort einhver sem hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6mu sporum e\u00f0a einhver sem er me\u00f0 mj\u00f6g v\u00ed\u00f0an sj\u00f3ndeildarhring og g\u00e6ti skili\u00f0 mann. Hvort sem hann er ungur e\u00f0a ekki.<\/em><\/p>\n

A\u00f0sta\u00f0a fyrir b\u00f6rn var takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 hj\u00e1 m\u00f6rgum af \u00feeim \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilum sem fj\u00f6lskyldurnar \u00feurftu a\u00f0 eiga \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 vegna ums\u00f3knarferlisins. Sumsta\u00f0ar voru kubbar e\u00f0a b\u00e6kur fyrir yngri b\u00f6rnin en \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum st\u00f6\u00f0um var ekkert sl\u00edkt til sta\u00f0ar. Foreldrar sem \u00e1ttu l\u00edtil b\u00f6rn s\u00f6g\u00f0u mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 koma upp a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u fyrir b\u00f6rn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 truflandi a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a erfi\u00f0 m\u00e1l tengd ums\u00f3kninni og a\u00f0 sinna b\u00f6rnunum samt\u00edmis, til d\u00e6mis me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hossa \u00feeim og syngja fyrir \u00feau. Sumir foreldranna t\u00f3ku fram a\u00f0 starfsmennirnir hef\u00f0u reynt a\u00f0 hafa ofan af fyrir b\u00f6rnunum og dreifa athygli \u00feeirra me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e9tta \u00feeim bl\u00f6\u00f0 og penna. Foreldrar reyndu l\u00edka a\u00f0 s\u00fdna b\u00f6rnunum myndefni \u00ed s\u00edmanum, en \u00fea\u00f0 voru \u00fe\u00f3 ekki allir svo vel b\u00fanir a\u00f0 hafa s\u00edma. Sum b\u00f6rnin bentu \u00e1 a\u00f0 betri a\u00f0sta\u00f0a fyrir b\u00f6rn myndi draga \u00far streitu og hj\u00e1lpa \u00feeim a\u00f0 hugsa um eitthva\u00f0 anna\u00f0 en erfi\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0u fj\u00f6lskyldunnar. Eitt barnanna sag\u00f0i: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 var gangur og svo vi\u00f0talsherbergi fyrir l\u00f6greglumennina og foreldra m\u00edna. \u00c9g bei\u00f0 \u00e1 ganginum \u00fear til \u00feau kl\u00e1ru\u00f0u. \u00deetta t\u00f3k svol\u00edti\u00f0 langan t\u00edma og \u00fea\u00f0 var mj\u00f6g ni\u00f0urdrepandi a\u00f0 sitja me\u00f0 \u00e1hyggjur og gera ekkert \u00ed langan t\u00edma.\u201c Anna\u00f0 barn t\u00f3k fram a\u00f0 \u201e\u00fe\u00f3 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri s\u00e9rherbergi fyrir b\u00f6rn, myndi \u00e9g samt vera hr\u00e6dd(ur).\u201c<\/p>\n

Takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 a\u00f0sta\u00f0a og af\u00fereying fyrir b\u00f6rn hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilum j\u00f3k \u00e1lagi\u00f0 \u00e1 foreldrana enn frekar og var\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir sumir \u00feeirra \u00e1ttu erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 einbeita s\u00e9r. Foreldri sem \u00e1 ung b\u00f6rn sag\u00f0i:<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er svol\u00edti\u00f0 erfitt a\u00f0 vera me\u00f0 b\u00f6rn hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglunni og \u00f6\u00f0rum sl\u00edkum st\u00f6\u00f0um, miki\u00f0 \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i. En l\u00f6greglan var g\u00f3\u00f0, gaf m\u00e9r s\u00e9ns, s\u00f6g\u00f0u m\u00e9r a\u00f0 slaka \u00e1 og ekki stressa mig. M\u00edn sko\u00f0un er s\u00fa og \u00e9g bi\u00f0 um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 s\u00e9rherbergi e\u00f0a barnahorn hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglunni og \u00datlendingastofnun og einhver sem getur teki\u00f0 \u00e1 m\u00f3ti b\u00f6rnunum og leiki\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feau, s\u00e9rstaklega ef \u00feau eru ung. \u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edka erfitt fyrir svona ung b\u00f6rn a\u00f0 hlusta \u00e1 \u00feetta.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sumum b\u00f6rnum, og \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feeim eldri, fannst erfitt a\u00f0 hafa ekki kennit\u00f6lu og s\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0greina \u00feau fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum b\u00f6rnum og koma \u00ed veg fyrir fulla \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku, til d\u00e6mis \u00ed keppnis\u00ed\u00fer\u00f3ttum og sumarvinnu, og \u00fear me\u00f0 f\u00e6ru \u00feau \u00e1 mis vi\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til \u00feess a\u00f0 verja t\u00edma me\u00f0 sk\u00f3laf\u00e9l\u00f6gum og taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu. Eldri b\u00f6rnin l\u00fdstu \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 \u00feann veg a\u00f0: \u201eMa\u00f0ur getur ekki gert neitt nema hafa kennit\u00f6lu … \u00e9g finn, \u00fea\u00f0 vantar eitthva\u00f0 \u00ed mig, eitthva\u00f0 sem a\u00f0rir hafa en \u00e9g hef ekki\u201c og \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 hefur mikil \u00e1hrif a\u00f0 hafa ekki kennit\u00f6lu. \u00dea\u00f0 skiptir svo miklu m\u00e1li, \u00fe\u00fa ert ekki hluti af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni og tilheyrir engu og engum h\u00f3p ef \u00fe\u00fa ert ekki me\u00f0 kennit\u00f6lu … \u00fe\u00fa ert ekki neitt \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu.\u201c Ein fj\u00f6lskyldan lag\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 sveitarf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 \u00fear sem f\u00f3lki\u00f0 bj\u00f3 \u00ed reyndi eftir fremsta megni a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra g\u00e6tu teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed vi\u00f0eigandi starfsemi.<\/p>\n

Au\u00f0s\u00e9\u00f0 var, \u00fear sem vi\u00f0t\u00f6lin f\u00f3ru n\u00e1nast \u00f6ll fram \u00e1 dvalarsta\u00f0 barnanna, a\u00f0 b\u00fasetuskilyr\u00f0i og a\u00f0sta\u00f0a barnanna var mj\u00f6g misj\u00f6fn. Sum barnanna bjuggu \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0um \u00fear sem \u00ed raun er ekki gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir b\u00f6rnum, til d\u00e6mis hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar \u00fativistarsv\u00e6\u00f0i, r\u00fdmi til leiks e\u00f0a a\u00f0 d\u00f3t s\u00e9 fyrir hendi. Barn sem bj\u00f3 vi\u00f0 sl\u00edkar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i: \u201eVi\u00f0 reynum a\u00f0 leika vi\u00f0 hvort anna\u00f0 frammi \u00e1 gangi, en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki miki\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 getum gert.\u201c \u00d6nnur b\u00f6rn bjuggu \u00ed vel b\u00fanum og r\u00famg\u00f3\u00f0um \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0um \u00ed \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0ahverfum me\u00f0 skipul\u00f6g\u00f0 leiksv\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir b\u00f6rn.<\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6lskyldan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Foreldrum fannst erfitt a\u00f0 vita af st\u00f6\u00f0u barna sinna og upplif\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00feau sem \u00e1byrgir foreldrar hef\u00f0u misst stj\u00f3rnina \u00e1 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um fj\u00f6lskyldunnar. \u00deeim fannst erfitt a\u00f0 vera \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e1\u00f0ir og upplif\u00f0u sig oft sem upp\u00e1\u00ferengjandi \u00feegar \u00feeir \u00feurftu a\u00f0 bi\u00f0ja um a\u00f0sto\u00f0 e\u00f0a leita uppl\u00fdsinga hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilum. Stundum veigru\u00f0u foreldrar s\u00e9r vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 leita a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar en \u00fea\u00f0 gat or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldan f\u00f3r \u00e1 mis vi\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0, eins og til d\u00e6mis a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin fengju hl\u00fd f\u00f6t, vi\u00f0eigandi s\u00e9rt\u00e6ka \u00fej\u00f3nustu og fleira. Foreldri l\u00fdsti a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um s\u00ednum \u00feannig: \u201e\u00c9g er mj\u00f6g \u00feakkl\u00e1t(ur) fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum fengi\u00f0 … en \u00e9g er treg(ur) til a\u00f0 bi\u00f0ja um a\u00f0sto\u00f0 … finnst eins og vi\u00f0 s\u00e9um a\u00f0 \u00f3n\u00e1\u00f0a skilur\u00f0u, \u00fea\u00f0 er erfitt.\u201c Foreldrum fannst a\u00f0 \u00feeir g\u00e6tu ekki veitt b\u00f6rnum s\u00ednum \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feau vildu, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 tengdist sk\u00f3lag\u00f6ngu e\u00f0a veraldlegum hlutum, fannst erfitt a\u00f0 vera upp \u00e1 a\u00f0ra komnir og \u00ed raun undir stj\u00f3rn annarra. \u00de\u00e1 var erfitt a\u00f0 skilja ekki tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 n\u00e9 hvernig stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslan og \u00f6nnur \u00fej\u00f3nusta virka\u00f0i: \u201e\u00c9g geri \u00fea\u00f0 besta sem \u00e9g get en margt hamlar \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur hafi stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 eigin l\u00edfi og fj\u00f6lskyldunnar … \u00e9g reyni a\u00f0 fara \u00fat me\u00f0 barninu, s\u00e9rstaklega um helgar.\u201d Foreldrarnir l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00e1herslu \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 hafa a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 \u00fatisv\u00e6\u00f0um, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1\u00f0ur en b\u00f6rnin v\u00e6ru byrju\u00f0 \u00ed sk\u00f3la og hef\u00f0u af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum l\u00edti\u00f0 fyrir stafni.<\/p>\n

Margt breytist \u00feegar fj\u00f6lskylda fl\u00fdr heimaland sitt og s\u00e6kir um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru landi, me\u00f0al annars geta \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 hlutverkaskipti innan fj\u00f6lskyldunnar. Til a\u00f0 mynda voru margir foreldranna vanir a\u00f0 vinna miki\u00f0 \u00ed heimalandinu en eftir a\u00f0 til \u00cdslands var komi\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u foreldrarnir l\u00edti\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera svo d\u00f6gum, vikum, e\u00f0a m\u00e1nu\u00f0um skipti enda fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 atvinnuleyfi \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00e1 ums\u00f3knarferlinu stendur. Lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrri reynsla, \u00f3vissan og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur fj\u00f6lskyldanna h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi h\u00f6f\u00f0u mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vi\u00f0m\u00e6lendur og streitueinkenni og s\u00e1lr\u00e6n vanl\u00ed\u00f0an kom fram me\u00f0al barna og foreldra. L\u00fdsingar \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u201emanni lei\u00f0ist og ver\u00f0ur dapur,\u201c \u201ea\u00f0 vera alltaf heima ver\u00f0ur til \u00feess a\u00f0 manni lei\u00f0ist og l\u00ed\u00f0ur illa\u201d og \u201e\u00e9g gr\u00e6t mj\u00f6g miki\u00f0, alla daga\u201c komu fram hj\u00e1 fr\u00e1 b\u00f6rnunum.<\/p>\n

\u00c1hyggjurnar sem b\u00f6rnin h\u00f6f\u00f0u litu\u00f0u l\u00edf \u00feeirra og sneru \u00fe\u00e6r me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 n\u00e1num fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0limum sem \u00feau g\u00e1tu ekki veri\u00f0 me\u00f0, eigin framt\u00ed\u00f0 og fj\u00f6lskyldunnar og l\u00ed\u00f0an foreldranna. Flest b\u00f6rnin r\u00e6ddu l\u00ed\u00f0an s\u00edna a\u00f0 einhverju leyti vi\u00f0 foreldrana en \u00f6nnur tj\u00e1\u00f0u sig l\u00edti\u00f0 um eigin l\u00ed\u00f0an og h\u00e9ldu henni \u00fat af fyrir sig. Vanl\u00ed\u00f0an einstakra fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0lima haf\u00f0i \u00e1hrif \u00e1 alla fj\u00f6lskylduna, \u00e1 velfer\u00f0 hennar og virkni. Foreldrar h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1hyggjur af l\u00ed\u00f0an barna sinna og b\u00f6rnin h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1hyggjur af l\u00ed\u00f0an foreldra sinna. Foreldri l\u00fdsti \u00e1standinu \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt:<\/p>\n

\u00c1lagi\u00f0 \u00e1 okkur hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 b\u00f6rnin. \u00deetta er ekki gott fyrir \u00feau. \u00c9g reyni a\u00f0 segja vi\u00f0 \u00feau a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0i allt \u00ed lagi … en \u00fea\u00f0 er erfitt a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0. Ma\u00f0ur segir a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 \u00ed lagi en \u00feau skilja a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er eitthva\u00f0 sem er ekki eins og \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 vera.<\/em><\/p>\n

Vanl\u00ed\u00f0an foreldra getur haft mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 fj\u00f6lskyldul\u00edfi\u00f0, uppeldi\u00f0 og \u00e1 b\u00f6rnin. B\u00f6rnin reyndu a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta l\u00ed\u00f0an foreldra sinna me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera til sta\u00f0ar, s\u00fdna stu\u00f0ning og hvatningu. Eitt foreldri sag\u00f0i: \u201e\u00c1 hverjum degi talar barni\u00f0 vi\u00f0 okkur … og hj\u00e1lpar okkur me\u00f0 allt … og er mun j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ara en vi\u00f0 … kannski getur \u00fea\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa\u00f0.\u201c Anna\u00f0 foreldri l\u00fdsti vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0um barns s\u00edns \u00e1 eftirfarandi h\u00e1tt: \u201e\u00c9g er \u00feunglynd(ur) og gr\u00e6t miki\u00f0 … barni\u00f0 mitt s\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 og reynir a\u00f0 hughreysta mig.\u201c Barn sem haf\u00f0i sagt fr\u00e1 eigin vanl\u00ed\u00f0an og gr\u00e1tk\u00f6stum vegna st\u00f6\u00f0u fj\u00f6lskyldunnar sag\u00f0i stuttu s\u00ed\u00f0ar: \u201eMitt hlutverk er a\u00f0 vera hress. \u00c9g reyni a\u00f0 gle\u00f0ja fj\u00f6lskylduna m\u00edna, l\u00e1ta hana hl\u00e6ja.\u201c Foreldri sem haf\u00f0i \u00feurft a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a lengi eftir svari fr\u00e1 yfirv\u00f6ldum, var mj\u00f6g \u00fereytt \u00e1 \u00e1standinu og sag\u00f0i streituna stundum koma fram \u00ed pirringi og ergelsi sem bitna\u00f0i \u00e1 b\u00f6rnunum sem svo j\u00f3k enn frekar \u00e1 streitu og vanl\u00ed\u00f0an.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6rnin t\u00f3ku einnig a\u00f0 s\u00e9r hlutverk, eins og a\u00f0 vera foreldrum s\u00ednum s\u00e1lr\u00e6nn stu\u00f0ningur og a\u00f0 t\u00falka fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar svo bar undir. Eitt barni\u00f0 l\u00fdsti \u00feessu sj\u00e1lft \u00feannig: \u201e\u00c9g held a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum \u00feurft a\u00f0 \u00feroskast hra\u00f0ar og gera hlutina \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi.\u201c Foreldrunum fannst einnig a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra hef\u00f0u \u00feurft a\u00f0 \u00feroskast hra\u00f0ar en ella vegna \u00feeirra atbur\u00f0a og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na sem \u00feau voru a\u00f0 takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Umr\u00e6\u00f0ur<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e9r hefur a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um og l\u00ed\u00f0an barna sem hafa s\u00f3tt um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00ed fylgd foreldra \u00e1 \u00cdslandi veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst og \u00feeim gefin r\u00f6dd um st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna, \u00ed anda barnafr\u00e6\u00f0a og Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna. L\u00edf fj\u00f6lskyldnanna einkennist \u00f6\u00f0ru fremur af \u00ferennu. \u00cd fyrsta lagi er bi\u00f0in eftir svari erfi\u00f0 og einkennist af \u00f3vissu, a\u00f0ger\u00f0arleysi og \u00e1hyggjum. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi eiga foreldrarnir \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 \u00fdmiss konar stofnanir, en \u00fear eru b\u00f6rnin a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nu leyti \u00f3s\u00fdnileg og eru til d\u00e6mis ekki spur\u00f0 \u00e1lits e\u00f0a \u00feau uppl\u00fdst um m\u00e1l sem \u00feau var\u00f0ar. \u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi litast fj\u00f6lskyldul\u00edfi\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldan ver\u00f0ur h\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 utana\u00f0komandi a\u00f0ila, foreldrar missa stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um og upplifa oft valdleysi, en samt\u00edmis reyna b\u00e6\u00f0i foreldrar og b\u00f6rn a\u00f0 dylja vanl\u00ed\u00f0an s\u00edna og gera s\u00e9r jafnvel upp me\u00f0vita\u00f0a j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ni. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar gefa til kynna a\u00f0 margv\u00edslegir \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00fearfnist endursko\u00f0unar vi\u00f0 til samr\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann sem \u00cdsland hefur l\u00f6gfest n\u00fd l\u00f6g og regluger\u00f0ir sem gilda um m\u00e1laflokkinn.<\/p>\n

Langur m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0art\u00edmi, \u00f3vissan sem honum fylgir og skortur \u00e1 virkni\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um haf\u00f0i neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega vell\u00ed\u00f0an barna og foreldra sem t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni. Samb\u00e6rilegar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00ed erlendum ranns\u00f3knum (Bj\u00f6rnberg, 2013; Ottoson, Eastmond og Cederborg, 2017; Vitus, 2010). Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem t\u00edminn l\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0lagast b\u00f6rnin a\u00f0 leiksk\u00f3la, grunnsk\u00f3la og n\u00e6rsamf\u00e9laginu og \u00fev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur missirinn meiri og s\u00e1rari ef fj\u00f6lskyldan f\u00e6r synjun vi\u00f0 ums\u00f3kn sinni. \u00dev\u00ed er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 veita b\u00f6rnum og barnafj\u00f6lskyldum forgang \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu til \u00feess a\u00f0 takmarka neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif bi\u00f0t\u00edmans \u00e1 b\u00f6rnin (CRC, 2013; Tonheim o.fl., 2015).<\/p>\n

Ums\u00f3knarferli\u00f0 um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00e1 \u00cdslandi er fullor\u00f0insmi\u00f0a\u00f0, \u00fear sem b\u00f6rn \u00ed fylgd foreldra eru l\u00edtt s\u00fdnileg. Svipa\u00f0ar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00ed erlendum ranns\u00f3knum (Lundberg og Lind, 2017; Ottoson o.fl., 2017; Tonheim o.fl., 2015). Barnv\u00e6n a\u00f0sta\u00f0a var ekki fyrir hendi hj\u00e1 \u00f6llum \u00feeim \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilum og stofnunum sem komu a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3nustu vi\u00f0 foreldra og b\u00f6rn sem leitu\u00f0u al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar. \u00de\u00f3 svo starfsmenn hafi komi\u00f0 kurteislega fram og veri\u00f0 vinalegir vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin \u00fe\u00e1 var sjaldan leita\u00f0 \u00e1lits \u00feeirra \u00e1 m\u00e1lefnum sem snertu \u00feau og \u00feau fengu sjaldan \u00e1heyrn fullor\u00f0inna. \u00deetta verklag er \u00ed andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 12. grein Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (e.d.) \u00fear sem fram kemur a\u00f0 \u201eb\u00f6rn eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta \u00ed lj\u00f3s sko\u00f0anir s\u00ednar \u00ed \u00f6llum m\u00e1lum er \u00feau var\u00f0a og a\u00f0 teki\u00f0 s\u00e9 r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tt tillit til sko\u00f0ana \u00feeirra \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 aldur \u00feeirra og \u00feroska,\u201c \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd (CRC, 2013; CRC, 2009).<\/p>\n

Margv\u00edslegar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur geta valdi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00ed vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mri st\u00f6\u00f0u ver\u00f0i \u00f3s\u00fdnileg \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld. Ferguson (2017) vekur athygli \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed erfi\u00f0um m\u00e1lum, eins og ofbeldi gegn b\u00f6rnum, geti b\u00f6rn or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f3s\u00fdnileg vegna innra skipulags stofnana og \u00feess tilfinningalega \u00e1lags sem me\u00f0fer\u00f0 barnanna hefur \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r fyrir starfsmenn. Meloni o.fl. (2017) sko\u00f0a \u00f3s\u00fdnileika barna \u00e1n skilr\u00edkja \u00ed sk\u00f3lum \u00ed Montreal \u00ed Kanada og vekja athygli \u00e1 a\u00f0 sk\u00f3laganga \u00feeirra v\u00e6ri h\u00e1\u00f0 vi\u00f0horfum kennara og sk\u00f3lastj\u00f3rnenda, a\u00f0ger\u00f0um f\u00e9lagssamtaka \u00ed n\u00e6rsamf\u00e9lagi barnanna og \u00f3tta barnanna og fj\u00f6lskyldna \u00feeirra sem velji gjarnan a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00e9r bera. H\u00f6fundar skilgreina stofnanalegan \u00f3s\u00fdnileika (e. institutional invisibility) sem \u201evi\u00f0tekin vi\u00f0horf og framkv\u00e6md sem oft eru \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0 og \u00f3lj\u00f3s sem lei\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00f3par einstaklinga hverfi \u00ed f\u00e9lagslegum skilningi, b\u00e6\u00f0i lagalegum og stj\u00f3nm\u00e1lalegum\u201c (15). \u00d3s\u00fdnileiki barna \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferli foreldra um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00e1 \u00cdslandi g\u00e6ti \u00e1tt r\u00e6tur \u00ed hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00dea\u00f0 getur veri\u00f0 si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega vandasamt a\u00f0 meta hver eigi r\u00e9tt \u00e1 og ver\u00f0skuldi al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd. Ef b\u00f6rnin v\u00e6ru s\u00fdnileg \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu kallar \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00e9rstaka \u00farvinnslu \u00ed m\u00e1lum \u00feeirra enda hafa \u00feau sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0an r\u00e9tt samkv\u00e6mt Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum. Fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0laumr\u00e6\u00f0a um einst\u00f6k m\u00e1l h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi me\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00ed forgrunni er ein birtingarmynd um mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau f\u00e1i andlit og a\u00f0 raddir \u00feeirra heyrist. D\u00e6mi eru um a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un stj\u00f3rnvalda um st\u00f6\u00f0u foreldra og barna \u00ed leit a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legri vernd hafi veri\u00f0 endursko\u00f0u\u00f0 \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar sl\u00edkrar fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0laumr\u00e6\u00f0u (Bj\u00f6rg Gu\u00f0laugsd\u00f3ttir 2018; Gy\u00f0a L\u00f3a \u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir 2015). Fr\u00e9ttir af a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i barna fr\u00e1 fj\u00f6lskyldum s\u00ednum vi\u00f0 su\u00f0urlandam\u00e6ri Bandar\u00edkjanna s\u00fdnir mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn fj\u00f6lskyldna \u00e1 fl\u00f3tta ver\u00f0i s\u00fdnileg (Domonske og Gonzales, 2018; Wood, 2018).<\/p>\n

Rau\u00f0i krossinn \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, Unicef, Barnaheill og Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur barna hafa birt yfirl\u00fdsingar um mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld vir\u00f0i r\u00e9ttindi barna, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al r\u00e9tt \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig (Rau\u00f0i krossinn, 2016; Unicef, e.d.b.). \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed mikilv\u00e6gt \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferli um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd a\u00f0 skapa r\u00fdmi sem er barnv\u00e6nt og \u00f6ruggt en samt\u00edmis m\u00e1 ekki l\u00edta \u00e1 b\u00f6rnin sem einhli\u00f0a varnarlaus f\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mb heldur ber a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a atbeina \u00feeirra og sj\u00f3narhorn \u00ed anda barnafr\u00e6\u00f0anna (Crawly, 2009; James and Prout, 1990; Punch 2016; Smyth, 2014; Vitus og Lid\u00e9n, 2010). Starfsmenn sem vinna me\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu \u00feurfa \u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 \u00feau, fr\u00e6\u00f0slu, stu\u00f0ning og handlei\u00f0slu (Cosgrave og Thornton, 2015; Lundberg, 2011; Lundberg og Lind, 2017). \u00cd n\u00fdjum l\u00f6gum um \u00fatlendinga kemur fram a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem tekur vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00feurfi a\u00f0 hafa s\u00e9r\u00feekkingu \u00e1 m\u00e1lefnum barna (L\u00f6g um \u00fatlendinga nr. 80\/2016). \u00c1 me\u00f0an veri\u00f0 er a\u00f0 byggja upp s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00feekkingu innan vi\u00f0komandi stofnana er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 f\u00e1 faga\u00f0ila me\u00f0 vi\u00f0eigandi \u00feekkingu og reynslu til a\u00f0 starfa me\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum til \u00feess a\u00f0 vera starfsf\u00f3lki til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar. \u00cd raun m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 vandam\u00e1li\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku og \u00e1heyrn barna s\u00e9 ekki barni\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft, heldur hi\u00f0 fullor\u00f0insmi\u00f0a\u00f0a e\u00f0li ums\u00f3knarferlisins um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd sem \u00fatilokar barni\u00f0 (Eastmond og Ascher, 2011; Smyth, 2014;), eins og \u00ed tilviki \u00feeirra barna sem t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni.<\/p>\n

Barnar\u00e9ttarnefnd Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0annna telur mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 setja ekki aldursvi\u00f0mi\u00f0 \u00e1 12. grein s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans \u00fev\u00ed \u00feroski og reynsla hefur \u00e1hrif, ekki eing\u00f6ngu l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur aldur (CRC, 2009). Enn fremur \u00e6ttu r\u00edki a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn geti tj\u00e1\u00f0 sig \u00fear til anna\u00f0 kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s. ENOC undirstrikar mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum, sem eru \u00e1 faraldsf\u00e6ti, s\u00e9 skapa\u00f0ur vettvangur til \u00feess a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sko\u00f0anir s\u00ednar me\u00f0 eigin or\u00f0um og a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feau s\u00e9 hlusta\u00f0 (ENOC, 2013; Fagerholm og Verheul, 2016). \u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un barnanna hvort, og \u00fe\u00e1 hvernig, \u00feau vilja n\u00fdta s\u00e9r r\u00e9tt sinn til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort foreldrarnir tj\u00e1 sig e\u00f0a ekki (CRC, 2009; Smyth, 2014). Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 \u00e1r\u00e9tta a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 takmarka r\u00e9tt foreldra til \u00feess a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig um m\u00e1lefni er snerta b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra, en \u00edtreka \u00feess \u00ed sta\u00f0 r\u00e9tt barna til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort foreldrarnir tj\u00e1i sig e\u00f0a ekki (Unicef, e.d.a). \u00dev\u00ed er \u00fea\u00f0 skref \u00ed r\u00e9tta \u00e1tt a\u00f0 \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum m\u00e1nu\u00f0um hefur \u00datlendingastofnun \u00ed samr\u00e1\u00f0i vi\u00f0 foreldra bo\u00f0i\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum sem talin eru hafa aldur og \u00feroska til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed vi\u00f0tal hj\u00e1 stofnuninni \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldunnar. Vi\u00f0t\u00f6lin fara a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i fram \u00ed h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i stofnunarinnar en l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar hennar sem fengi\u00f0 hafa vi\u00f0eigandi fr\u00e6\u00f0slu og \u00fej\u00e1lfun, taka vi\u00f0t\u00f6lin. B\u00f6rn sem eru 15 \u00e1ra og eldri fara a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i \u00ed hef\u00f0bundin vi\u00f0t\u00f6l l\u00edkt og fullor\u00f0nir einstaklingar.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 mati ENOC og Barnar\u00e9ttarnefndar Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna eiga b\u00f6rn a\u00f0 hafa a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingum \u00e1 tungum\u00e1li, sem \u00feau skilja um r\u00e9ttindi s\u00edn sem ums\u00e6kjendur um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd, hva\u00f0 ums\u00f3knarferli\u00f0 feli \u00ed s\u00e9r og hvers \u00feau geti v\u00e6nst. \u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gt \u00fear sem b\u00f6rn ums\u00e6kjenda um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd reyna oft a\u00f0 verja foreldra s\u00edna og draga \u00far streitu \u00feeirra, til d\u00e6mis me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast erfi\u00f0ar spurningar um ums\u00f3knarferli\u00f0 (Eastmond, 2010; Ottoson o.fl., 2017). \u00cd dag eru ekki til sta\u00f0ar a\u00f0gengilegar uppl\u00fdsingar fyrir b\u00f6rn sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og \u00fearf a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a b\u00f3t \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed. Samkv\u00e6mt 24. gr. \u00ed n\u00fdjum l\u00f6gum um \u00fatlendinga skal fylgdarlausum b\u00f6rnum, sem koma hinga\u00f0 til lands, veittar uppl\u00fdsingar \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 aldur og \u00feroska (L\u00f6g um \u00fatlendinga nr. 80\/2016). Velta m\u00e1 fyrir s\u00e9r hvort sl\u00edk uppl\u00fdsingagj\u00f6f eigi eing\u00f6ngu a\u00f0 einskor\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 fylgdarlaus b\u00f6rn.<\/p>\n

\u00d3fulln\u00e6gjandi b\u00fasetu\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00fear sem ekki er teki\u00f0 tillit til \u00fearfa barna, getur haft neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 velfer\u00f0 \u00feeirra (Fagerholm og Verheul, 2016; Fazel og Stein, 2002). ENOC hefur \u00e1r\u00e9tta\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 b\u00fasetu\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i og m\u00f3tt\u00f6kuskilyr\u00f0i barna, sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar, eigi a\u00f0 vera vi\u00f0eigandi og barnami\u00f0u\u00f0 (ENOC, 2013; Fagerholm og Verheul, 2016). Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0 r\u00fdmi til leiks og l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms og au\u00f0veldu a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 \u00fatileiksv\u00e6\u00f0um (Martin, Horgan, O\u2019Riordan og Christie, 2016; McMillan, Ohan, Cherian og Mutch, 2015; Tonheim o.fl., 2015). Bent hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 b\u00fasetu\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem eru n\u00fdtt fyrir fj\u00f6lskyldur sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, s\u00e9 ekki alltaf vi\u00f0eigandi fyrir b\u00f6rn og fj\u00f6lskyldur (Krist\u00edn Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir, 2016; Unicef, e.d.b.). B\u00fasetu\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda ranns\u00f3knarinnar voru allt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera mj\u00f6g barnv\u00e6n til \u00feess a\u00f0 vera \u00f3fulln\u00e6gjandi. Ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess fyrir fj\u00f6lskyldur a\u00f0 b\u00faa \u00ed almennum \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0ahverfum og gjarnan n\u00e1l\u00e6gt \u00e6ttingjum e\u00f0a vinum s\u00e9u sl\u00edk tengsl til sta\u00f0ar (Smith og Lockwood, 2015; Spicer, 2008; Tonheim o.fl., 2015). \u00de\u00e1 skiptir miklu a\u00f0 teki\u00f0 s\u00e9 vel \u00e1 m\u00f3ti \u00feeim af n\u00e1gr\u00f6nnum og a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 ali\u00f0 \u00e1 ford\u00f3mum og \u00fatsk\u00fafun (Spicer, 2008). T\u00ed\u00f0ir b\u00faferlaflutningar hafa einnig sl\u00e6m \u00e1hrif \u00e1 velfer\u00f0 barna, sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar, s\u00e9rstaklega barna sem eiga erfi\u00f0a reynslu a\u00f0 baki (Goosen, Stronks og Kunst, 2014; Tonheim o.fl., 2015).<\/p>\n

Eitt af megin\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (e.d.) sn\u00fdst um a\u00f0 \u00e1vallt skuli hafa bestu hagsmuni barnsins a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si (3. gr), en \u00fea\u00f0 er l\u00edklega fl\u00f3knasta og torskildasta \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hans (Lundberg, 2011). \u00cd ranns\u00f3kn Lundberg og Lind (2017) var sko\u00f0a\u00f0 hvernig bestu hagsmunir barnsins v\u00e6ru \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0ir \u00ed m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 barna sem leitu\u00f0u al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar \u00ed fylgd foreldra. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00feeirra s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00farskur\u00f0um er oft tali\u00f0 upp hva\u00f0 s\u00e9u ekki bestu hagsmunir barnsins e\u00f0a hva\u00f0 myndi ekki ganga gegn \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu um bestu hagsmuni barnsins. Hins vegar skortir yfirleitt \u00fatsk\u00fdringu \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 s\u00e9u bestu hagsmunir barnsins \u00ed raun. Barnar\u00e9ttarnefnd Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna leggur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 meta og skilgreina bestu hagsmuni barnsins \u00ed hverju tilviki fyrir sig og a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir stj\u00f3rnvalda taki tillit til \u00feeirra (CRC, 2013). Til \u00feess \u00fearf a\u00f0 gefa barninu t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til \u00feess a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig um st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna og m\u00e1lefni er \u00fea\u00f0 var\u00f0ar, og \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al huga a\u00f0 margv\u00edslegum \u00fe\u00e1ttum svo sem tr\u00fa, menningu, kynhneig\u00f0 og vi\u00f0haldi fj\u00f6lskyldutengsla. Einnig \u00fearf a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 n\u00e6rumhverfinu, a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 heilbrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustu, sk\u00f3la og f\u00e9l\u00f6gum og meta \u00f6ryggi barnsins, fyrri reynslu og st\u00f6\u00f0u (CRC, 2013; Van Os, Kalverboer, Zijlstra, Post og Knorth, 2016). Samkv\u00e6mt n\u00fdjum l\u00f6gum um \u00fatlendinga nr. 80\/2016 skal \u00e1vallt g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 bestu hagsmunum barnsins en hins vegar er ekki lj\u00f3st hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 mat skuli framkv\u00e6mt (L\u00f6g um \u00fatlendinga nr. 80\/2016). Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 fagf\u00f3lk, sem hefur s\u00e9r\u00feekkingu \u00e1 m\u00e1lefnum barna, framkv\u00e6mi mati\u00f0, helst \u00feverfaglegt teymi, og a\u00f0 fagf\u00f3lk f\u00e9lags\u00fej\u00f3nustu og vi\u00f0eigandi \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilar \u00feekki vel til st\u00f6\u00f0u barnsins.<\/p>\n

Til a\u00f0 meta s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega vell\u00ed\u00f0an barna sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar \u00fearf a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a barnami\u00f0a\u00f0an og menningarn\u00e6man vi\u00f0talsv\u00edsi (Tonheim o.fl., 2015). \u00dear v\u00e6ru styrkleikar og verndandi \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed umhverfi barnanna kanna\u00f0ir svo h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a hvort og \u00fe\u00e1 hvers konar \u00edhlutunar s\u00e9 \u00fe\u00f6rf. H\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00cdslandi m\u00e6tti byggja \u00e1 \u00feessari reynslu, en ekki f\u00f3r fram markviss skimum \u00e1 andlegri og s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslegri l\u00ed\u00f0an barnanna sem t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni. Heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsmenn og \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilar t\u00f6lu\u00f0u sjaldan vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin sem voru m\u00f6rg \u00e1hyggjufull, og h\u00f6f\u00f0u sum hver teki\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00e9r s\u00e1lg\u00e6sluhlutverk fyrir foreldra s\u00edna. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00feekkt a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn geri l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00far eigin \u00fe\u00f6rfum til \u00feess a\u00f0 auka ekki enn frekar \u00e1lag \u00e1 foreldra s\u00edna og hversu alvarlegar aflei\u00f0ingar vanl\u00ed\u00f0an foreldra getur haft \u00e1 foreldrah\u00e6fni og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00e1 b\u00f6rnin (Dansk flygtninge hj\u00e6lp, e.d.; Eastmond, 2010; Laurtizen og Sivertsen, 2012; Newbigging og Thomas, 2011; Ottoson o.fl., 2017; Vaage, 2014). B\u00f6rn \u00e1 fl\u00f3tta hafa m\u00f6rg hver upplifa\u00f0 erfi\u00f0a reynslu fyrir og eftir a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskylda \u00feeirra yfirgaf heimalandi\u00f0 sem getur haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edf \u00feeirra til lengri t\u00edma liti\u00f0 (Kadir, Shenoda, Goldhagen og Pitterman 2018; Kadir, Battersby, Spencer og Hjern, 2019; Shenoda, Kadir, Pitterman og Goldhagen, 2018). \u00dev\u00ed er afar mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 koma til m\u00f3ts vi\u00f0 \u00fearfir barnanna me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 veita \u00feeim vi\u00f0eigandi stu\u00f0ning og \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i eftir \u00fe\u00f6rfum hvers og eins \u00feeirra (Goldhagen, Kadir, Fouad, Spencer og Raman, 2018; ISSOP Migration Working Group, 2018; Oberg, 2018).<\/p>\n

Ein af ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um ranns\u00f3knar okkar er mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau hafi skj\u00f3tan a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 sk\u00f3lag\u00f6ngu. Sk\u00f3laganga og menntun var b\u00f6rnum og foreldrum ofarlega \u00ed huga og voru oft h\u00f6f\u00f0 vinsamleg umm\u00e6li um kennara og sk\u00f3lann (Helga Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir, Geir Gunnlaugsson og J\u00f3n\u00edna Einarsd\u00f3ttir, 2018). G\u00f3\u00f0 menntun skiptir b\u00f6rnin m\u00e1li upp \u00e1 framt\u00ed\u00f0ina a\u00f0 gera, en sk\u00f3lagangan var ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur talin mikilv\u00e6g til a\u00f0 hitta \u00f6nnur b\u00f6rn og eignast vini (Ottoson o.fl., 2017; Svenson og Eastmond, 2013; Tonheim, o.fl., 2015). Sk\u00f3linn og sk\u00f3laganga getur virka\u00f0 sem heilsueflandi vettvangur s\u00e9 vel a\u00f0 \u00f6llu sta\u00f0i\u00f0 (de Wal Pastoor, 2013; de Wal Pastoor, 2015). \u00c6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 tilkomu n\u00fdrrar regluger\u00f0ar um \u00fatlendinga hafi veri\u00f0 stigi\u00f0 skref \u00ed r\u00e9tt \u00e1tt en \u00ed 27. gr. hennar kemur fram a\u00f0 \u201e\u00datlendingastofnun skal tryggja a\u00f0 barn s\u00e9 a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i ekki lengur en fj\u00f3rar vikur \u00ed umsj\u00e1 stofnunarinnar \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vera komi\u00f0 \u00ed almennan sk\u00f3la e\u00f0a anna\u00f0 \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i til menntunar\u201c(Regluger\u00f0 um \u00fatlendinga nr. 540\/2017).<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3kn okkar s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eru margv\u00edslegir \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferli um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi sem hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega vell\u00ed\u00f0an barna og foreldra \u00feeirra. \u00dev\u00ed er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 huga betur en n\u00fa er gert a\u00f0 l\u00ed\u00f0an, st\u00f6\u00f0u og r\u00e9ttindum barna, sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar me\u00f0 foreldrum s\u00ednum. Eins og sta\u00f0an er \u00ed dag \u00fe\u00e1 fulln\u00e6gir \u00cdsland ekki Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nustu vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00ed fylgd foreldra sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar og er \u00fe\u00e1 fyrst og fremst broti\u00f0 \u00e1 r\u00e9tti barnanna til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig um m\u00e1lefni sem \u00feau var\u00f0ar. \u00dev\u00ed er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00e1 grunni n\u00fdrra laga um \u00fatlendinga a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a s\u00e9rstaklega \u00fej\u00f3nustu vi\u00f0 \u00feessi b\u00f6rn svo h\u00fan uppfylli \u00fe\u00e6r kva\u00f0ir sem al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legir s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lar leggja okkur \u00e1 her\u00f0ar og vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum skrifa\u00f0 undir og l\u00f6gfest.<\/p>\n

Lokaor\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6lskyldur, sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar, eru ekki einsleitur h\u00f3pur. Margt er vel unni\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu \u00feeirra \u00e1 \u00cdslandi en \u00fej\u00f3nustan er mismunandi eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvort h\u00fan s\u00e9 \u00e1 vegum sveitarf\u00e9laga e\u00f0a \u00datlendingastofnunar. T\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til umb\u00f3ta eru m\u00f6rg. \u00de\u00f6rf er \u00e1 a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u barna \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu og a\u00f0 \u00feau f\u00e1i t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig um eigin reynslu og l\u00ed\u00f0an og a\u00f0 \u00e1 raddir \u00feeirra s\u00e9 hlusta\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 barnafr\u00e6\u00f0in og Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann. B\u00f6rnin eru \u00ed stofnanalegum skilningi a\u00f0 vissu marki \u00f3s\u00fdnileg \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu og \u00fe\u00f6rfum \u00feeirra er ekki sinnt eins og best ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 kosi\u00f0. L\u00f6gfesting Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna leggur \u00e1kve\u00f0nar skyldur \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld. Hver m\u00e1nu\u00f0ur e\u00f0a \u00e1r \u00ed \u00f3vissu um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferli um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd skiptir m\u00e1li \u00ed l\u00edfi barns og getur haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00feroska, heilsu og l\u00ed\u00f0an \u00feess til langframa. \u00dev\u00ed er skj\u00f3t m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum \u00ed hag og a\u00f0 a\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0ur \u00feeirra sty\u00f0ji b\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00feau og fj\u00f6lskyldur \u00feeirra \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00e1 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 stendur. N\u00fd l\u00f6g um \u00fatlendinga nr. 80\/2016 me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum eru \u00e1fangi \u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta \u00fej\u00f3nustuna og mikilv\u00e6gt skref \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 bestu hagsmunir barnsins s\u00e9u haf\u00f0ir a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferlinu. \u00dea\u00f0 er br\u00fdnt a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld setji sk\u00fdrar verklagsreglur um me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a h\u00e6tti hagsmunir barna skuli metnir og tryggja \u00fearf a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u \u00ed takt vi\u00f0 Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann og l\u00f6g sem sn\u00faa a\u00f0 vernd og velfer\u00f0 barna. \u00dea\u00f0 er samf\u00e9lagsleg \u00e1byrg\u00f0 okkar a\u00f0 hlusta eftir r\u00f6ddum barna sem koma me\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldum s\u00ednum \u00ed leit a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legri vernd og vinna a\u00f0 \u00farb\u00f3tum \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00feau nj\u00f3ti \u00feeirra r\u00e9ttinda sem \u00feeim ber.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Heimildir<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, asylum-seeking children should be given the same rights as other children in Iceland. The aim is to describe and analyse how their rights and needs are taken into consideration. In the autumn 2015, interviews were taken with 12 children and 10 parents. The results indicate that the asylum process is adult-centered. The children were seldom given the opportunity to express their opinions on issues of importance to them, and housing arrangements and facilities of service providers were not always child-friendly. The asylum-seeking process for families in Iceland needs revision.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(Invisibility of children of asylum-seeking families in Iceland<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt Barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna ber a\u00f0 veita b\u00f6rnum sem leita al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legrar verndar h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi s\u00f6mu r\u00e9ttindi og \u00f6\u00f0rum b\u00f6rnum. Markmi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knarinnar er a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa og greina hvernig komi\u00f0 er til m\u00f3ts vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rn og r\u00e9ttindi \u00feeirra \u00ed ums\u00f3knarferli fj\u00f6lskyldna \u00feeirra um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Tekin voru vi\u00f0t\u00f6l hausti\u00f0 2015 vi\u00f0 12 b\u00f6rn og 10 foreldra. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00fdna a\u00f0 ums\u00f3knarferli\u00f0 er fullor\u00f0insmi\u00f0a\u00f0. B\u00f6rnum var sjaldan gefi\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til \u00feess a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig um m\u00e1lefni er \u00feau var\u00f0a og barnv\u00e6n b\u00fasetu\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i og a\u00f0sta\u00f0a hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3nustua\u00f0ilum var ekki alltaf til sta\u00f0ar. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 endursko\u00f0a ums\u00f3knarferli fj\u00f6lskyldna um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vernd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":579,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1663],"tags":[1698,1697,1695,1699,1696],"coauthors":[1694],"class_list":["post-3535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-other-contributions-volume-14-no-1-2019","tag-asylum-seeker","tag-child","tag-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child","tag-family","tag-refugee"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/579"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3535"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3535\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3958,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3535\/revisions\/3958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3535"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3535"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3535"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}