{"id":33964,"date":"2026-03-01T00:10:40","date_gmt":"2026-03-01T00:10:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=33964"},"modified":"2026-03-05T21:49:11","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T21:49:11","slug":"much-a-be-about-no-thing-tristan-burts-book-for-de-gruyters-studies-in-philosophy-of-humor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-21-no-1-2026\/review-essay-editor-review-volume-21-no-1-2026\/much-a-be-about-no-thing-tristan-burts-book-for-de-gruyters-studies-in-philosophy-of-humor\/","title":{"rendered":"Much A-be About No-thing:  Tristan Burt\u2019s book for De Gruyter\u2019s Studies in Philosophy of Humor, &#8220;The Joke of Reality&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t<div class=\"dkpdf-button-container\" style=\" text-align:right \">\n\n\t\t<a class=\"dkpdf-button\" href=\"\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33964?pdf=33964\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"dkpdf-button-icon\"><i class=\"fa fa-file-pdf-o\"><\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Introduction<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Let me commence with a juicy quote from the book at issue:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>[N]othing stands everything on its head. This is why it is fitting that this book forms part of what seems to be a very minor area of philosophical enquiry, i.e., the philosophy of humor. Immediately, from the perspective of the \u201csensible ham\u201d, the philosophy of humor is a footnote to a minor footnote to the main philosophical topics. The philosophy of humor is not metaphysics, or epistemology, or ethics, it is a minor inquiry into one small part of the whole. The concern of the philosophy of humor is, apparently, that limited group of things we empirically encounter which cause us to be amused; why are some things amusing and most things not? Never, in a million years, would it occur to a \u201csensible ham\u201d that looking into the phenomenon of humor would or could unveil the nature of reality. That would be absurd! If there is any hope to discover reality then it must lie down some grand avenue with a sufficiently grand-sounding name<\/em>. (JR, 195)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Books can tell us many things about ourselves. <em>Inter alia<\/em>, Tristan Burt\u2019s <em>Joke of Reality <\/em>has told me that I have a spirited spiritual brother\u2014though maybe not a spiritual spirited brother\u2014working at an \u201cantipodean university. A marginal nobody,\u201d like myself, since <em>I<\/em> have lived and worked for longer than twenty years in Akureyri, Iceland, close to the 65<sup>th<\/sup> parallel, i.e., one degree shorter in northern latitude than the touristically-catchy yet climatically-dismal Arctic Circle (JR, 195). Like Tristan Burt, I am no \u201crenowned Professor at a prestigious University.\u201d (JR, 195) Neither he nor I can claim to be some Peter Singer, Axel Honneth, or Martha Nussbaum. We can\u2019t even claim to be, say, John Morreall, Steven Gimbel, or Lydia Amir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yet, like Tristan Burt, I too have come to believe with firm, rational conviction that the philosophy of humour can lead us into, pull us towards or, at least, push us onto, the deepest and\/or highest levels of metaphysical reflection, as the far-more-illustrious G.K. Chesterton and Gilles Deleuze had already asserted long before the two living \u201cmarginal nobod[ies]\u201d who were invited to participate at the 2025 ISHS annual conference in Krakow (see V1, 117\u2013124). Explicitly, in the concluding book of our multi-volume project for De Gruyter\u2019s <em>Studies in Philosophy of Humor<\/em>, my co-author, \u00c1rs\u00e6ll M\u00e1r Arnarsson, and I had written as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>[H]umour\u2026 grant[s] a somewhat fleeting yet intense and even cruel access\u2026 [to] a powerful and dynamic field of being, capable of creation as much as of destruction. How to best describe and understand such an onto-logical realm is a philosophically daunting matter. The options are the most diverse. It could be Schopenhauer\u2019s Wille zum Leben\u2026 [o]r Nietzsche\u2019s Wille zur Macht\u2026 Or it could be Bataille\u2019s part maudite\u2026 It could be Jung\u2019s \u201cgods\u201d, whose presence, potency, and pressures were said to be experienced psychically in sexuality as much as in spirituality. It might even be the ultimately ungraspable universal \u201corder\u201d set down by God\u2019s \u201ceternal Law\u201d, which Maritain described oxymoronically as \u201ccruel and saving\u201d at once. Or it could be the atheist Castoriadis\u2019 ontological allegory for the basis of all that of which can be conceived, however imperfectly, by human beings, i.e., the \u201cmagma\u201d \u2026 There are so many terms [that] could be seen as plausibly applicable to the ontological ground that humorous activity can both reveal and hide: \u201cBeing\u201d, \u201cGod\u201d, \u201capeiron\u201d, \u201cenergeia\u201d, \u201cthe One\u201d, \u201cnatura naturans\u201d, \u201cthe Tao\u201d. We, as authors of this volume, do not know which one would best apply<\/em>. (V3\/2, 321\u2013322)<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Unlike \u00c1rs\u00e6ll and myself, Tristan Burt claims to know which term should best apply. It is actually none of the preceding, funnily enough. Nonetheless, repeated, relevant, revelatory references are made by Tristan Burt to Nietzsche\u2019s \u201cWill to Power\u201d (JR, 219\u2013221), \u201cGod\u201d\u00a0(aka \u201cAllah\u201d or a \u201cone-eyed, one-horned, flying, purple, people eater;\u201d JR, 16), \u201cBeing\u201d (with a capital \u201cB\u201d, e.g., JR, 72), the Anaximander-esque but declaredly Deleuzian conception of the \u201cperfectly indeterminate\u201d (JR, 151), the ever-tinkered and thought-provoking descriptions of \u201cenergy\u201d developed by modern physicists (JR, 19 &amp; 211\u2013213), and, much more flippantly or <em>en passant<\/em>, Mount Olympus (JR, 197), Bataille (JR, 78), the Chinese word \u201cwu\u201d (JR, 103 &amp; 125), and a 20<sup>th<\/sup>-century analogue of Telesius\u2019 16<sup>th<\/sup>-century notion of <em>natura naturans<\/em>, i.e., Bergson\u2019s \u201ccreative evolution\u201d (JR, 225).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Specifically, Tristan Burt argues that the best candidate amongst them all is the term \u201cnothing.\u201d <em>A fortiori<\/em>, \u201cnothing\u201d is that which must now be addressed by <em>me<\/em>, i.e., for <em>me<\/em> to be able to offer <em>my<\/em> critical considerations, however deficient, silly, or meaningless they may be. In short, I shall talk about \u201cnothing.\u201d I know, it sounds a bit odd, if not absurd, but philosophy is often so\u2014at times, even unintentionally so. It\u2019s dirty work, but somebody\u2019s got to do it. Bear with me, then. Don\u2019t chicken out\u2014and don\u2019t let the bear find the chicken either: It always ends badly, even if Tristan Burt writes competently about \u201cchickens and eggs\u201d (JR, 201\u2013203) In any case, consider this point: I have just read a book about \u201cnothing.\u201d And be ready for a lot of \u201cnonsense\u201d as well.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Synopsis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Philosophy\u2019s known beginnings are knowingly a feasible beginning. Thus, Tristan Burt begins his study of \u201cnothing\u201d proper by mentioning and discussing, among others, Parmenides\u2019 time-honoured, inspiring, yet also highly enigmatic poetic fragments, which mused on well-rehearsed, canonical, indeed foundational issues such as \u201cbeing\u201d and \u201cnon-being,\u201d i.e., as far as philosophy is historically and institutionally concerned (JR, 75). Tristan Burt does so<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>First, in the book\u2019s lengthy introduction\u2014which is an earnest and somewhat exhausting attempt at easing the reader\u2019s duly troubled and possibly terrified mind in the face of \u201cnothing,\u201d \u201cnothingness,\u201d and even \u201cmeaninglessness;\u201d or, perchance, at pacifying those of some unduly dismissive and peevishly disgruntled referees\u2014woes be to them!<\/li>\n<li>Secondly, he does so in chapter one of six\u2014or seven, plus an epilogue (JR, 12).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c[S]ix\u2014or seven,\u201d precisely, as I have just stated, because, in the manuscript which I was kindly sent by the author himself for me to be able to evaluate it, chapter five occurs <em>twice.<\/em><a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>A first time, when dealing with Saussure\u2019s \u201cstructuralism,\u201d pop art (i.e., Andy Warhol), Joyce, and Derrida (JR, 160); and<\/li>\n<li>then once more, when dealing with Barthes\u2019 \u201cpoststructuralism,\u201d nonsense artistry (e.g., Lewis Carroll), Wittgenstein, and Carnap (JR, 160).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Whether or not this numerical repetition is intentional, it does make a more-than-viable joke and, even more so, a reminder of language\u2019s artificial, conventional character. As especially 20<sup>th<\/sup>&#8211; and 21<sup>st<\/sup>-century French postmodernists have been so keen to elucidate and emphasise, all alleged linguistic \u201csense\u201d is inexorably and invariably rooted in sheer \u201cnonsense,\u201d which is an important philosophical topic running parallel to that of \u201cnothing\u201d in Tristan Burt\u2019s book\u2014not least inasmuch as \u201cthe referent of nonsense is\u201d said by him to be \u201cnothing\u201d itself (JR, 84). However, for intuitive, sensible reasons of time and space, I must abstain from offering any extensive reflection on \u201cnonsense\u201d as such, especially with respect to the Wittgenstein-based concepts of <em>Unsinnigkeit<\/em> [nonsensicality] and <em>Sinnlosigkeit<\/em> [senselesness], which, in my view, could be interpreted differently than Tristan Burt does in his work, and cast light on the possible idea that \u201csense\u201d and \u201cnonsense\u201d (JR, 22) may be born simultaneously out of a mindless, speechless, silent nothingness\u2014a primordial condition which we could creatively dub \u201cab-sense\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Are you lost, already? Do not huff and throw your hands in the air, please! As Tristan Burt himself recites throughout his book, philosophy is meant to be hard to make sense of, and it does come across as being some sort of futile \u201cmadness\u201d or pathological \u201clunacy\u201d to the untrained mind (JR, 61). Isn\u2019t the philosopher but a pompous fool, or even a dangerous crank, in the spiteful eye of the common person? Was the great Socrates, for one, treated nicely by his fellow Athenians\u2014that celebrated democratic lot? Or wasn\u2019t he savagely lampooned on stage, before the whole citizenry, by the popular comedian Aristophanes in <em>The<\/em> <em>Clouds<\/em>? (JR, 21) And was \u201cDiogenes the Cynic\u201d not ridiculed mercilessly too for his\u2014as we would softly express it today, in a suitable politically-correct tone of voice\u2014\u201calternative lifestyle\u201d? (JR, 61)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The sage is a pitiable or even contemptible buffoon before the gaze, and inside the mind, of the ordinary man of the street\u2014I would have gladly added \u201cor woman of the street,\u201d but the rhetorical result could have been poor and, worse still, involuntarily offensive to some right-thinking people. Yet right-thinking people are precisely the problem, for their common sense is but \u201cshadows on the wall\u201d (JR, 121). Those who really know are thus believed to be really mad. This is, at the very least, the wisdom of Plato\u2019s immortal \u201cAllegory of the Cave,\u201d which Tristan Burt dissects and debates discursively in the third chapter of his book (JR, 50 <em>et passim<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In any case, even before Plato started writing his well-known and much-debated dialogues, there was proffered Parmenides\u2019 aforementioned key-lesson, i.e.,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>the moment we even think of nothing (let alone seek to define it) we have already attributed a positive value (i.e., thinkability) to it, and done what we must not, should not, and, by rights, cannot do. We must not even think of nothing\u2014the thought of nothing, qua \u201cpure absence\u201d is impossible\u2014and yet, obviously and ironically, we do think of nothing (Parmenides went so far as to write a poem about it).<\/em> (JR, 70)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Such being, in short,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>the ancient contradiction noted by Parmenides (i.e., that whatever you can think of\u2014like, for example, an \u201cactual, absolute nothingness\u201d, i.e., an absence of anything material and even an absence of the immaterial\u2014must be at least thinkable and therefore in some sense positive and present and therefore not what you naively imagine it to be).<\/em> (JR, 76)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since Parmenides\u2019 early days, hardly any Western thinker has succeeded in escaping this na\u00efve and ostensibly self-contradictory understanding of \u201cnothing.\u201d Indeed, according to Tristan Burt, he himself is in truth the first thinker ever to have truly figured out \u201cnothing,\u201d i.e., once and for all. Wittily, Tristan Burt remarks: \u201c[A] marginal nobody, working in an area of apparently no real interest on a topic of very minor importance, <em>should <\/em>be the person to identify the nature\u00a0of reality. Why? Because reality is a joke\u00a0and this situation is obviously humorous. When reality is a joke then only the marginalized can hope to discover it.\u201d (JR, 195\u2013196)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Prussian philosophical giant Immanuel Kant, who is the main protagonist of chapter two, came possibly close to grasping \u201cnothing\u201d [<em>N\/nichts<\/em>] in all of its momentous complexity and groundbreaking centrality, according to Tristan Burt. Kant did so while \u201cconsider[ing] the nature of representation itself,\u201d yet only and revealingly in \u201can appendix to an appendix to an appendix (the most buried of all parts of the [<em>First<\/em>]<em> Critique<\/em>).\u201d (JR, 120) This near-miss consisted in Kant\u2019s bourgeoning realisation that \u201c[w]hen nothing is represented in the mind the mind is clear and undetermined\/unlimited (or, synonymously, determined by nothing) and therefore it can grasp the absolute,\u201d for \u201cabsolute reality\u201d is precisely that which, adhering closely to Kant\u2019s quizzical yet philosophically near-quotidian nomenclature of our cognitive systems, \u201cwe can intuit other than sensibly: nothing.\u201d (JR, 106\u2013107)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">What in Heaven or Earth could ever be so absolutely real as to be graspable by means of (pre-? or) \u201cnon-sensible metaphysical intuition,\u201d and indeed constitute the onto-logical springboard of all that which is, and which can be humanly thought of and verbalised, but be equally and concomitantly so elusive that all human beings encounter it in their perceptual experiences as much as in their mental speculations, and even style lexically, as being \u201cnothing\u201d <em>tout court<\/em>? What sort of \u201cundetermined, unconstrained, and unlimited\u201d reality subsists in such an incongruous, paradoxical, curious, ironic, perchance funny state of ever-present absence and ever-hidden presence? (JR, 92) In Tristan Burt\u2019s own words:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>absolute reality ironically and amusingly represents itself in such a way as to reveal itself only to the careful and thoughtful (those who understand or \u201cget it\u201d) whilst going \u201cover the head\u201d, as it were, of the thoughtless. And what kind of thing behaves in this way: making use of ironic representation to amuse the thoughtful whilst going over the head of the thoughtless? The answer to this question is: a joke.<\/em> (JR, 106)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Succinctly put:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em>Nothing is absolutely real (A = B)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Nothing is a joke (A = C)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Therefore, absolute reality is a joke (Therefore, B = C)<\/em> (JR, 20)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Metaphysics is not the end of the story. Tristan Burt\u2019s onto-logical elucubrations possess ethico-political implications as well. Briefly stated:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><em>The appropriate ethical response to this [metaphysical realisation] is to renounce seriousness and recognize that everything (including everybody) and nothing is really a joke[,] the purpose of which is to give rise to your amusement and the amusement of everyone else in the community.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>We thereby come to form a community grounded in a shared philosophical spirit of amusement and live harmoniously in a state of amusement<\/em>. (JR, 224)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The prime, generative, and ultimate ground of everything is a joke: \u201c[I]n the beginning was the joke\u201d (JR, 210). Hence, aligning our conduct to the cosmic order, we ought to learn not to take things seriously and\u2014instead as much as surprisingly so, perhaps\u2014rejoice in that very same, all-encompassing, <em>nihilistic<\/em> absurdity that <em>so<\/em> unnerved <em>so<\/em> dreadfully <em>so<\/em> many scores of proto-existentialist philosophers (e.g., Pascal; JR, 35; and Kierkegaard) and \u201cexistentialists\u201d proper (e.g., Camus; JR, 34 <em>et passim<\/em>) since, at least, the fateful day on which Kant\u2019s Copernican Revolution began \u201ctrapp[ing us Western thinkers] within the phenomenological realm, with the noumenal never more than a[n ungraspable] shadow which clouds our day\u201d (JR, 194 &amp; 219).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If I understand correctly Tristan Burt\u2019s quasi-Gallic, and possibly or sometimes inevitably Byzantine, hair-splitting deconstructive logic, the much-longed-for yet frustratingly-elusive noumenal domain cannot be grasped because <em>nothing<\/em> as such is there for us to grasp, which we effectively and immediately do, even in as prosaic a perceptual experience as when we look around ourselves and notice that, between us and the wall, \u201cthere is nothing\u201d (JR, 8). Funny, isn\u2019t it? Nevertheless, much of great importance depends upon the proper understanding of \u201cnothing,\u201d according to Tristan Burt. Let me try and explain it, however sketchily.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amused and relaxed by this patently ironic, possibly mirthful, yet positively metaphysical realisation, better human societies should follow as an historical inevitability, insofar as people would cease to fight over gods, titles, distinctions, fame, glory, sex, money, success, etc., given that all such much-coveted but illusory goods would finally be recognised as being devoid of any deeper and\/or higher meaning\u2014exactly like people themselves, their strivings, and their transient, mundane, individual existences. All contingent beings are, in fact, nothing but \u201camusing illusions, mere representations of the real joke, whose purpose is simply to amuse ourselves and one another.\u201d (JR, 89) Look close enough, investigate the beginnings of all things as much as their end-point, and the conclusion will be the same: \u201c[<em>E<\/em>]<em>verything means nothing<\/em>\u201d (JR, 12). As Tristan Burt dares state on the scope and depth of his own apparent \u201ccynicism:\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>What about childhood cancer? What about war? What about violent crimes? These must be real, these (at least) must be taken seriously, surely? No, these things can be taken no more seriously\u2014i.e., imbued with no greater reality\u2014than chocolate cake, beautiful sunny days, and loving embraces. Only in this way can we offer real comfort to, for example, children suffering from cancer, and their loved ones. Only if we understand what life and death really are\u2014as distinct from what they appear to be\u2014can we help the child (and their relatives) understand that they are not really different from anyone else and that though they might appear to die, in reality they will continue living, simply in an apparently different form.<\/em> (JR, 124)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tristan Burt, however challengingly or perchance shockingly, would then seem to have found out what reality is truly like, and how such a reality can offer humankind a way not to fear disease and death, hence a way to cope with them. Not bad, for a book about \u201cnothing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Critique<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Let these two numbered, very concise, almost skeletal passages stand here for the main argumentative thrust of Tristan Burt\u2019s ingenious, intricate, irreverent, incessant, and sometimes irksome or infuriating book, about which I have so thick a set of critical considerations that its thickness or, alas, my own, does actually require me to devote to these considerations the near totality of the available pages. As such, while I do hope to be able to provide the book\u2019s author with some valuable theoretical feedback, I also know that much of what I am going to state is likely to sound obnoxiously abstruse, if not ostensibly absurd, to most people, i.e., to all those persons who have not yet read this curious, catchy, canny little book.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Should these persons read it? Yes, of course they should! I, for one, enjoyed doing so very much; even if, on occasion, I felt as though I was being taken for a proverbial ride. Only Tristan Burt knows the truth about this point. In any case, should it be truly the case that I was taken for a ride, then I must thank the Almighty for making Tristan Burt as cunning as he is, or myself as stupid as I am. Why? because I liked the ride. It was unconventional, vigorous, and amusing. Who knows? Maybe that\u2019s why the ride has become proverbial.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As to my critical considerations, I organise them below in two main batches. The first one deals with <em>philosophia prima<\/em>, in the sense of speculative matters of ontology and metaphysics. The second one, perhaps a lick unimaginatively, deals with <em>philosophia secunda<\/em>, in the sense of applicative matters of ethics, politics, religion, and overall existential attitudes.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>First Batch<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A1. Setting the stage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In chapter one, Tristan Burt makes a powerful case in defense of Parmenides\u2019 archaic, poetic, Pythian claim whereby we cannot be said to be truly able to think of, and even less define lexically, \u201cnothing\u201d proper <em>qua <\/em>\u201cpure absence,\u201d utter non-being, total vacuity, complete non-existence, etc., because the very moment in which we conceive of or even proffer this absence, non-being, vacuity or non-existence, we are <em>not<\/em> thinking of and saying nothing at all, but rather something, which may well be shiftily opaque and shockingly obscure, but which is also and somehow present and persistent, as well as liable of grammatical predication, logico-mathematical formalisation, and even sufficiently-intelligible lexico-philosophical or, at least, lexico-rhetorical assertion, e.g., James Joyce\u2019s whimsical \u201cscholia\u201d in <em>Finnegan\u2019s Wake<\/em> (see, e.g., JR, 19, 28, 76, 173, <em>et passim<\/em>). After all, as the noted Spanish philosopher Jos\u00e9 Ortega y Gasset had already mused in the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century: \u201cOf the squared circle we can only say that it does not exist, because its existence is impossible; yet in order to pronounce on the poor squared circle so cruel a sentence, we must previously have contemplated it \u2013 in some sense it must have been.\u201d (as cited in V3\/2, 276)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">While reviewing yet another valiant attempt at understanding \u201cnothing\u201d philosophically\u2014i.e., Roy Sorenson\u2019s 2022 book entitled <em>Nothing: A Philosophical History<\/em>\u2014 Tristan Burt concludes that linguistic expressions characterising \u201cnothing\u201d proper as<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>an \u201cabsence of absence\u2026\u201d an \u201cabsence of total absences\u2026\u201d an \u201cabsence of action\u2026\u201d, a \u201cpotential absence\u2026\u201d an \u201cabsence of contradiction\u2026\u201d an \u201cabsence of referents\u2026\u201d and so on&#8230; cycle[-] us back\u2026 to the problem that there clearly is some presence (some positivity) involved in nothing[;] there must be in order that we can write books about it! So, nothing cannot be conceived of solely along the lines of absence, there is a presence where there is nothing but a presence of what?! That is the question.<\/em> (JR, 76)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cNothing\u201d may well be nothing, if and when it is compared to the so-called \u201cthings\u201d that lie scattered around us and that we ourselves are; all such things, moreover, being subjectable to empirical investigation, which is the inspired basis and inherent limitation of the modern scientific endeavour (JR, 76 <em>et passim<\/em>). However, as Parmenides had already intuited back in his day, \u201cnothing\u201d cannot be understood as utter and total \u201cnothingness\u201d in an absolute or, as stated, \u201cpure\u201d sense, for \u201cnothing\u201d is, at the very least, an implausible abstraction, a contradictory thought, pretty much like Ortega y Gasset\u2019s \u201cpoor squared circle,\u201d which is doomed to be cast aside as illogical \u201cnonsense,\u201d but only after having being imagined and thought of, to some extent, no matter how minimal or imprecise (JR, 12, 76, <em>et passim<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Basically, building on Parmenides\u2019 venerable insight, Tristan Burt can reasonably state as follows: \u201cwhere there is <em>really <\/em>no material or immaterial thing there is an absence of any possibility of conceptualization.\u201d (JR, 146) If, moreover,<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>we take seriously Kant\u2019s <em>First Critique<\/em>\u2014as many academics have done and will probably keep doing for a long time\u2014and<\/li>\n<li>pay serious heed to Tristan Burt\u2019s meandering yet magnetic arguments based upon it (especially in chapter two), such that<\/li>\n<li>it may effectively be the case that \u201c<em>Der Verstand vermag nichts anzuschauen<\/em>\u201d [\u201cthe understanding can intuit nothing\u201d] (JR, 92),<\/li>\n<li>then it can equally be argued that, as already quoted above, \u201cnothing is absolutely real.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Concisely, prior to any apprehension <em>via<\/em> our sensible intuitions of time and space, and the necessary deployment of our intellect\u2019s \u201csense-making\u201d categories of the understanding, upon which the marvellous system of modern physics celebrated by Immanuel Kant was developed, we apprehend <em>metaphysically<\/em>, i.e., non-sensibly, \u201cnothing,\u201d \u201c<em>Nichts<\/em>;\u201d which is, according to Tristan Burt, an actually-existing yet ever-elusive nothingness serving, among or <em>ante<\/em> all other things, <em>qua<\/em> constitutive, fundamental precondition for the cognitive apprehension of anything or, to be more exact, of any-thing (JR, 9 &amp; 13). That\u2019s how, if I \u2018get\u2019 Tristan Burt correctly, we can make sense of Kant\u2019s own dense and episodic prose on such immaterial matters: \u201c<em>[N]ichts Wirkliches ist<\/em>\u201d [\u201cnothing real is\u201d] (JR, 9 &amp; 99).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since my fluency in German is far too basic for me to claim any special and reliable expertise in Kant\u2019s critical philosophy, and there certainly exist far-more-qualified Kant scholars than I shall ever be able to become, I do not venture hereby into any elaborate discussion of how best to understand and translate into English Kant\u2019s \u201cidiosyncratic\u201d vocabulary\u2014including how best to render the non-insignificant term \u201c<em>nichts<\/em>\u201d (JR, 9, 99, 139, <em>et passim<\/em>). Much, however, would seem to depend upon it, as far as Tristan Burt\u2019s argument is concerned.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Not to mention the fact that an early post-Kantian philosopher, the noted German pessimist Arthur Schopenhauer, had himself argued in <em>Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung<\/em> that, by way of inward-looking meditation, he had somehow been able to peer behind the so-called \u201cveil of Maya,\u201d which is always, necessarily, and deceitfully instituted by our spatio-temporal and conceptual epistemic coordinates when dealing with the world of common experience as much as scholastic and scientific thinking, and that he had retrieved a momentous, powerful insight into the true metaphysical quintessence of the cosmos, aka Tristan Burt\u2019s \u201cabsolute reality.\u201d Specifically, Schopenhauer had come in contact with a fundamental, eternally-chaotic, cosmic energy, which biological creatures such as ourselves experience <em>qua<\/em> <em>voluntas<\/em> or will, i.e., the Will to Live [<em>Wille zum Leben<\/em>]. Who is right, then: Tristan Burt or Arthur Schopenhauer? Whose path beyond or behind space-time and the categories of the understanding should be followed? Which metaphysical faculty should be granted pre-eminence? What would happen, for instance, were we to say that inward-looking meditation or listening to one\u2019s own Pascalian heart, rather than reason alone or above all, is the correct path to be followed?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Personally, I have no conclusive answer to give to such grave interrogatives. At any rate, and at least for the moment, let\u2019s bow before Tristan Burt\u2019s version of Prussia, just as we bowed before his version of Greece. If Heidegger toyed at will with dusty Hellenic etymologies and devious Aegean translations, why shouldn\u2019t Tristan Burt be allowed to play a similar game? A game, yes. Maybe \u201can exceptionally good\u201d one as well\u2014yet and nonetheless, a characteristically childish activity (JR, 10). In the end, as Tristan Burt cheekily yet crucially asserts, \u201cnothing\/nonsense\u201d is what is \u201creally\u201d ever at stake whenever confronting issues of such a philosophical import, given the ironic metaphysical principle that is actually at play all the time before our unseeing eyes: \u201cDepression\u00a0is really a joke, boredom is really a joke, happiness is really a joke, life is really a joke, pain is really a joke, pleasure is really a joke, philosophy is really a joke; it\u2019s all a joke, <em>it<\/em> is a joke, the definite article is a joke.\u201d (JR, 68)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus, summarily, \u201cnothing,\u201d as far as I mis\/understand Tristan Burt, should be said to be:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u201ca presence,\u201d if not even \u201ca positive presence,\u201d such that (JR, 70 <em>et passim<\/em>),<\/li>\n<li>Effectively hypostasising the basis for the epistemic \u2018filters\u2019 identified by Kant in his celebrated <em>Critique of Pure Reason<\/em>, this \u201cpresence\u201d operates <em>qua<\/em> \u201cbackground\u2026 tabula rasa or blank slate\u201d lying behind, permeating, and differentiating \u201ceverything\u201d (12 &amp; 100\u2013104), i.e., every identifiable \u201cthing\u201d (every-thing) which our limited faculties can grasp (see especially chapter four\u2019s remarks on Derrida\u2019s \u201c<em>diff\u00e9rance<\/em>\u201d), and that,<\/li>\n<li>curiously as much as candidly, is so ontologically \u2018thin,\u2019 perceptually \u2018impalpable,\u2019 and \u201cperfectly transparent to us,\u201d as to be <em>de facto<\/em> <em>in\/visible <\/em>(JR, 94), as well as<\/li>\n<li>so clearly yet confoundingly vague as to be \u201cincomprehensible,\u201d at first (JR, 84 &amp; 217), and rightly passible of being labelled \u201cnonsense\u201d (JR, 13 <em>et passim<\/em>); hence,<\/li>\n<li>such that it is immediately and prosaically encountered as being, and ordinarily referred to in our languages as meaning, \u201cnothing\u201d at all (JR, 135). <em>But<\/em> which,<\/li>\n<li>very much like the air-filled empty spaces that we ordinarily and superficially discount as being \u201cnothing,\u201d e.g., \u201c[t]here is nothing\u2026 outside the window\u201d (JR, 29),<\/li>\n<li>should be better conceptualised by the philosophical investigator as an ontologically grounding, epistemically primary, paradoxically logical, and amusingly ironic twist, switch or reversal that is tantamount to \u201ca joke\u201d (see, e.g., JR, 10 <em>et passim<\/em>, and 145ff).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I hope I am not misrepresenting Tristan Burt\u2019s much ado about \u201cnothing,\u201d i.e., his interesting book, a veritable triumph of nihilism, where we also read: \u201cThe real joke\u00a0then represents itself first as nonsense\/nothing and against this background of nothingness or nonsense, sensible\u00a0things (phenomena) can be perceived, but none of these representations of reality can be said to be themselves real because they depend on the antecedent nothing\/nonsense.\u201d (JR, 146)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A2. Throwing lettuce<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Let me take a critical crack at it, now. Nothing that is \u201creally\u201d something is <em>not<\/em> \u201creally\u201d nothing (JR, 146). <em>Prima-facie<\/em> \u201cnothing\u201d that is effectively a \u201cpresence,\u201d a \u201cbackground,\u201d an amazingly and amusingly ironic inversion, or, as Tristan Burt tersely concludes in the quoted numbered propositions of his argument, \u201ca joke,\u201d is <em>ipso facto<\/em>\u2014if not <em>ipso fato<\/em>\u2014a nothing that is <em>something<\/em>; although not necessarily the same sort of \u201csomething\u201d as some specific thing or some-thing. Asking \u201cwhat is X?,\u201d then, may not be the wisest way to go about this matter, as Tristan Burt himself reasonably suggests, for such a question presupposes that we are dealing with a thing or some-thing (JR, 146).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Still, since we are not dealing with a thing or some-thing, it can plausibly be reasoned that the \u201cnothing\u201d at issue is actually <em>no-thing<\/em>, i.e., as stated, <em>not<\/em> some-thing. \u201cNothing\u201d would then refer not to an <em>ens<\/em> [a \u2018being\u2019]\u2014thus engaging in a short and perhaps pompous recourse to scholastic Latin\u2014but might have nevertheless something to do with <em>esse<\/em> as such [\u2018being\u2019 <em>tout-court<\/em>, yet more correctly translated as the infinitive \u201cto be\u201d rather than the gerund\/present participle \u201cbeing\u201d]. Tristan Burt\u2019s reflections point in this <em>infinitive<\/em> direction, whether he is fully conscious of this matter or not, considering especially that he argues repeatedly and at length that trying to comprehend \u201cnothing\u201d proper as a well-defined or, at the very least, a definable, circumscribed, apprehensible, individualizable \u201cthing\u201d\u2014should this \u201cthing\u201d be even as unsubstantial and as intangible as an \u201cabsence\u201d\u2014lies at the very heart of many a self-defeating, unresolvable, philosophical conundrum (JR, 146).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rather than trying to grapple with this patently amorphous and uncertain mode of being as a some-thing or even just a something\u2014hence, it doesn\u2019t really matter whether we opt for calling it \u201cno\/thing,\u201d \u201csome\/thing,\u201d \u201cevery\/thing\u201d or \u201cany\/thing\u201d\u2014I would suggest focussing on what premises one and two in Tristan Burt\u2019s argument, i.e.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u201cnothing is absolutely real\u201d and<\/li>\n<li>\u201cnothing is a joke,\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">have most obviously in common. That which these two premises patently share is the formulation \u201cnothing <em>is<\/em>,\u201d i.e., subject \u201cnothing\u201d and the verb \u201cto be,\u201d which points towards the onto-logical insight that I wish to highlight here: The \u201cnothing\u201d at issue is just <em>too<\/em> amorphous and uncertain to allow for any\/thing else to be thought of it or said but that, simply and fundamentally, <em>it<\/em> <em>is<\/em>\u2014whatever \u201cit\u201d and \u201cis\u201d may then in turn reveal themselves to mean and be, at least for us philosophers who positively wonder about such preposterous problems.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Incidentally,<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>I am <em>not<\/em> arguing here that \u201cnothing\u201d is \u201cBeing\u201d with a capital \u201cB,\u201d for that would constitute an answer to the presumptuous interrogative \u201cwhat is X?\u201d\u2014a question which Tristan Burt himself, following Derrida, treats most sceptically (JR, 72 &amp; 146); but<\/li>\n<li>only that this \u201cnothing\u201d pertains to, connects with or participates in \u201cbeing\u201d in some liminal, minimal, and\/or perhaps initial or terminal way or form\u2014in the broadest, most general, most generic, most imprecisely imaginable sense of the two terms at issue, i.e., \u201cnothing\u201d and \u201cbeing.\u201d Such, then, is the \u201cmuch a-be about no-thing\u201d that I have invented and introduced <em>qua<\/em> punning, jejune, parodically Shakesperean title of the present text.<\/li>\n<li>Such a \u201cnothing\u201d would also be characterizable and, to an extent, understandable <em>qua<\/em> shorthand for, say, \u201cnothing solid,\u201d \u201cnothing visible,\u201d \u201cnothing tangible,\u201d \u201cnothing spatiotemporal,\u201d \u201cnothing empirically testable,\u201d \u201cnothing clear,\u201d \u201cnothing focussed,\u201d etc., i.e., a mode of being that is \u2018less\u2019 than a \u201cthing,\u201d (so much less, in fact, that is commonly styled and thought of as being \u201cnothing\u201d <em>in se<\/em> and is figured out, however imperfectly, by way of contrast with some\/thing else than itself) but that <em>is<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Which is what, ironically, Parmenides might well have concluded himself, were we only in possession of all his writings, which we are not. Or, at least, this is the sort of conclusion that, in my modest and Italian-read view, would appear to have been reached by Parmenides\u2019 later student Emanuele Severino, whom Tristan Burt cites and considers in his book but, in my modest and English-read view, misrepresents (JR, 69\u201370 &amp; 77). But I won\u2019t turn the present discussion into an exegesis of Severino\u2019s <em>Essenza del nichilismo <\/em>(Milan: Adelphi, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed. 1995\/1981[1<sup>st<\/sup> ed. 1971]), which is itself a dense and much-debated book. Good philosophy books seem to be tomes on which people like disagreeing with one another.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, a mere, minor sidenote on Emanuele Severino and Tristan Burt is, in my reasoned view, <em>de rigueur<\/em> here. The latter\u2019s \u201cnothing,\u201d in fact and in ultimate analysis, might well be but a clever, contemporary, nihilistically-worded reiteration of Anaximander\u2019s \u201call-enveloping\u2026 all-ruling\u2026 infinite\u2026 indeterminate\u2026 indefinite\u2026 limitless\u2026 immortal\u2026 ambigu[ous]\u201d <em>apeiron<\/em>, whichever translation of this archaic Greek term may then be preferred, i.e., \u201cthe divine\u2026 whence all things are generated\u201d by way of \u201copening the whole\u2026 [i.e.] the integral invasion of the different by the same,\u201d namely, \u201cthe positive, [aka the state of] being,\u201d which is styled by the late Italian philosopher as \u201can immense flower\u2026 the petals [of which] fight with one another to expose their colours to the light\u201d (<em>idem<\/em>, 396\u2013397 &amp; 404).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The seemingly contradictory assertion \u201cnothing <em>is<\/em>\u201d is, admittedly, very little to go by. It doesn\u2019t say much. But what else would you like to get out of \u201cnothing\u201d proper? Another book? Four books? A new book series for De Gruyter? Still, should \u2018more\u2019 be wanted out of \u201cnothing,\u201d then allow me to elaborate some additional considerations. Specifically, if Tristan Burt<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>is capable of asserting that \u201cnothing is a joke,\u201d and therefore<\/li>\n<li>provides <em>ipso dicto<\/em> an answer to the classic metaphysical question \u201cwhat is X?,\u201d then<\/li>\n<li>it is because he is writing about some streak, shade or shape of \u201cbeing,\u201d whatever that is in actuality (\u201cbeing\u201d being itself a term that can be philosophically daunting),<\/li>\n<li>whence possibly derive all \u201cbeings\u201d proper, be they \u201cthings,\u201d contraries, gods, animals, people, windows, gusts of wind, farts, holes in the Swiss cheese, passages under archways, Gothic cathedrals, mosques, quarks, quirks, thoughts, perceptions, gestaltic instabilities, incongruities, jokes built thereupon, frightening absurdities, or even more amorphous and more uncertain modes of being too, including<\/li>\n<li>the liminal, minimal, critical, and perhaps initial or terminal \u201cnothing\u201d where all logico-mathematical systems, philosophico-linguistical inquiries, and physico-cosmological investigations end up ashore at some late point of their intellectual journeys<\/li>\n<li>\u2014as masterfully exemplified by Tristan Burt himself, I must add, by means of clever feats of deconstruction ranging from Carnap\u2019s logical positivism and NASA\u2019s latest depiction of the beginnings of the universe, to Wittgenstein\u2019s recognition of semantics\u2019 bottomlessness and T.S. Eliot\u2019s depiction of the existential emptiness affecting the \u201chollow men\u201d inhabiting the universe studied by NASA\u2019s top-notch scientists (JR, 224).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stating that \u201cnothing is a joke\u201d is, admittedly, a bit of a joke. The funny thing being, moreover, that <em>a bit of a bit<\/em> of a joke is that with which we end up: \u201cNothing <em>is<\/em>.\u201d That\u2019s all we can credibly assert, based on the material provided and investigated by Tristan Burt, who might then be guilty of metaphysical hubris\u2014like when he writes, in a hardnosed yet honestly joking way, that his book contains \u201cthe most important discovery in the history of philosophy.\u201d (JR, 9)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Having questioned the first and second premise, then the derived third proposition-<em>cum<\/em>-sub-conclusion, \u201cabsolute reality is a joke,\u201d must be approached with cautious scepticism, which leads me to immediately suspend judgment before any claims concerning \u201cabsolute reality.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>On the one hand, in fact, Tristan Burt\u2019s brave exercise in philosophical reasoning might have led us, once more, into the personally awing and intellectually arresting presence of <em>Der Gott der Philosophen <\/em>[\u201cThe God of the Philosophers\u201d] (GP, vol. 2, 238), Whom one of Heidegger\u2019s prize students, Wilhelm Weischedel, styled in the 1970s <em>qua<\/em> \u201c<em>Vonwoher<\/em>,\u201d i.e., the \u201cwherefrom\u201d or \u201cwhence\u201d all being and\/or beings derive, even if we may never be able to determine what God <em>in se<\/em> is and how It, He, She, Co, En, Ey, Xie, Yo, Ve or Ze may operate. As Weischedel wrote: \u201c[<em>E<\/em>]<em>r ist das Vonwoher, dessen Begriff aus der Betrachtung der Weltwirklichkeit entspringt, wenn diese als seiend, als nichtseiend und als schwebend angesehen wird<\/em>\u2026\u201d (<em>idem<\/em>) [It is the wherefrom, whose concept springs from the consideration of the reality of the world, when this reality comes to be seen as existent, inexistent, and floating], i.e., \u201c<em>das absolute Schweben<\/em>\u201d [the absolute floating]. \u201cTranscendence,\u201d whether made subjectively real by way of, say, direct mystical revelation, or merely suspected as being an objectively real possibility because of some indirect, incomplete, rational approach, is that liminal, mystifying domain which Tristan Burt himself encounters repeatedly in his book; but it is also a notoriously murky domain that philosophical reason and\u2014even less likely\u2014scientific reason cannot duly probe and investigate (JR, 22 <em>et passim<\/em>).\n<ul>\n<li>Or else, Tristan Burt may be independently corroborating Gilles Deleuze\u2019s 1960s reflections on the peculiar set of philosophical issues that the latter had tellingly labelled \u201cthe adventure of humor,\u201d e.g., the witty \u201cStoic\u2026 paradoxes\u201d of old and the enigmatic \u201cZen\u2026 koans\u201d of the Orient, all of which, in Deleuze\u2019s view, \u201cdemonstrate the [original and\/or ultimate] absurdity of [all linguistic-conceptual] significations\u2026 [and] discover [the multiplicity of singular] objects-events\u2026 communicating in the void which constitutes their substance\u201d (as cited in V3\/1, 119). Without forgetting that this \u201cvoid\u201d cannot be the contradictory \u201cpure absence\u201d plaguing so much Western philosophy since Parmenides\u2019 day. Deleuze, in fact, believed that \u201c[t]he negative is an illusion, no more than a shadow of problems\u2026 [that] can [better] be[-] grasped as\u2026 hypotheses\u201d concerning very tricky yet veritably thinkable \u201cIdea[s]\u201d, such as \u201cdifference and the problematic,\u201d which are both endowed with a degree of \u201cpositivity,\u201d according to the French metaphysician (DR, 202\u2013203).<\/li>\n<li>\u201cNothing,\u201d in this perspective, might then be inferred to be an uncertain, unclear, unanswerable, yet posited hence positive interrogative; if not the shifty, shapeless, bewildering, and even breaking ground itself whence interrogatives arise, i.e., the \u201cvirtuality\u201d inherent to, or the mere \u201cpossibility\u201d of putting, novel as much as old, ever-returning, puzzling metaphysical and\/or theological questions about, say, \u201cBeing,\u201d \u201cthe Same,\u201d \u201cthe Different,\u201d \u201crepetition,\u201d \u201cmultiplicity,\u201d \u201csingularity,\u201d \u201c(non-)being,\u201d \u201cthe One, order,\u201d etc., as much as \u201cvirtuality\u201d and \u201cpossibility\u201d themselves (see especially DR 201\u2013203). Words, after all, can only chase after more words, in the often-vain attempt at making sense of things. In his dense ontological writings on such matters, Deleuze used recurrently the metaphor of \u201cthe throw of the dice,\u201d i.e., the repeatable and perhaps repeated or to-be-repeated\u2014Deleuze was thinking of the Nietzsche\u2019s Hindu-inspired theory of the recurrence of the same, which has recently been reiterated by physicists <em>qua<\/em> theory of the multiverse\u2014\u201caleatory point at which everything becomes ungrounded,\u201d insofar as \u201c[e]ach\u201d throw is \u201cthe chaosmos [<em>sic<\/em>] from which the cosmos emerges\u2026 [and] takes the chance all at once\u201d (DR, 199\u2013200).<\/li>\n<li>As far as I am capable of grasping Deleuze\u2019s complex metaphysics and, hopefully, rendering it somewhat intelligible in my own words, while also applying it to Tristan Burt\u2019s own narrative of a truly elusive yet consequential cosmic irony, each unique, instantaneous singularity in all the possible universes\u2019 infinite multiplicities is an awesome event, a Leibniz-esque monad, which contains <em>every\/thing<\/em>\u2014hence and <em>a fortiori <\/em>\u201cnothing\u201d too, insofar as such monads embrace the Big Bang, time, space, all physical and non-physical relations and manners of relations, all things that are logically thinkable and unthinkable, that which happened and may have happened, that which is and might be, and that which may happen and will happen, all possible questions and lines of questioning, and <em>that which is not<\/em>, as stated, i.e., that which can be\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cinterpreted as the limit of a process of degeneration\u201d (e.g., the mysterious <em>quid<\/em> \u2018before\u2019 the Big Bang; that which lacks both haecceity and quiddity, that which is prior or external to time and space)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cor as the antithesis of a thesis\u201d (e.g., \u2018non-being,\u2019 \u2018no-thingness,\u2019 \u2018im-mortality,\u2019 etc.) (DR, 203).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Second Batch<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>On the other hand, should we concede, even for the sheer sake of argument, that \u201cabsolute reality is a joke,\u201d then the joke could still be liable of qualification, including the arresting one of being a <em>cruel<\/em> I am thinking, e.g., about Schopenhauer\u2019s <em>Wille zum Leben<\/em>, which is described by the great German pessimist as toying blindly (see V2, 47\u201351), hence all-the-more-mercilessly, with the living ones and, above all, the loving ones, i.e., as if the feeling and fighting creatures seeking for survival and successful reproduction were silly puppets, sex-crazed marionettes, hetero-directed tools, unthinking enamoured characters out of some Romantic poem or song cycle, or the foolish simpletons inhabiting the towns of F\u00fcnsing and Schilda\u2014not K\u00f6nigsberg, strangely enough, as far as comic German folklore is concerned. (Yes, there does exist such a thing as German humour, even if Schopenhauer resisted the idea.) Perhaps, only austere Prussian philosophers, serious Teutonic bureaucrats, practical Baltic seafarers, God-fearing Protestant believers, and rigorously-disciplined Junker children roamed the streets of that illustrious city, which is generally known today as \u201cKaliningrad.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This reference to Schopenhauer allows me to shift entirely the discussion onto the ethical, political, and existential aspects of Tristan Burt\u2019s argument. In particular, I wish to address the following point: Jokes, even if they are jokes and \u2018got\u2019 as such, aren\u2019t always funny, or that much funny.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>A cruel joke, for one, can inspire little or no amusement even in the person him\/herself who proffered it\u2014the key spring for its proffering being not fun or amusement in any significant or relevant form and shape, not even a sadistic one, but rather the callous and calculated desire to humiliate, ostracise, offend, and\/or otherwise mistreat the butt\/s of the same joke, whether for the mistreatment\u2019s own sake or some ulterior end.<\/li>\n<li>For another, and more generally, humour can fail, as all of us must have probably and painfully experienced at some point in our lives, but the failure doesn\u2019t <em>per se<\/em> disqualify the joke, jest or jeer at issue from constituting humour, e.g., an unsuccessful rejoinder that was intended <em>qua<\/em> humorous persiflage, attempted as such, but miserably ill-timed, poorly thought-out, badly worded, and\/or otherwise gravely deficient. Even a prank that is deemed to be \u201cin poor taste\u201d or a jest that is said to be \u201cout of place\u201d do not cease to be, respectively, a prank and a jest, i.e., instances of \u201chumour\u201d proper. Indeed, the most capable and \u2018edgiest\u2019 humourists and comedians toy intentionally around the blurry, grey area separating propriety and impropriety, reaping applause when successful and boos (or worse) when unsuccessful. (Tristan Burt himself cites chapter one of V3\/2, where even murders of resented comedians are recorded and discussed.)<\/li>\n<li>Also, jokes can be amusing but frustrating, unpleasant, and\/or hurtful at the same time, or even sorely and severely painful. Contrary to what Tristan Burt assumes throughout his book, \u201camusement\u201d (JR, 10 <em>et passim<\/em>) and a great host of negative emotions can occur together and coexist, e.g., discomfort, dismay, distress, disappointment, dislike, disgust\u2014and many more that do not begin by \u201cd.\u201d Such a combination of contrasting elements may seem perplexing, <em>prima facie<\/em>, but our literary and musical jargon quickly reveals how it is far from being an oxymoronic oddity, an erroneous exception, or a flimsy flight of fancy. Age-old adjectives such as \u201ctragicomic,\u201d \u201ccomicotragical,\u201d and \u201cbittersweet,\u201d or later technical nouns such as \u201cdramma giocoso,\u201d \u201cjocoseriosity,\u201d and \u201cdramedy,\u201d connote or refer to such mixed feelings, which, for one, the art of \u201cEpic or Dramatic Comedy,\u201d as James Beattie had already discussed in the 18<sup>th<\/sup> century, aims at producing and reproducing intentionally (as cited in V1, 71).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Matters of perspective are paramount, in this connection. Perspective, however, implies a viewpoint, and a viewpoint can only exist if there is a viewer. Who is the viewer, when the alleged \u201cjoke\u201d of \u201cnothing\u201d is at stake? My answer would be \u201csomeone,\u201d i.e., very concisely, some existing <em>person <\/em>(N.B. I intentionally avoid the term \u201csubject\u201d and prefer \u201cperson\u201d instead; see chapters one and four in V1 on Polanyi\u2019s <em>personalism <\/em>to grasp the full import of this choice). Something that comes across as very funny to Mrs <em>x<\/em> doesn\u2019t necessarily come across as being so to Mrs <em>w<\/em>, <em>y<\/em>, <em>q<\/em>, or <em>z<\/em>. There might even exist a fundamental, absolute joke, as Tristan Burt claims, and it might even possess a meaningful intention or benevolent \u201cpurpose,\u201d which is a psychologically bizarre and onto-logically unwarranted anthropomorphising ingredient of Tristan Burt\u2019s fourth proposition-<em>cum<\/em>-sub-argument\u2014to speak frankly as much as bluntly. Nevertheless, should there even be such intention or purpose, whether or not any \u201camusement\u201d results is bound to depend on who \u2018gets\u2019 the joke as a joke <em>and<\/em>, because of their <em>personal circumstances<\/em> (in the broadest possible sense of this hereby-Italicised expression), finds the joke at issue amusing rather than, say, obnoxious, or at least as amusing as it is obnoxious, and in any case not more obnoxious than it is amusing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cAmusement,\u201d after all, is a term pointing towards cognates such as the \u201cludicrous\u201d and the \u201cabsurd,\u201d the latter term occurring repeatedly in Tristan Burt\u2019s book (see, e.g., JR, 13\u201314 <em>et passim<\/em>). And while we may frequently regard \u201cludicrous\u201d and \u201cabsurd\u201d as positive qualifiers, we should not neglect a significant point made in the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century by William Hazlitt (see V1, 80) and, again, Arthur Schopenhauer (as cited in V1, 95), i.e., that these adjectives turn promptly into insults as soon as they apply to someone or something a person cares much about\u2014not least his or her own previous and\/or present self.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tristan Burt argues that the wise person, indeed \u201cthe thoughtful\u201d writ large, is the one who can \u2018get\u2019 the fundamental joke of reality and be amused by it, in a way that is reminiscent of the laughing Abderian philosopher Democritus, Tristan Burt\u2019s inspirational Diogenes the Cynic, or the mirthful Buddha of the East-Asian tradition, i.e., the monk Qieci from Fenghua (JR, 106). This is certainly a clever and captivating rhetorical move, given that Tristan Burt\u2019s audience comprises, primarily, philosophers. Who, among us, wouldn\u2019t like to be a wise person? Aren\u2019t we all <em>philo-sophers<\/em>, i.e., \u2018lovers of wisdom,\u2019 etymologically speaking?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As brave, brotherly, and even brilliant as this move may be, it is nonetheless a questionable intellectual sleight of hand, which hides from view <em>ab ovo<\/em> all those unfortunate biological, medical, social, economic, cultural, and political conditions under which a suffering person happens to live, or is even coerced and condemned to live, such that this person can still grasp the joke of reality discussed by Tristan Burt and find it unamusing. Were such conditions duly and candidly considered, \u201c[t]he appropriate ethical response\u2026\u201d (see Tristan Burt\u2019s fourth numbered proposition in the opening quotes) could then be considerably different than the one advised by the book\u2019s author, who concludes with too much ease and too much eagerness, plus a pinch of arrogance, that those who cannot laugh at reality\u2019s metaphysical joke are a bunch of \u201cserious people,\u201d \u201cthoughtless\u201d dorks, \u201csensible hams,\u201d and worse still, perhaps (JR, 18, 47, 106, <em>et passim<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This being, incidentally, a critical point that the Canadian ethicist Jean Harvey had already moved, at the close of the last century, against John Morreall\u2019s praiseworthy rediscovery of the centrality of humour for Western philosophy, and Morreall\u2019s individualistic approach, which could far too promptly turn someone\u2019s unwillingness or inability to laugh and\/or see the comic side of things into a blameworthy flaw or negative trait of character of the agelastic person, who would then become, according to Jean Harvey, a twofold victim of fate or society, for s\/he is a suffering victim who is further victimised by being deemed \u201c\u2018oversensitive\u2019, \u2018paranoid\u2019, \u2018thin-skinned\u2019\u201d, and gravely devoid of any or most \u201csense of humour\u201d (as cited and discussed in V2, 100\u2013201 &amp; 291\u2013293). Prudently, on this dismal yet decisive point, Ludwig Wittgenstein would remind us of the existentially pivotal fact that \u201c<em>Die Welt des Gl\u00fccklichen ist eine andere als die des Ungl\u00fccklichen<\/em>\u201d [The world of the happy person is another than that of the unhappy person] (as cited in V2, 296).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Even weaker appears to be the fifth numbered proposition in Tristan Burt\u2019s quoted arguments: \u201cWe thereby come to form a community grounded in a shared philosophical spirit of amusement and live harmoniously in a state of amusement.\u201d How? When? Why? What? Should one even concede all four prior propositions, the issue of jovial nihilists coming together and living together like John Lennon and Yoko Ono would have probably dreamt of is not something that can be determined by reason alone: It is an <em>empirical<\/em> issue. Tristan Burt\u2019s \u201cthereby\u201d is, at best, an indication of hope in humankind\u2019s ability to find peaceful ways to coexist despite obvious differences and disagreements, or of faith in the future benevolence and prosperity of a secular world where pluralism, tolerance, tranquillity, a healthy sense of axiological indifference, and abundance of good humour have become the general norm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Whether or not such a scenario can materialise, and whether or not anyone would care at all about \u201ccommunities\u201d under such novel conditions\u2014given that, \u201creally,\u201d communities too are \u201cillusions,\u201d exactly like \u201cindividual people,\u201d i.e., they are \u201cnothing\u201d or, at best, jokes\u2014it is something that neither I nor Tristan Burt can settle (JR, 155ff). Only human history can do that, if it will ever do at any future point. Personally, I regard such an outcome to be highly unlikely, though not logically impossible, considering in particular the fact that \u201cillusions\u201d such as \u201cmy land, my property, my country, my family, my life, my language, my god, etc.\u201d have been giving no sign whatsoever of losing their grip on people\u2019s hearts and minds\u2014a grip that, in ever-various and varying order, they have been enjoying since time immemorial (JR, 125).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>In nuce<\/em>, Tristan Burt universalises his own personal perspective on things, and \u201cnothing\u201d too, thus neglecting how different sets of personal circumstances may rationally justify very different interpretations of that same basic, foundational \u201cirony\u201d or \u201cincongruity\u201d (JR, 23, 84, <em>et passim<\/em>), which he thoughtlessly characterises as an \u201cobvious[\/]ly\u201d amusing joke (JR, 57, 62, 66, 97, <em>et passim<\/em>), i.e., as if the absolute metaphysical joke at issue were inherently, indubitably, inexorably funny and, were we each and all to merely apply in earnest an enlightening droplet of philosophical \u201cthoughtful[ness],\u201d universally so (JR, 82). Then again, the actual \u201cirony\u201d or \u201cincongruity\u201d at play might be <em>just<\/em> that, i.e., something that is not particularly amusing or only potentially amusing, exactly like all ironies and incongruities tend to be, insofar as they can come across as unamusingly doleful (e.g., a cruel or bitter irony) and\/or unnerving (e.g., a disquieting, perplexing or frustrating incongruity).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Perhaps, what Tristan Burt\u2019s investigation of \u201cnothing\u201d proper has retrieved, but struggles to recognise as such, is the gestaltic shift, and even the occasional gestaltic instability, between background and foreground that his investigation implies. Such shift and occasional instability can indeed be amusing, and even very much so, but if and only if the viewer\u2019s attitude towards it is so disposed. (And yes, should anyone be wondering, \u201cnothing\u201d doesn\u2019t have to function solely as a gestaltic background: It can be foregrounded too, e.g., the unknown solution to a riddle that we cannot solve, the likely skulking animal that we cannot see in the dark forest despite all our peering, the sedulous mysterious God Whom we feel in our hearts, etc.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By \u2018leaping\u2019 so comfortably and so straightforwardly from the metaphysical joke to untroubled, untroubling, \u201cpeaceful amusement,\u201d Tristan Burt seems to be moving along a humour-biased theor-ethical line that is close to John Morreall\u2019s one, under this specific respect (JR, 10)\u2014yet not solely because of the emphasis on possessing a sense of humour <em>qua<\/em> being a desirable and even expected virtue of the individual, but also because Tristan Burt gives fundamental theor-ethical primacy to the linguistico-conceptual abstractions which we call, in contemporary British English, \u201cnothing\u201d and \u201cnonsense.\u201d Once again, most philosophers might perceive no real problem with this choice of emphasis. Philosophers, after all, spend much of their lives in a contemplative world made precisely of such abstractions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An alternative approach, however, could be to give fundamental theor-ethical primacy to actual living persons, rather than linguistico-conceptual abstractions. Tristan Burt, in what perhaps constitutes a token of performative contradiction, lists himself a variety of pressing personal concerns\u2014meaning concerns that are typical of, and essential to, persons at large\u2014which he obviously regards as personally important too\u2014in the sense of being significant for him <em>qua<\/em> the specific person that he is. \u00a0We could highlight the proper disposal of \u201cgarbage,\u201d purchasing a \u201cmattress\u201d needed for sleeping on it, providing food so as stop being \u201chungry,\u201d holding a paid \u201cjob,\u201d and taking care of \u201ckids\u201d\u2014one\u2019s own \u201cdaughter[s]\u201d at the very least (JR, 122).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Worse still, Tristan Burt does not appear to discriminate between \u2018needs\u2019 (as that which may be wanted and without which we die) and \u2018wants\u2019 (as that which may be wanted and without which we do <em>not<\/em> die), hence equating \u201cmoney\u201d with \u201cfood\u201d and \u201cshelter,\u201d for instance, <em>qua<\/em> \u201cmaterial needs\u201d (JR, 93). A living man and a loving father, I am pretty sure that, were Tristan Burt cast in the thick of the tropical jungle with his children, he would soon start searching for food and shelter rather than money, even if big stacks of cash were available to him amidst the luscious green trees\u2026 Stacks of cash in the middle of the tropical jungle? Tristan Burt and his children having no food and being at risk of harmful or even deadly exposure to the heavy rain, the heat, or the forest\u2019s many, dangerous, wild, frightening animals? What am I talking about? Is this a joke? Perhaps. It is, <em>au fond<\/em>, a matter of perspective: An eminently <em>personal<\/em> matter.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An external observer, having performed a suitably Bergson-esque \u201canaesthesia of the heart,\u201d might interpret the whole scenario as being comical (see V1, 104 <em>et passim<\/em>). But what of Tristan Burt and his family? How would they respond? While I do not wish him nor his family any harm, such harrowing personal circumstances could be the ideal ones for Tristan Burt to be able to test his own humorous, allegedly \u201ccynic\u201d philosophy (JR, 61, 219 and, arguably, 214) \u00a0of, essentially, mirthful ataraxia and apatheia, and thereby console himself, as much as his own children, by cultivating the de-personalising, noisily quietist, seemingly hedonistic yet unintentionally Stoical or Epicurean notion whereby \u201cif we understand what life and death really are\u2014as distinct from what they appear to be\u2014can we help the [dying] child (and their relatives) understand that they are not really different from anyone else and that though they might appear to die, in reality they will continue living, simply in an apparently different form,\u201d i.e., the \u201cjoke\u201d that \u201creality\u201d consists in, and which includes, on a par, \u201ccancer\u2026 wars\u2026 crimes\u201d as much as \u201cchocolate cake, beautiful sunny days, and loving embraces.\u201d (JR, 124)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Perhaps appropriately, a deep-seated, unseen, theological irony might explain why Tristan Burt can apparently afford to be so equanimous, if not cavalier, with regard to \u201ccancer\u2026 wars\u2026 crimes,\u201d and their positive, life-affirming counterparts. Unaware of the event, his investigation into \u201cnothing\u201d may have led Tristan Burt to stumble upon<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>God,<\/li>\n<li>God\u2019s constitutive incongruity (aka \u201cGod\u2019s\u2026 humour,\u201d V3\/2, 324), and<\/li>\n<li>God\u2019s Providence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">That is why he can be such an uncommonly Panglossian optimist before the very worst and the most tragic that can befall onto a person. As regards God, I have already mentioned Weischedel\u2019s <em>Vonwoher<\/em>, and I shall limit myself to that, here. As regards God\u2019s sense of humour, though, I wish to recall the longstanding neo-Platonic and Patristic tradition of apophatic theology, which approaches the divine <em>via negativa<\/em>, and reveals its transcendence by way of incongruous, ironic expressions, which might even be called \u201cgodly jokes,\u201d e.g., Philo of Alexandria\u2019s \u201cluminous darkness\u201d of the Almighty (as cited in DC, 264), \u201cthe silence of the perpetual choir in heaven\u201d (Rev., 8:1), Tertullian\u2019s famous motto \u201c<em>credo quia absurdum<\/em>\u201d (as cited in V3\/1, 48), or Saint Augustine\u2019s mystical yet whimsical adage: \u201c<em>Si comprehendis, non est Deus<\/em>\u201d [\u201cIf you understand it, it\u2019s not God\u201d] (Sermon 117, as cited in FJ, par. 2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I stated \u201ca deep-seated irony\u201d because religious matters, unlike scientific, literary, comedic, or strictly philosophical ones, are treated by Tristan Burt in a surprisingly careless tone which, given the level of intellectual sophistication shown by him in all other contexts, suggests a modicum of prejudice or sheer ignorance\u2014to speak, once again, frankly as much as bluntly. Thus, \u201cGod\u201d and \u201cAllah\u201d are equated, in a most facile manner, to \u201ca one-eyed, one-horned, flying, purple, people eater,\u201d despite the manifest historico-cultural insignificance of the third <em>vis-\u00e0-vis<\/em> the first two (JR, 16). \u201cKilling\u201d in the name of \u201cGod\u201d is quickly and superficially dismissed as \u201cmindless\u201d (JR, 39), when in fact such an ungodly horror may involve a lot of rational planning and committed cogitative reflection (see the discussion of the 2015 <em>Charlie Hebdo<\/em> murders in V3\/2, which Tristan Burt includes among his sources). The \u201cgod who judges you\u201d is flippantly opposed to the \u201ctedious\u2026 loving god,\u201d thus displaying no consideration for the vast theological literature about the mutual relationship between, say, the virtues of <em>justitia<\/em> and <em>caritas<\/em> (JR, 45). \u201c[T]he absolutely real God\u201d or, at least, its \u201crepresentation,\u201d is known to the strangely blessed Tristan Burt, notwithstanding millennia of contrasting views on such a notion, which countless theologians and mystics have claimed to be ungraspable (JR, 101). The list could go on and on. For the sake of completeness, let me add only the following four points:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u201c[T]he understanding\u2026 can grasp what is meant by the statement \u2018there is nothing in this glass\u2019 \u2026 [with] no difficulty. Whereas we cannot, in a similar fashion, understand the meaning of the statement \u2018God is in this glass\u2019.\u201d (JR, 102) A basic knowledge of Thomas Aquinas\u2019 <em>Summa Theologiae<\/em> would immediately contradict such a brazen claim, given that God <em>qua<\/em> Creator and Upholder of the partially-intelligible, generally-ordered, logically-consistent, and physically-coherent universe in which people and their glasses exist implies that God is also in this glass. But we don\u2019t have to engage in any Scholastic theology to get this. As often stated by my old, piously Catholic aunt Rosetta, who has never read Thomas Aquinas and never finished her studies in primary school because of the Second World War: \u201cYou can\u2019t see God, just like you can\u2019t see thought, but He is everywhere, in everything, with His Holy Spirit.\u201d God bless her.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cCertainly, if we assume an omniscient, all-powerful, creator\u2014God\u2014it is extremely difficult to make sense\u00a0of the requirement for revelation.\u201d (JR, 115) Again, a sprinkle of Aquinas would promptly cast doubt on such a strong claim. God established an eternal law that we can intuit, in part, and explore rationally, in another part, i.e., the natural law. Yet, given that people are patently capable of making mistakes and fail in their use of reason, He has also given us His divine law, as <em>per<\/em> the Revelation. But there is a deeper point at stake. How can Tristan Burt or, for that matter, any human being know what an omniscient, all-powerful creator would be like and act? We are not omniscient, hence there\u2019s plenty of stuff that we don\u2019t and can\u2019t know. And we are not all-powerful either, hence we can\u2019t even begin to guess all the ways in which such a power can be exercised, including deciding when and why restraining it.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cWhat kind of (sadistic) \u2018loving\u2019 parent would bring a child into the world knowing that the precondition for that life, was that the child would be born stupid, thinking that they would eventually die (of cancer or some other horrible disease perhaps)? There can, logically, be no (good) God, but there must really be a joke.\u201d (JR, 126) Maybe there is an evil God. The Marquis de Sade might have believed as much. Or maybe there is a good, loving parent, who knows that the best way for humankind to go through life is to be born defenseless and ignorant, strive to grow into adulthood, face difficulties and diseases, and even die terrible early deaths at times. Either way, Tristan Burt\u2019s prose is too little and too dismissive, as if he had resolved in a couple of paragraphs centuries of keen theological reflection and intense religious meditation.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cWhatever really exists must be something to be taken seriously (God), the entire cosmos\u00a0couldn\u2019t be a representation\u00a0of joke, come off the grass! Our immediate reaction is to be dismissive of these kinds of claims.\u201d (JR, 156) Throughout the book, Tristan Burt relies on a trite and false equation of seriousness and religiosity that has been challenged by, say, the lived example of Saint Francis (see, e.g., V3\/2, 19\u201322) and the Orthodox tradition of the so-called \u201cfools of God\u201d (see, e.g., V2, 141\u2013148), as well as the theological reflections of the Lutheran Kierkegaard (see V1, 89) and the Catholic Chesterton (see V3\/1, 173, and V3\/2, 22).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Perhaps, Tristan Burt is stuck in \u201cJoyce\u2019s attack on God\u00a0as the paradigmatic \u2018serious\u00a0dad\u2019 \u2026. [or] God of Babel\u201d (JR, 173, 180, <em>et passim<\/em>), such that \u201cGod-the-Father\u201d is regularly and comically reduced to a creatural state, to the peculiar point of reasoning that the \u201cserious\u201d parent \u201cpostulate[d by] religion\u201d is an \u201cEternal Adult\u201d that has never been a child, and that this postulate contradicts the available \u201cempirical evidence\u201d on the way in which creatures grow (JR, 58). Similarly comical, and theologically uninformed as far as most Christian confessions are concerned, is the rendition of the relationship between \u201cGod\u201d and the believer as one in which the latter is \u201cfree[d\u2026] of ultimate responsibility\u201d by \u201cthrow[ing] their hands up to\u201d the former (JR, 58)\u2014if only it were that easy!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I single out and underline Tristan Burt\u2019s dismissive tone in connection with religious themes and topics because theologians and priests may well be the best allies in Tristan Burt\u2019s valiant attempt at making sense of \u201cnothing\u201d proper, given their extensive expertise in matters of transcendence\u2014not least the aforementioned apophatic tradition. Moreover, Tristan Burt\u2019s intriguing investigation displays the chief aims and attributes distinguishing the religious enterprise:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Wishing to \u201cmake sense of the cosmos\u201d at the most comprehensive level, including matters of \u201ccosmic origin\u201d (JR, 218);<\/li>\n<li>addressing the metaphysical questions of what \u201creality\u201d ultimately consists in, and in a declaredly \u201cabsolute\u201d sense (JR, 147);<\/li>\n<li>\u201cground[ing]\u201d individual conduct and \u201ccharacter,\u201d as well as collective standards of \u201cbehavior[-],\u201d in the metaphysical answers to the preceding questions (JR, 168\u2013169); and even<\/li>\n<li>paving the way for \u201cgo[ing] back to paradise\u201d (JR, 197) as much as<\/li>\n<li>enjoying \u201cdemocracy, hospitality, happiness, pleasure, heaven\u201d (JR, 66),<\/li>\n<li>all of which can be attained by fulfilling \u201cthe ethical obligation to party, to laugh, to have a good time. <em>To be ethical is to party<\/em>\u2026 [<em>R<\/em>]<em>eality is a joke<\/em>, a cause of amusement, something charming, pleasing, and entertaining\u201d (JR, 44).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Above all, while producing a book serving, at the very least, as an intuition pump for a 21<sup>st<\/sup>-century version of Nietzsche\u2019s laughing nihilism, Tristan Burt\u2019s investigation of \u201cnothing\u201d leads us into noticing the likely primacy of being, insofar as \u201cnothing\u201d itself is some sort of <em>presence<\/em>, something that <em>is<\/em>, however tenuously and paradoxically, or even jokingly\u2014again, like the opening \u201csquared circle\u201d pitied by Ortega y Gasset. Whether this \u201cbeing\u201d is God or something else, I do not know. However, in its ironic appearance out of nothing, it does smack of God\u2019s Providence\u2014I had not forgotten about the third point in the list; I had to build towards it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This review essay had initially been selected for publication in the <em>Israeli Journal of Humor Studies<\/em>. However, following the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/hrbodies\/hrcouncil\/sessions-regular\/session60\/advance-version\/a-hrc-60-crp-3.pdf\">16 September 2025 report by the UN Human Rights Council<\/a>, and in due consultation with the editor of said journal, it was withdrawn from publication therein and\u00a0 issued hereby instead.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baruchello, Giorgio, and \u00c1rs\u00e6ll M. Arnarsson (2022). <em>Humour and Cruelty. Volume 1: A Philosophical Exploration of the Humanities and Social Sciences<\/em>. Berlin: De Gruyter [abbreviated as <strong>V1<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baruchello, Giorgio, and \u00c1rs\u00e6ll M. Arnarsson (2023). <em>Humour and Cruelty. Volume 2: Dangerous Liaisons<\/em>. Berlin: De Gruyter [abbreviated as <strong>V2<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baruchello, Giorgio, and \u00c1rs\u00e6ll M. Arnarsson (2024). <em>Humour and Cruelty. Volume 3: Laughing Matters \u2013 Part 1: Prolegomena<\/em>. Berlin: De Gruyter [abbreviated as <strong>V3\/1<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Baruchello, Giorgio, and \u00c1rs\u00e6ll M. Arnarsson (2024). <em>Humour and Cruelty. Volume 3: Laughing Matters \u2013 Part 2: Theses and Discussions<\/em>. Berlin: De Gruyter [abbreviated as <strong>V3\/2<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Burt, Tristan (2025). <em>The Joke of <\/em><em>Reality<\/em><em>: The Critique<\/em><em>\u00a0of Representation and Semiotics of the Real<\/em><em>.<\/em> Berlin: De Gruyter [abbreviated as <strong>JR<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Costache, Doru (2019). \u201cChristian Gnosis: From Clement the Alexandrian to John Damascene.\u201d In Trompf, Garry W. <em>et al<\/em>. (eds.), <em>The Gnostic World <\/em>(London: Routledge), 259 270 [abbreviated as <strong>DC<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Deleuze, Gilles (1994) [1968]. <em>Difference and Repetition<\/em>. Trans. Paul Patton. New York: Columbia University Press [abbreviated as <strong>DR<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Okojie, Julius (n.d.a.). \u201cHoly Trinity: Transcendent but immanent.\u201d St. Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Little Flower Catholic Church, https:\/\/littleflowerchurch.org\/news\/holy-trinity-transcendent-but-immanent (accessed 14\/1\/2025) [abbreviated as <strong>FJ<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Severino, Emanuele (1995) [1981] <em>Essenza del nichilismo<\/em>. 2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed. Milan: Adelphi [abbreviated as <strong>EN<\/strong>]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Weischedel, Wilhelm (1972). <em>Der Gott der Philosophen<\/em>. 2 vols. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft [abbreviated as <strong>GP<\/strong>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Endnotes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a> Tristan Burt cites V3\/2, but in connection with how cruelty has been used to teach seriousness (JR, 21).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a> All page references are based on said manuscript and are likely to differ from those of the published tome.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Let me commence with a juicy quote from the book at issue: [N]othing stands everything on its head. This is why it is fitting that this book forms part of what seems to be a very minor area of philosophical enquiry, i.e., the philosophy of humor. Immediately, from the perspective of the \u201csensible ham\u201d, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-21-no-1-2026\/review-essay-editor-review-volume-21-no-1-2026\/much-a-be-about-no-thing-tristan-burts-book-for-de-gruyters-studies-in-philosophy-of-humor\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Much A-be About No-thing:  Tristan Burt\u2019s book for De Gruyter\u2019s Studies in Philosophy of Humor, &#8220;The Joke of Reality&#8221;<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":254,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2804],"tags":[811,1513,579,568,412],"coauthors":[990],"class_list":["post-33964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-review-essay-editor-review-volume-21-no-1-2026","tag-kant","tag-logic","tag-metaphysics","tag-nihilism","tag-theology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33964","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/254"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33964"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33964\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34358,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33964\/revisions\/34358"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33964"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=33964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}