{"id":33870,"date":"2025-02-24T11:24:12","date_gmt":"2025-02-24T11:24:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=33870"},"modified":"2025-03-18T13:04:51","modified_gmt":"2025-03-18T13:04:51","slug":"likamlegt-ofbeldi-af-hendi-foreldra-stjupforeldra-edli-og-afdrif-mala-sem-visad-hefur-verid-til-rannsoknar-hja-logreglu-af-barnavernd-reykjavikur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-20-no-1-2025\/new-article-double-blind-peer-review\/likamlegt-ofbeldi-af-hendi-foreldra-stjupforeldra-edli-og-afdrif-mala-sem-visad-hefur-verid-til-rannsoknar-hja-logreglu-af-barnavernd-reykjavikur\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi af hendi foreldra\/stj\u00fapforeldra: E\u00f0li og afdrif m\u00e1la sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu af Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur erlendra ranns\u00f3kna gefa til kynna a\u00f0 um 20% \u00feeirra m\u00e1la sem eru ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0 hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna misbrests \u00ed uppeldi barna lei\u00f0i til sakfellingar fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum (Edwards, 2019; Lindell og Svedin, 2001). Annar h\u00f6funda hefur starfa\u00f0 sem deildarstj\u00f3ri hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur undanfarin \u00e1r, \u00ed k\u00f6nnunar- og me\u00f0fer\u00f0arteymi me\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaka \u00e1herslu \u00e1 b\u00f6rn af erlendum uppruna og ofbeldism\u00e1l. \u00dea\u00f0 er reynsla \u00feess rannsakanda a\u00f0 erfitt geti reynst a\u00f0 meta hva\u00f0a m\u00e1l, er var\u00f0a alvarlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum, s\u00e9u \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 v\u00edsa \u00feeim til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu. Hugmynd a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knarefninu og ranns\u00f3knarspurningunum spratt \u00fat fr\u00e1 vangaveltum rannsakandans \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir um hvort v\u00edsa \u00e6tti m\u00e1lum til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif s\u00fa bei\u00f0ni hef\u00f0i \u00e1 faglegt samband barnaverndarstarfsmanns og foreldra. Svo vir\u00f0ist vera a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi hafi aldrei \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 rannsaka\u00f0 hvers e\u00f0lis \u00feau m\u00e1l eru sem hefur veri\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3kn vegna gruns um alvarlegt l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldra og hver afdrif \u00feeirra m\u00e1la hafi veri\u00f0 hj\u00e1 barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum og l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0 \u00feessari ranns\u00f3kn var leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 svara eftirfarandi ranns\u00f3knarspurningum: Hvers e\u00f0lis eru \u00feau m\u00e1l sem Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur hefur v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um alvarlegt l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart barni af h\u00e1lfu foreldris? Hver hafa afdrif m\u00e1lanna veri\u00f0 hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur?<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3kn \u00feessi tekur til barna sem eru einstaklingar yngri en 18 \u00e1ra, samanber 3. gr. barnaverndarlaga nr. 80\/2002. L\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum flokkast, \u00e1samt vanr\u00e6kslu, undir misbrest \u00ed uppeldi barna og er skilgreint \u00fat fr\u00e1 ath\u00f6fn e\u00f0a ath\u00f6fn og aflei\u00f0ingu. Ef l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi er skilgreint \u00fat fr\u00e1 ath\u00f6fn getur \u00fea\u00f0 til a\u00f0 mynda veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 barn me\u00f0 fl\u00f6tum l\u00f3fa, k\u00fdla e\u00f0a sparka \u00ed barn. \u00deegar ofbeldi\u00f0 er skilgreint \u00fat fr\u00e1 aflei\u00f0ingu getur aflei\u00f0ingin til a\u00f0 mynda veri\u00f0 s\u00fdnilegur \u00e1verki \u00e1 barninu (Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2000, 2012). \u00cd skilgreiningar- og flokkunarkerfi \u00ed barnavernd kemur fram a\u00f0 ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum s\u00e9 \u201eath\u00f6fn af h\u00e1lfu foreldris e\u00f0a annars a\u00f0ila, sem lei\u00f0ir til e\u00f0a er l\u00edklegt til a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a til ska\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00feroska barns\u201c (Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2012, bls. 11).<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur bakgrunnur<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd barnaverndarl\u00f6gum er \u00ed 1. gr. kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um r\u00e9tt barna til verndar og um\u00f6nnunar. \u00dear kemur fram a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn skuli nj\u00f3ta r\u00e9ttinda \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 aldur sinn og \u00feroska. \u00dear kemur einnig fram a\u00f0 allir sem hafi uppeldi og um\u00f6nnun barna me\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum skuli s\u00fdna \u00feeim vir\u00f0ingu og umhyggju og \u00f3heimilt s\u00e9 me\u00f0 \u00f6llu a\u00f0 beita b\u00f6rn ofbeldi e\u00f0a annarri vanvir\u00f0andi h\u00e1ttsemi. \u00cd s\u00f6mu l\u00f6gum er einnig kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um tilkynningarskyldu \u00feeirra sem hafa \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til a\u00f0 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 barn b\u00fai vi\u00f0 \u00f3vi\u00f0unandi uppeldisa\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, ver\u00f0i fyrir ofbeldi e\u00f0a annarri vanvir\u00f0andi h\u00e1ttsemi e\u00f0a stofni heilsu sinni og \u00feroska \u00ed alvarlega h\u00e6ttu.<\/p>\n

\u00cdslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld fullgiltu barnas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna \u00ed n\u00f3vember 1992 og var hann l\u00f6gfestur \u00ed febr\u00faar 2013. \u00cd 19. gr. laga um samning Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna um r\u00e9ttindi barnsins nr. 19\/2013 segir a\u00f0 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki samningsins skuli gera allar vi\u00f0eigandi r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir \u00e1 svi\u00f0i l\u00f6ggjafar, stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu, f\u00e9lags- og menntunarm\u00e1la til a\u00f0 vernda barn gegn hvers kyns l\u00edkamlegu og andlegu ofbeldi, mei\u00f0ingum, misnotkun, vanr\u00e6kslu, skeytingarleysi, illri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 e\u00f0a notkun, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al kynfer\u00f0islegri misnotkun, me\u00f0an \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed umsj\u00e1 annars e\u00f0a beggja foreldra, l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0amanns e\u00f0a l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0amanna e\u00f0a nokkurs annars sem hefur \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed umsj\u00e1 sinni.<\/p>\n

\u00cd 20. gr. regluger\u00f0ar um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir barnaverndarnefnd nr. 56\/2004 segir a\u00f0 ef grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 alvarlegt refsivert brot hafi veri\u00f0 frami\u00f0 gagnvart barni skuli barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ld a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i \u00f3ska l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3knar. \u00cd verklagi Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofu var\u00f0andi grun um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi forsj\u00e1ra\u00f0ila e\u00f0a heimilismanns gagnvart barni kemur fram a\u00f0 barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ld ver\u00f0i \u00e6t\u00ed\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 meta hvort \u00f3ska skuli eftir l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3kn vegna brots gegn barni (Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofa, e.d.). \u00cd 5. mgr. 43. gr. barnaverndarlaga nr. 80\/2002 er barnaverndarstarfsf\u00f3lki veitt heimild til a\u00f0 fara \u00e1 annan sta\u00f0 en heimili barns til a\u00f0 taka vi\u00f0tal vi\u00f0 barn, \u00ed einr\u00fami ef \u00fe\u00f6rf er talin \u00e1, og \u00e1n vitundar foreldra barna sem yngri eru en 12 \u00e1ra \u00feegar k\u00f6nnun m\u00e1ls fer fram.<\/p>\n

Barnah\u00fas er reki\u00f0 af Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofu. \u00cd Barnah\u00fasi eru tekin vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rn sem grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 beitt ofbeldi og stendur \u00feeim b\u00f6rnum sem greina fr\u00e1 ofbeldi \u00ed vi\u00f0talinu til bo\u00f0a me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar vi\u00f0talsins. Sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6kur af b\u00f6rnum \u00fear sem grunur leikur \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi fara fram undir stj\u00f3rn h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mara, sem getur fali\u00f0 s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi Barnah\u00fass a\u00f0 taka sk\u00fdrslu af barninu. Markmi\u00f0 sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6kunnar er a\u00f0 afla eins n\u00e1kv\u00e6mra uppl\u00fdsinga fr\u00e1 barninu og unnt er um \u00fea\u00f0 ofbeldi sem grunur er um a\u00f0 barni\u00f0 hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir. Vi\u00f0tali\u00f0 fylgir \u00e1kve\u00f0inni a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem er al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega vi\u00f0urkennd (Barnaverndarstofa, 2017).<\/p>\n

\u00cd 98. og 99. gr. barnaverndarlaga er fjalla\u00f0 um vi\u00f0url\u00f6g vegna brota \u00e1 barnaverndarl\u00f6gum. \u00cd almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum nr. 19\/1940 er einnig kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um refsiramma ofbeldisbrota, me\u00f0al annars gagnvart b\u00f6rnum. \u00a0\u00cd 218. gr. b almennra hegningarlaga kemur fram a\u00f0 hver s\u00e1 sem endurteki\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00e1 alvarlegan h\u00e1tt \u00f3gni l\u00edfi, heilsu e\u00f0a velfer\u00f0 ni\u00f0ja s\u00edns e\u00f0a ni\u00f0ja n\u00faverandi e\u00f0a fyrrverandi maka s\u00edns e\u00f0a samb\u00fa\u00f0ara\u00f0ila me\u00f0 ofbeldi, h\u00f3tunum, frelsissviptingu, nau\u00f0ung e\u00f0a \u00e1 annan h\u00e1tt, skuli s\u00e6ta fangelsi allt a\u00f0 6 \u00e1rum. \u00cd 3. mgr. 70. gr. \u00feeirra laga kemur fram a\u00f0 hafi verkna\u00f0ur beinst a\u00f0 karli, konu e\u00f0a barni sem eru n\u00e1komin geranda og tengsl \u00feeirra \u00feykja hafa auki\u00f0 \u00e1 gr\u00f3fleika verkna\u00f0arins skuli a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i taka \u00fea\u00f0 til greina til \u00feyngingar refsingunni.<\/p>\n

En hva\u00f0a \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur liggja a\u00f0 baki beitingu l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum n\u00e1komnum? Vistfr\u00e6\u00f0ikenningu hefur veri\u00f0 beitt til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra ors\u00f6k l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum af h\u00e1lfu foreldra. Belsky (1993) sk\u00fdr\u00f0i orsakir misbrests \u00ed uppeldi barna og \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0i kenningu s\u00edna \u00fat fr\u00e1 vistfr\u00e6\u00f0ikenningu Bronfenbrenner. Vistfr\u00e6\u00f0il\u00edkan Belsky er eins konar yfirkenning sem a\u00f0rar \u00ferengri kenningar falla undir og hafa fj\u00f6lmargir \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir fundist s\u00ed\u00f0ar (Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2004; Miller-Perrin o.fl., 2021) sem passa vel inn \u00ed l\u00edkani\u00f0 (Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2004). Belsky (1993) benti \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed umhverfi hvers barns v\u00e6ri fj\u00f6ldi af \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e1ttum og verndandi \u00fe\u00e1ttum. \u00deegar \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir ver\u00f0a umfram verndandi \u00fe\u00e6tti aukast l\u00edkurnar \u00e1 misbresti \u00ed uppeldi barna. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed engin ein sk\u00fdring \u00e1 ors\u00f6kum ofbeldis og vanr\u00e6kslu \u00ed uppeldi barna, heldur liggur \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an \u00ed samspili \u00feessara \u00fe\u00e1tta, verndandi og \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e1tta. \u00c1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir auka sem s\u00e9 l\u00edkur \u00e1 misbresti \u00ed a\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0i barna en verndandi \u00fe\u00e6ttir draga \u00far l\u00edkunum.<\/p>\n

\u00c1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttirnir og verndandi \u00fe\u00e6ttirnir hafa veri\u00f0 greindir \u00ed fj\u00f6gur svi\u00f0 sem tengjast einstaklingum (foreldrum, b\u00f6rnum), fj\u00f6lskyldu, samf\u00e9lagi og menningu. D\u00e6mi um \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6tti eru v\u00edmuefnaneysla foreldra (foreldrar), f\u00f6tlun barns (barn), \u00e1greiningur \u00e1 milli foreldra (fj\u00f6lskylda), f\u00e1t\u00e6kt (samf\u00e9lag) og a\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegar refsingar s\u00e9u vi\u00f0urkenndar sem e\u00f0lileg uppeldisa\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu (menning) (Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2005). \u00de\u00e6ttir geta b\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 formlegir og \u00f3formlegir. Formlegir verndandi \u00fe\u00e6ttir eru \u00ed sumum tilfellum \u00e1 vegum r\u00edkis e\u00f0a sveitarf\u00e9lags og geta til a\u00f0 mynda veri\u00f0 fj\u00e1rhagslegur stu\u00f0ningur vi\u00f0 barnafj\u00f6lskyldur og s\u00e9rstakur stu\u00f0ningur vi\u00f0 einst\u00e6\u00f0a foreldra. \u00d3formlegir verndandi \u00fe\u00e6ttir geta til a\u00f0 mynda veri\u00f0 stu\u00f0ningur fr\u00e1 \u00e6ttingjum og vinum (Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2000).<\/p>\n

\u00cd n\u00fdlegri finnskri ranns\u00f3kn kom fram a\u00f0 ef foreldrar greindu fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 beitt l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi v\u00e6ri l\u00edklegra a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin gl\u00edmdu vi\u00f0 hvatv\u00edsi og s\u00fdndu truflandi heg\u00f0un en b\u00f6rn foreldra sem \u00e1ttu b\u00f6rn sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir ofbeldi. Miklar breytingar hj\u00e1 fj\u00f6lskyldum barnanna, \u00f3h\u00f3fleg \u00e1fengisneysla foreldra og ofbeldi gagnvart fullor\u00f0num a\u00f0ilum \u00e1 heimili barnsins voru allt saman \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir sem virtust tengjast l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnunum (Lepp\u00e4koski o.fl., 2021).<\/p>\n

\u00cd ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um s\u00f6mu ranns\u00f3knar kemur fram a\u00f0 miklar breytingar hj\u00e1 fj\u00f6lskyldum barna, svo sem flutningur \u00e1 milli landa, s\u00e9 \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e1ttur sem megi tengja l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnunum (Lepp\u00e4koski o.fl., 2021).<\/p>\n

Fyrri ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 huga s\u00e9rstaklega a\u00f0 innflytjendum \u00ed barnaverndarkerfinu \u00fear sem \u00e1fallasaga er algeng me\u00f0al innflytjenda (Hernandez-Mekonnen og Konrady, 2018) en sl\u00edkt getur veri\u00f0 \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e1ttur (Miller-Perrin o.fl., 2021). A\u00f0rar ranns\u00f3knir benda til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir innflytjendur og fl\u00f3ttamenn sem hef\u00f0u n\u00fdlega komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r fyrir \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru landi v\u00e6ru \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0num \u00e1h\u00e6ttuh\u00f3pi \u00feegar k\u00e6mi a\u00f0 misbresti \u00ed uppeldi barna \u00feeirra (Lepp\u00e4koski o.fl., 2021; LeBrun o.fl., 2015), vegna innflytjendast\u00f6\u00f0u sinnar og \u00e1lags sem tengist henni (LeBrun o.fl., 2015). Fyrrgreindur menningarmunur vir\u00f0ist einnig geta haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 afst\u00f6\u00f0u til l\u00edkamlegra refsinga og ofbeldis, \u00fear sem l\u00edkamlegar refsingar eru meira vi\u00f0urkenndar \u00ed sumum menningarheimum en \u00f6\u00f0rum (LeBrun o.fl., 2015; Miller-Perrin o.fl., 2021; Pinheiro, 2006).<\/p>\n

Talsver\u00f0ur munur vir\u00f0ist vera \u00e1 afst\u00f6\u00f0u Bandar\u00edkjamanna og Kanadamanna til l\u00edkamlegra refsinga gagnvart b\u00f6rnum. Ranns\u00f3knir hafa \u00feannig s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 um 60% Kanadamanna telja l\u00edkamlegar refsingar ska\u00f0legar en ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur bandar\u00edskrar ranns\u00f3knar bentu til \u00feess a\u00f0 84% Bandar\u00edkjamanna teldu a\u00f0 stundum v\u00e6ri r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt a\u00f0 rassskella b\u00f6rn. Ranns\u00f3knir fr\u00e1 K\u00f3reu og Jemen bentu til h\u00e1rrar t\u00ed\u00f0ni l\u00edkamlegra refsinga \u00ed \u00feeim l\u00f6ndum. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knar sem ger\u00f0 var me\u00f0al ungra K\u00farda \u00ed \u00cdran benti til h\u00e1rrar t\u00ed\u00f0ni ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum. \u00de\u00e1tttakendur ranns\u00f3knarinnar voru 11\u201318 \u00e1ra gamlir og s\u00f6g\u00f0ust 38,5% \u00feeirra hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir alvarlegu ofbeldi \u00e1 heimili s\u00ednu (Pinheiro, 2006).<\/p>\n

En s\u00e9 viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0ni og e\u00f0li l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00ed uppl\u00fdsingum fr\u00e1 Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofu a\u00f0 tilkynningum um ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum hafi fj\u00f6lga\u00f0. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2022 voru \u00fe\u00e6r r\u00e9tt yfir 1000. Fj\u00f6lgun tilkynninga nemur r\u00famlega 47% fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2016 (Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofa, 2023, 2022). \u00c1ri\u00f0 2023 b\u00e1rust Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur alls 358 tilkynningar er v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u b\u00f6rn sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi. Tilkynningum vegna l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum hefur fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 jafnt og \u00fe\u00e9tt fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2015, en \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1r b\u00e1rust alls 215 tilkynningar vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart barni. Fj\u00f6lgun tilkynninga um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2015 til \u00e1rsins 2023 nemur \u00fev\u00ed 40% (Velfer\u00f0arsvi\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkurborgar, e.d.).<\/p>\n

Svo viki\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knum er var\u00f0ar t\u00ed\u00f0ni og e\u00f0li l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis, \u00fe\u00e1 ber fyrst a\u00f0 nefna \u00edslenska ranns\u00f3kn fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1994, en \u00fear voru foreldrar spur\u00f0ir hvernig \u00feeir hef\u00f0u stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 b\u00f6rnum s\u00ednum. Mikill meirihluti svarenda sag\u00f0ist aldrei beita l\u00edkamlegum refsingum, e\u00f0a 93%. \u00deeir foreldrar sem s\u00f6g\u00f0ust beita \u00feeim eitthva\u00f0 s\u00f6g\u00f0ust gera \u00fea\u00f0 sjaldan. Einungis 0,5% svarenda s\u00f6g\u00f0ust beita l\u00edkamlegum refsingum stundum e\u00f0a oftast. \u00deegar sko\u00f0u\u00f0 voru sv\u00f6r foreldra \u00e1n forsj\u00e1r s\u00f6g\u00f0ust 1,7% svarenda beita l\u00edkamlegum refsingum stundum e\u00f0a oftast og 1,4% einhleypra foreldra s\u00f6g\u00f0ust stundum e\u00f0a oftast beita l\u00edkamlegum refsingum. Svarhlutfall var h\u00e1tt, e\u00f0a r\u00famlega 80%, og t\u00f6ldu rannsakendur a\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an v\u00e6ri g\u00f3\u00f0 spegilmynd af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arheildinni (Sigr\u00fan J\u00fal\u00edusd\u00f3ttir, o.fl., 1994).<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00edslenskri ranns\u00f3kn fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2016 voru foreldrar spur\u00f0ir \u00fat \u00ed \u00f6gunara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir. Meirihluti foreldra sag\u00f0ist nota mildar refsingar og \u00fe\u00e1 uppbyggilegu a\u00f0fer\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra fyrir barni af hverju eitthva\u00f0 v\u00e6ri rangt. T\u00e6plega fimmtungur (19,4%) svarenda nota\u00f0 l\u00edkamlega valdbeitingu vi\u00f0 \u00f6gun barna sinna \u00e1ri\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur en ranns\u00f3knin var ger\u00f0 og s\u00f6g\u00f0ust yngri foreldrar markt\u00e6kt oftar hafa beitt sl\u00edkum uppeldisa\u00f0fer\u00f0um en eldri foreldrar. Flestir foreldrar sem s\u00f6g\u00f0ust hafa beitt l\u00edkamlegum refsingum \u00e1ttu vi\u00f0 v\u00e6gar l\u00edkamlegar refsingar, svo sem a\u00f0 rassskella barn sitt. Nokkrir foreldrar s\u00f6g\u00f0ust hafa beitt b\u00f6rn s\u00edn alvarlegu l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi. Fj\u00f3rir s\u00f6g\u00f0ust hafa slegi\u00f0 barn sitt me\u00f0 einhverjum hlut \u00e1 annan sta\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00edkama \u00feess en \u00e1 rassinn, fj\u00f3rir s\u00f6g\u00f0ust hafa slegi\u00f0 barn sitt af \u00f6llum kr\u00f6ftum, eitt foreldri sag\u00f0ist oft hafa teki\u00f0 utan um h\u00e1ls barns s\u00edns og hert a\u00f0, eitt foreldri sag\u00f0ist hafa brennt barn sitt viljandi og eitt foreldri sag\u00f0ist hafa \u00f3gna\u00f0 barni s\u00ednu me\u00f0 hn\u00edfi. Sv\u00f6r b\u00e1rust fr\u00e1 617 \u00fe\u00e1tttakendum en varhlutfall var l\u00e1gt, einungis 24%. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar gefa \u00fev\u00ed ekki tilefni til a\u00f0 alh\u00e6fa um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0i\u00f0 en benda \u00fe\u00f3 til \u00feess a\u00f0 t\u00f6luvert fleiri foreldrar beiti l\u00edkamlegum refsingum en opinberar t\u00f6lur gefa til kynna. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar benda einnig til \u00feess a\u00f0 markt\u00e6kt f\u00e6rri \u00edslenskir foreldrar beiti l\u00edkamlegum refsingum en bandar\u00edskir foreldrar (Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2016).<\/p>\n

\u00cd annarri \u00edslenskri ranns\u00f3kn fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2013 voru uppkomnir \u00cdslendingar spur\u00f0ir \u00fat \u00ed l\u00edkamlegar refsingar sem \u00feeir hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 beittir \u00ed \u00e6sku. Svarhlutfalli\u00f0 var 65% og m\u00e1 \u00e1lykta a\u00f0 svarendur k\u00f6nnunarinnar endurspegli \u00fev\u00ed nokku\u00f0 vel \u00edslensku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina. T\u00e6plega helmingur (48%) svarenda haf\u00f0i m\u00e1tt \u00feola l\u00edkamlegar refsingar af h\u00e1lfu foreldra e\u00f0a annarra um\u00f6nnunara\u00f0ila. G\u00e1fu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar einnig til kynna a\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegar refsingar v\u00e6ru \u00e1 undanhaldi \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem voru yngri en 30 \u00e1ra voru s\u00ed\u00f0ur l\u00edklegir til a\u00f0 hafa upplifa\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegar refsingar en \u00feeir sem voru 30 \u00e1ra og eldri. Rannsakendur t\u00f6ldu l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 aukin me\u00f0vitund og umr\u00e6\u00f0a um ofbeldi hef\u00f0i breytt vi\u00f0horfum til l\u00edkamlegra refsinga h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi (Geir Gunnlaugsson og J\u00f3n\u00edna Einarsd\u00f3ttir, 2013).<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00ed ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um finnskrar ranns\u00f3knar, \u00fear sem foreldrar fj\u00f6gurra \u00e1ra barna sv\u00f6ru\u00f0u spurningalista um misbresti \u00ed uppeldi, a\u00f0 14% \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda s\u00f6g\u00f0u a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldris. Algengast var a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnunum hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 gefinn selbiti, toga\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00e1r \u00feeirra e\u00f0a \u00feau slegin. Einungis 0,3% s\u00f6g\u00f0u a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir ofbeldi sem f\u00e6list \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feau hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 lamin e\u00f0a sparka\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feau (Lepp\u00e4koski o.fl., 2021).<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Sigr\u00fanar J\u00fal\u00edusd\u00f3ttur og f\u00e9laga (1994) sem fjalla\u00f0 var um h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan gefa tilefni til a\u00f0 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegar refsingar \u00e1 b\u00f6rnum hafi veri\u00f0 sjaldg\u00e6far \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00dea\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0horf til l\u00edkamlegra refsinga og ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum s\u00e9u mismunandi milli landa og menningar. Athygli vekur a\u00f0 \u00f3samr\u00e6mis g\u00e6tir hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar tv\u00e6r \u00edslenskar ranns\u00f3knir. \u00cd ranns\u00f3kn Freyd\u00edsar J\u00f3nu Freysteinsd\u00f3ttur (2016) s\u00f6g\u00f0ust yngri foreldrar markt\u00e6kt oftar hafa beitt ofbeldisfullri \u00f6gun vi\u00f0 uppeldi barna sinni en eldri foreldrar, en ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knar Geirs Gunnlaugssonar og J\u00f3n\u00ednu Einarsd\u00f3ttur (2013) bentu til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegar refsingar \u00e1 b\u00f6rnum v\u00e6ru \u00e1 undanhaldi.<\/p>\n

\u00cd ranns\u00f3kn Steinunnar Bergmann (2010) voru greindar 189 tilkynningar sem b\u00e1rust barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldra. Grunur um a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn af erlendum uppruna v\u00e6ru beitt l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldra var \u00ferefalt oftar tilkynntur en grunur um ofbeldi gagnvart \u00f6\u00f0rum b\u00f6rnum. Einnig kom fram a\u00f0 algengara v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00edtreka\u00f0ar tilkynningar b\u00e6rust er v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u b\u00f6rn af erlendum uppruna.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knar \u00de\u00f3ru \u00c1rnad\u00f3ttur (2013), sem greindi tilkynningar sem b\u00e1rust Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012 um ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum, s\u00fdndu a\u00f0 gerendur l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum voru \u00ed t\u00e6plega 50% tilvika af erlendum uppruna. B\u00f6rn af erlendum uppruna voru einnig \u00ed aukinni h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera beitt l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi.<\/p>\n

Steinunn Bergmann (2010) greindi, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir, 189 tilkynningar sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u borist \u00edslenskum barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldra. \u00cd m\u00e1lum fimm barna \u00f3sku\u00f0u barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ld eftir l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3kn vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldra e\u00f0a \u00ed 3,7% sl\u00edkra m\u00e1la sem voru tilkynnt til barnaverndaryfirvalda. \u00cd tveimur tilfellum voru m\u00e1lin felld ni\u00f0ur \u00e1n \u00e1k\u00e6ru. Ekki var vita\u00f0 um lyktir \u00feriggja m\u00e1la sem var v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3kn. \u00de\u00f3ra \u00c1rnad\u00f3ttir (2013) greindi, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir, 63 tilkynningar sem b\u00e1rust Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012 og v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart barni af hendi foreldris. \u00d3sku\u00f0u barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ld eftir l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3kn vegna n\u00edu tilkynninga, e\u00f0a 14,3% \u00feeirra tilkynninga sem rannsaka\u00f0ar voru.<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3kn Freyd\u00edsar J\u00f3nu Freysteinsd\u00f3ttur (2023) gekk \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0 greina m\u00e1l barna sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u l\u00e1tist af v\u00f6ldum ofbeldis e\u00f0a vanr\u00e6kslu yfir 35 \u00e1ra t\u00edmabil. \u00cd lj\u00f3s kom a\u00f0 \u00e1tta b\u00f6rn h\u00f6f\u00f0u l\u00e1tist af v\u00f6ldum l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis. Fimm af b\u00f6rnunum \u00e1tta b\u00f6rnum l\u00e9tust \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar ofbeldis af h\u00e1lfu foreldris. Greindir voru \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir gerendanna. Flestar fj\u00f6lskyldurnar virtust vera tekjul\u00e1gar og foreldrarnir me\u00f0 l\u00e1gt menntunarstig. \u00dea\u00f0 sem einkenndi gerendur var a\u00f0 \u00feeir gl\u00edmdu vi\u00f0 \u00fdmis vandam\u00e1l, svo sem atvinnuleysi e\u00f0a ge\u00f0r\u00e6nan vanda. \u00der\u00edr af sj\u00f6 gerendum voru af erlendu bergi brotnir.<\/p>\n

\u00cd n\u00fdlegri bandar\u00edskri ranns\u00f3kn voru sko\u00f0u\u00f0 g\u00f6gn \u00far barnaverndarkerfinu. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar s\u00fdndu a\u00f0 \u00ed 22% \u00feeirra m\u00e1la sem voru ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0 hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um misbrest \u00ed uppeldi barna haf\u00f0i broti\u00f0 sem \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 gagnvart barninu veri\u00f0 sta\u00f0fest hj\u00e1 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum. Meiri l\u00edkur voru \u00e1 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u ef l\u00f6greglan \u00e1tti frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3kninni en ekki barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ld. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar s\u00fdndu einnig fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttur og uppruni barnanna haf\u00f0i viss \u00e1hrif \u00e1 afdrif m\u00e1lanna hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu. Minni l\u00edkur voru \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e1l barnanna v\u00e6ru ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0 hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu ef b\u00f6rnin voru af afr\u00edskum, frumbyggja-, as\u00edskum e\u00f0a su\u00f0uramer\u00edskum uppruna en ef \u00feetta voru bandar\u00edsk hv\u00edt b\u00f6rn (Edwards, 2019).<\/p>\n

\u00cd kanad\u00edskri ranns\u00f3kn voru greind m\u00e1l sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum vegna gruns um ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum af h\u00e1lfu foreldra. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00fdndu a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim m\u00e1lum sem unnin voru hj\u00e1 barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum og l\u00f6greglu v\u00e6ri alvarleiki ofbeldisbrotanna almennt meiri og \u00ed fleiri tilfellum var r\u00f6kstuddur grunur um ofbeldi en \u00ed \u00feeim m\u00e1lum sem einungis voru til vinnslu hj\u00e1 barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum. M\u00e1lin sem voru til me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00e1 b\u00e1\u00f0um st\u00f6\u00f0um, \u00fea\u00f0 er hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum, voru einnig l\u00edklegri til a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a til vistunar barna utan heimilis foreldra og til \u00feess a\u00f0 lag\u00f0ur yr\u00f0i til s\u00e9rt\u00e6kur stu\u00f0ningur fyrir foreldra. Rannsakendur l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00e1herslu \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi g\u00f3\u00f0ar samvinnu barnaverndaryfirvalda og l\u00f6greglu \u00feegar m\u00e1lin f\u00e6ru til vinnslu \u00e1 b\u00e1\u00f0um st\u00f6\u00f0um (Tonmyr og Gonzalez, 2015).<\/p>\n

\u00c1rin 1986\u20131996 f\u00f3r fram talsver\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 um aukinn fj\u00f6lda ranns\u00f3kna hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum af h\u00e1lfu foreldris e\u00f0a um\u00f6nnunara\u00f0ila. \u00cd s\u00e6nskri ranns\u00f3kn fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2001 voru m\u00e1lin greind. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar s\u00fdndu fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 20% m\u00e1lanna leiddu til sakfellingar og virtust ranns\u00f3knirnar oft dragast \u00e1 langinn. Atvinnuleysi, annars konar heimilisofbeldi, v\u00edmuefnaneysla og ge\u00f0r\u00e6nn vandi voru \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir sem voru s\u00fdnilegir me\u00f0al gerenda samkv\u00e6mt ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um ranns\u00f3knarinnar (Lindell og Svedin, 2001). \u00cd annarri s\u00e6nskri ranns\u00f3kn voru greind m\u00e1l sem voru til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum. Af \u00feeim 155 m\u00e1lum sem voru til ranns\u00f3knar var gefin \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra \u00ed alls 11 \u00feeirra, e\u00f0a \u00ed 7% m\u00e1lanna, og var gerandinn sakfelldur \u00ed n\u00edu m\u00e1lum. \u00cd tveimur \u00feessara m\u00e1la kva\u00f0 d\u00f3murinn \u00e1 um refsingu geranda ofbeldisgl\u00e6psins. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar s\u00fdndu fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1lum \u00fear sem tveir um\u00f6nnunara\u00f0ilar voru gruna\u00f0ir um ofbeldisbrot gagnvart barni v\u00e6ru auknar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 gefin v\u00e6ri \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra. Rannsakendur g\u00e1tu ekki fundi\u00f0 nein tengsl milli alvarleika ofbeldisbrotanna og sakfellingar (Otterman o.fl., 2013).<\/p>\n

\u00cd bandar\u00edskri ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 \u00e1hrifum l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3knar samhli\u00f0a k\u00f6nnun barnaverndaryfirvalda \u00ed m\u00e1lum er v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 allt benti til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tttaka l\u00f6greglu \u00ed sl\u00edkum m\u00e1lum leiddi til skilvirkari k\u00f6nnunar m\u00e1lsins og \u00feess a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldan hlyti meiri stu\u00f0ning en ella (Cross o.fl., 2005).<\/p>\n

Eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 fyrirliggjandi ranns\u00f3knum sem h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 greint fr\u00e1 eru \u00fdmsir \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir sem auka l\u00edkur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 barn s\u00e9 beitt l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldra og\/e\u00f0a stj\u00fapforeldra og t\u00ed\u00f0ni og alvarleiki sl\u00edkra m\u00e1la hefur veri\u00f0 rannsaka\u00f0ur a\u00f0 einhverju leyti h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, en ekki hefur veri\u00f0 rannsaka\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi fyrr, hver afdrif sl\u00edkra m\u00e1la eru hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og \u00ed d\u00f3mskerfinu. Tilgangur \u00feessarar ranns\u00f3knar var a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 m\u00e1l barna sem komu til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis og kanna afdrif sl\u00edkra m\u00e1la b\u00e6\u00f0i hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og hj\u00e1 barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u00f6gn og a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3kn \u00feessi byggir \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knara\u00f0fer\u00f0inni innihaldsgreiningu gagna (e. content analysis). A\u00f0fer\u00f0in getur fali\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 umbreyta eigindlegu efni \u00ed megindleg g\u00f6gn (Rubin og Babbie, 2014) me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0 draga saman og t\u00falka innihald skr\u00e1\u00f0ra samskipta \u00e1 kerfisbundinn h\u00e1tt svo unnt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 draga r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tar \u00e1lyktanir (Krippendorf, 2019). \u00de\u00e1 eru g\u00f6gn k\u00f3\u00f0u\u00f0 og flokku\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 tilteknu efni sem er til ranns\u00f3knar og samkv\u00e6mt tilteknum hugmyndaramma. \u00dartak ranns\u00f3knanna eru \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feau g\u00f6gn sem eru til sko\u00f0unar hverju sinni. A\u00f0fer\u00f0in hentar vissum ranns\u00f3knarefnum betur en a\u00f0rar ranns\u00f3knara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir. Helstu kostir ranns\u00f3knara\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar eru a\u00f0 h\u00fan \u00fearfnast hvorki mikils fj\u00e1rmagns n\u00e9 t\u00edma. Svo lengi sem rannsakandinn hefur a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed efni sem er til sko\u00f0unar er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma innihaldsgreiningu. Einnig \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 endurtaka ranns\u00f3knina og f\u00e1 s\u00f6mu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, ef \u00fe\u00f6rf er \u00e1. A\u00f0fer\u00f0in getur einnig gert rannsakanda kleift a\u00f0 rannsaka efni \u00fat fr\u00e1 mismunandi t\u00edmabilum og yfir \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 langt t\u00edmabil. Annar kostur innihaldsgreiningar er a\u00f0 h\u00fan hefur engin \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00feann sem er veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 rannsaka, \u00fear sem ranns\u00f3knin byggist einungis \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00fdna \u00ed g\u00f6gn um vi\u00f0komandi sem \u00feegar hafa veri\u00f0 skr\u00e1\u00f0. Innihaldsgreining gagna felur einnig \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00f3kost \u00fear sem ranns\u00f3knin takmarkast vi\u00f0 \u00feau g\u00f6gn sem hafa \u00feegar veri\u00f0 skr\u00e1\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 sem ekki var skr\u00e1\u00f0 vi\u00f0 vinnslu m\u00e1lanna mun ekki koma fram \u00ed ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u ranns\u00f3knarinnar (Rubin og Babbie, 2014).<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knin f\u00f3lst \u00ed a\u00f0 greina alls 113 m\u00e1l barna sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu af h\u00e1lfu starfsmanna Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi, fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2008 til \u00e1rsins 2023. Vi\u00f0 n\u00e1nari greiningu gagnanna kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum sex barna haf\u00f0i tvisvar veri\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu. \u00cd \u00f6llum \u00feeim tilfellum var um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a grun um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu sama geranda. M\u00e1l barnanna f\u00f3ru \u00ed ranns\u00f3kn hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og var gefin \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra vegna ofbeldis gagnvart einu \u00feessara barna, \u00feegar send haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni um ranns\u00f3kn \u00ed anna\u00f0 sinn. \u00cd ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um ranns\u00f3knarinnar ver\u00f0ur v\u00edsa\u00f0 til m\u00e1la alls 113 barna, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til hef\u00f0u \u00feannig \u00ed reynd veri\u00f0 alls 107 talsins. \u00cd \u00feeim tilfellum er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a tv\u00f6 m\u00e1l \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum barnanna var \u00ed \u00f6llum tilfellum loka\u00f0 \u00e1 milli tilv\u00edsana og svo tilkynnt a\u00f0 n\u00fdju og m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 unni\u00f0 sem n\u00fdtt barnaverndarm\u00e1l. Uppl\u00fdsingar um e\u00f0li ofbeldisins sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir var a\u00f0 finna \u00ed vi\u00f0t\u00f6lum vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin sj\u00e1lf, \u00fat fr\u00e1 tilkynningu um ofbeldi\u00f0, uppl\u00fdsingum fr\u00e1 foreldrum og \u00fat fr\u00e1 g\u00f6gnum fr\u00e1 heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsf\u00f3lki og \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0ilum.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1l barnanna voru me\u00f0al annars innihaldsgreind \u00fat fr\u00e1 uppruna barnanna. Skilgreining erlends uppruna barnanna var a\u00f0 anna\u00f0 e\u00f0a b\u00e1\u00f0ir foreldrar barnanna v\u00e6ru f\u00e6ddir erlendis og v\u00e6ru af erlendum uppruna. Meintur gerandi ofbeldisins var skilgreindur af erlendum uppruna ef hann var f\u00e6ddur erlendis og haf\u00f0i komi\u00f0 sem innflytjandi til \u00cdslands og\/e\u00f0a b\u00e1\u00f0ir foreldrar hans voru f\u00e6ddir erlendis og voru af erlendum uppruna.<\/p>\n

Megindlegri innihaldsgreiningu (e. quantatitative content analysis) var beitt til a\u00f0 svara ranns\u00f3knarspurningunum sem lagt var upp me\u00f0). Ranns\u00f3knara\u00f0fer\u00f0in felur \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 breyta eigindlegu efni \u00ed megindleg g\u00f6gn og sn\u00fdst um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 k\u00f3\u00f0a g\u00f6gn me\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku skr\u00e1ningarbla\u00f0i \u00fear sem fram kemur hva\u00f0 eigi a\u00f0 rannsaka og skr\u00e1. Me\u00f0 skr\u00e1ningarbla\u00f0inu er leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna uppl\u00fdsingar sem tengjast ranns\u00f3knarspurningunum. \u00dear me\u00f0 breyta rannsakendur \u00fev\u00ed eigindlega efni sem er til ranns\u00f3knar, h\u00e9r uppl\u00fdsingum \u00far m\u00e1laskr\u00e1 Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur, \u00ed megindleg g\u00f6gn (Rubin og Babbie, 2014).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Framkv\u00e6md<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knin f\u00f3r fram \u00e1 vorm\u00e1nu\u00f0um 2024. Rannsakendur \u00f3sku\u00f0u eftir a\u00f0gangi a\u00f0 m\u00e1laskr\u00e1 Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur og var me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0inni t\u00f6lvua\u00f0ger\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 fram m\u00e1l barna sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til l\u00f6greglu af h\u00e1lfu Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur. Me\u00f0 \u00feeirri a\u00f0ger\u00f0 var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 kalla fram m\u00e1l alls 105 barna sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 var til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu fr\u00e1 2008 til 2023. Rannsakendur voru me\u00f0vita\u00f0ir um a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti v\u00e6ri \u00fe\u00f3 ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 n\u00e1 til allra \u00feeirra m\u00e1la sem hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og n\u00fdttu s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0sto\u00f0 reyndra starfsmanna Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur til a\u00f0 rifja upp m\u00e1l annarra barna og komu \u00fe\u00e1 upp m\u00e1l \u00e1tta barna til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar. Ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00fatiloka a\u00f0 einhver m\u00e1l barna \u00ed m\u00e1laskr\u00e1nni hafi samt or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fat undan, en rannsakendur telja \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edklegt.<\/p>\n

Ekki l\u00e1gu fyrir uppl\u00fdsingar um afdrif allra m\u00e1lanna hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu \u00ed m\u00e1laskr\u00e1 Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur og var \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3ska\u00f0 eftir uppl\u00fdsingum fr\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu um afdrif \u00feeirra m\u00e1la. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a alls 25 bei\u00f0nir sem v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u alls 38 b\u00f6rn.<\/p>\n

Rannsakendur s\u00f3ttu um leyfi til Pers\u00f3nuverndar, sbr. 4. gr. reglna pers\u00f3nuverndar nr. 811\/2019 um leyfisskylda vinnslu pers\u00f3nuuppl\u00fdsinga. N\u00famer leyfisins er 2023121921\/GRB. Rannsakendur trygg\u00f0u a\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri me\u00f0 neinum h\u00e6tti h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 rekja ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar til einstakra barna og fj\u00f6lskyldna \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u00e6lit\u00e6ki<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knara\u00f0fer\u00f0in, innihaldsgreining, sn\u00fdst um a\u00f0 k\u00f3\u00f0a g\u00f6gn me\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku skr\u00e1ningarbla\u00f0i \u00fear sem fram kemur hva\u00f0 eigi a\u00f0 rannsaka og skr\u00e1. Rannsakendur \u00fatbjuggu skr\u00e1ningarbla\u00f0 \u00ed alls sj\u00f6 li\u00f0um sem innih\u00e9lt 44 spurningar.<\/p>\n

\u00c1rei\u00f0anleiki ranns\u00f3knar birtist \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hvort h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 s\u00f6mu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u ef \u00e1kve\u00f0in a\u00f0fer\u00f0 er endurtekin. Til a\u00f0 leggja mat \u00e1 \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika ranns\u00f3knar hefur veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00e1rei\u00f0anleikamat (e. interrater reliability). \u00de\u00e1 eru fleiri en einn fengnir til a\u00f0 meta \u00e1kve\u00f0in g\u00f6gn og kanna\u00f0 samr\u00e6mi \u00ed mati \u00feeirra (Rubin og Babbie, 2014). \u00cd ranns\u00f3kn \u00feessari var fenginn meistaranemi vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, sem einnig starfar sem r\u00e1\u00f0gjafi hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur, til a\u00f0 greina hluta m\u00e1la \u00feeirra 113 barna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a 22 m\u00e1l, e\u00f0a t\u00e6plega 20% m\u00e1la barnanna. Tilviljun r\u00e9\u00f0 \u00fartakinu sem matsma\u00f0ur var fenginn til a\u00f0 skr\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00e1rei\u00f0anleikapr\u00f3fsins s\u00fdndu g\u00f3\u00f0an \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika a\u00f0 fr\u00e1t\u00f6ldum tveimur breytum, allt fr\u00e1 91%\u2013100%. Meiri munur var \u00e1 sv\u00f6rum matsmanns og annars rannsakanda var\u00f0andi \u00fea\u00f0 hvort meintur gerandi ofbeldisins hef\u00f0i vi\u00f0urkennt a\u00f0 hafa beitt barni\u00f0 ofbeldi. \u00d3samr\u00e6mi var \u00fear 22,7%. Auk \u00feess bar \u00f6\u00f0rum rannsakanda og matsmanni einungis a\u00f0 fullu saman \u00ed 45% tilvika hva\u00f0 var\u00f0a\u00f0i spurningu um helstu \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6tti sem tengdust \u00fev\u00ed foreldri sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 hef\u00f0i beitt barn ofbeldi.<\/p>\n

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Skr\u00e1ning og \u00farvinnsla gagna<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00e1 skr\u00e1ningarbla\u00f0i voru f\u00e6r\u00f0ar inn \u00ed t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0iforriti\u00f0 SPSS \u00fear sem h\u00e6gt var a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00fdmsar breytur, svo sem kyn, aldur, b\u00fasetu barns, uppruna, \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6tti og bakgrunn meints geranda, tilkynningar, tengsl geranda vi\u00f0 barn, e\u00f0li \u00feess ofbeldis sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 barni\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 beitt, fyrri barnaverndarafskipti, stu\u00f0ning vi\u00f0 barn og foreldri, og afdrif m\u00e1lsins hj\u00e1 barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ldum og hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

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Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Helstu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1runum 2008 til 2023 sendu starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur 74 bei\u00f0nir til l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi \u00ed m\u00e1lum 113 barna. Af \u00feeim b\u00f6rnum sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til voru 72 b\u00f6rn af erlendum uppruna. Algengast var a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 lamin, slegin e\u00f0a k\u00fdld. Fj\u00f6rut\u00edu pr\u00f3sent barnanna f\u00f3ru \u00ed vistun \u00e1 vistheimili \u00e1 vegum barnaverndaryfirvalda og var \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0 um vistun 33% barnanna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til. Gefin var \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra \u00ed m\u00e1lum alls 22 barna og l\u00e1g fyrir ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3la \u00ed m\u00e1lum 18 barna. Afdrif flestra m\u00e1la hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu voru me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn var h\u00e6tt \u00e1n \u00e1k\u00e6ru, e\u00f0a \u00ed m\u00e1lum alls 75 barna. Alls t\u00edu foreldrar hlutu d\u00f3ma fyrir ofbeldi og tv\u00e6r m\u00e6\u00f0ur hlutu d\u00f3m um \u00f3skilor\u00f0sbundi\u00f0 fangelsi.<\/p>\n

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Fj\u00f6ldi bei\u00f0na<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bei\u00f0nirnar voru alls 74 talsins, \u00fear sem i\u00f0ulega var send ein bei\u00f0ni fyrir systkini. Flestar bei\u00f0nir voru sendar \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015, en \u00fe\u00e1 sendu starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur m\u00e1l alls 23 barna \u00ed ranns\u00f3kn til l\u00f6greglu. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a 12 bei\u00f0nir. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2010 voru f\u00e6star bei\u00f0nir um ranns\u00f3kn sendar til l\u00f6greglu, e\u00f0a engin bei\u00f0ni. Mynd 1 s\u00fdnir fj\u00f6lda m\u00e1la barna sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 var til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Uppruni barnanna<\/strong><\/p>\n

Af \u00feeim 107 b\u00f6rnum sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til voru alls 72 b\u00f6rn af erlendum uppruna. B\u00f6rn af \u00edslenskum uppruna voru 35 talsins. Tafla 1 s\u00fdnir fj\u00f6lda og hlutfall barna af erlendum og \u00edslenskum uppruna sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 beitt l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi og m\u00e1li \u00fev\u00ed v\u00edsa\u00f0 til l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bakgrunnur meints geranda ofbeldisins <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 \u00ed flestum tilfellum var um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a grun um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart barni af h\u00e1lfu f\u00f6\u00f0ur barnsins, e\u00f0a \u00ed alls 43 tilfellum, r\u00famlega 38% m\u00e1lanna. Grunur var um ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu m\u00f3\u00f0ur barnsins \u00ed alls 38 tilfellum, e\u00f0a \u00ed t\u00e6plega 34% tilfella. \u00cd alls fimmt\u00e1n m\u00e1lum var grunur um a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ir foreldrar barnsins hef\u00f0u beitt \u00fea\u00f0 ofbeldi, e\u00f0a \u00ed 14% tilfella. \u00cd tveimur tilfellum var \u00f3lj\u00f3st hver v\u00e6ri gruna\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 hafa beitt barni\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi, e\u00f0a \u00ed 2% tilfella. Tafla 2 s\u00fdnir tengsl barns vi\u00f0 meintan geranda l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis \u00fat fr\u00e1 t\u00ed\u00f0ni og hlutfalli.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd flestum tilfellum var uppruni meints geranda erlendur, e\u00f0a \u00ed r\u00famlega 65% tilfella. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e1l alls 69 barna sem var v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu \u00fear sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 gerandi ofbeldisins v\u00e6ri af erlendum uppruna. Tafla 3 s\u00fdnir uppruna \u00feess sem var gruna\u00f0ur um ofbeldi gagnvart barninu.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

E\u00f0li ofbeldisins <\/strong><\/p>\n

Algengastur var grunur um a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 lamin, slegin e\u00f0a k\u00fdld. Grunur var um sl\u00edkt ofbeldi \u00ed m\u00e1lum 64 barna. Grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 alls 34 b\u00f6rn hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 slegin me\u00f0 einhverju, svo sem priki e\u00f0a belti. \u00cd einu tilfelli l\u00e9k grunur \u00e1 a\u00f0 barn hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 slegi\u00f0 me\u00f0 st\u00e1lr\u00f6ri. \u00cd m\u00e1li 21 barns l\u00e9k grunur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ferengt hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6ndunarvegi me\u00f0 ofbeldisfullum h\u00e6tti. \u00cd flestum tilfellum var um fleiri en eina birtingarmynd l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Mynd 2 s\u00fdnir e\u00f0li \u00feess ofbeldis sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 beitt.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd m\u00e1lum alls 24 barna l\u00e9k grunur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feau hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir \u00f6\u00f0ru ofbeldi en greint er fr\u00e1 \u00e1 mynd 2. M\u00e1 \u00fear nefna grun um a\u00f0 toga\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed eyru barna og\/e\u00f0a sn\u00fai\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00feau. \u00cd einu m\u00e1li var sn\u00fai\u00f0 upp \u00e1 handlegg barns. D\u00e6mi var um grun um a\u00f0 r\u00fa\u00f0a hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 brotin \u00e1 h\u00f6f\u00f0i barns, heitu vatni hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 hellt yfir barn, barn hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 skalla\u00f0, barn hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 dregi\u00f0 eftir g\u00f3lfi, hr\u00e6kt hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1 barn og a\u00f0 f\u00e6tur barns hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 festir saman me\u00f0 l\u00edmbandi.<\/p>\n

\u00cd m\u00e1lum alls 15 barna l\u00e9k grunur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feau hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi en ekki l\u00e1 fyrir hvers e\u00f0lis l\u00edkamlega ofbeldi\u00f0 var. \u00c1tti \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1lum nokkurra ungra barna sem voru me\u00f0 \u00e1verka en g\u00e1tu ekki tj\u00e1\u00f0 sig um \u00fea\u00f0 ofbeldi sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feau hef\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir. \u00cd fj\u00f3rum m\u00e1lum voru b\u00f6rn me\u00f0 \u00f3\u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0 beinbrot sem talin voru tilkomin \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart \u00feeim af h\u00e1lfu foreldra. B\u00f6rnin voru \u00f6ll \u00e1 fyrsta e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0ru \u00e1ri.<\/p>\n

\u00cd m\u00e1lum alls 34 barna, e\u00f0a 30% barnanna, voru \u00e1verkar sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feau hef\u00f0u hloti\u00f0 vi\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi. \u00cd m\u00e1lum alls 49 barna, e\u00f0a 43% barnanna, var \u00f3ska\u00f0 eftir l\u00e6knissko\u00f0un vegna hugsanlegra ofbeldis\u00e1verka. Vir\u00f0ist \u00fev\u00ed sem starfsmenn barnaverndar hafi \u00ed alls 15 m\u00e1lum (13%) \u00f3ska\u00f0 eftir l\u00e6knissko\u00f0un \u00e1 barni til \u00feess a\u00f0 kanna hvort \u00e1verkar v\u00e6ru \u00e1 barninu, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna.<\/p>\n

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Vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 b\u00f6rn og sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6kur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tekin voru vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 alls 76 b\u00f6rn \u00ed a\u00f0draganda \u00feess a\u00f0 send var tilv\u00edsun til l\u00f6greglu um ranns\u00f3kn vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi, e\u00f0a alls 67% barnanna. Ekki voru tekin vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 37 b\u00f6rn og voru flest \u00feeirra, e\u00f0a alls 26 (70%), fj\u00f6gurra \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul e\u00f0a yngri. Vir\u00f0ast \u00feessi 70% ekki hafa haft \u00feroska til a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a vi\u00f0 barnaverndarstarfsmann um meint ofbeldi s\u00f6kum ungs aldurs. Af \u00feeim 76 b\u00f6rnum sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed vi\u00f0t\u00f6l hj\u00e1 starfsm\u00f6nnum Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur f\u00f3ru 40 \u00ed vi\u00f0tal \u00e1n vitneskju og sam\u00feykkis forsj\u00e1ra\u00f0ila. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a r\u00famlega 50% \u00feeirra barna sem tekin voru vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0. Af \u00feeim 76 b\u00f6rnum sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed vi\u00f0tal greindu alls 63 fr\u00e1 ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldris\/foreldra, e\u00f0a 83% barnanna sem r\u00e6tt var vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Alls 69 b\u00f6rn, e\u00f0a 61% barnanna sem \u00e1ttu m\u00e1l hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 var til l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart \u00feeim, f\u00f3ru \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku. Alls 56 b\u00f6rn f\u00f3ru \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku \u00ed Barnah\u00fasi en 13 b\u00f6rn f\u00f3ru \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku \u00e1 vegum l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sta\u00f0, svo sem \u00e1 l\u00f6greglust\u00f6\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mi.<\/p>\n

Alls 36 b\u00f6rn sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 var \u00ed Barnah\u00fasi e\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sta\u00f0, greindu fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi, e\u00f0a 52% \u00feeirra barna sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku.<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0albi\u00f0t\u00edmi eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku \u00ed Barnah\u00fasi var mun lengri en me\u00f0albi\u00f0t\u00edmi eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sta\u00f0. Me\u00f0albi\u00f0t\u00edmi eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku \u00ed Barnah\u00fasi var 41 dagur en me\u00f0albi\u00f0t\u00edmi eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku \u00e1 vegum l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum sta\u00f0 var 18 dagar. Eitt barn bei\u00f0 \u00ed alls 248 daga eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku \u00ed Barnah\u00fasi.<\/p>\n

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Afdrif m\u00e1lanna hj\u00e1 barnavernd<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6rut\u00edu pr\u00f3sent \u00feeirra barna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til f\u00f3ru \u00ed vistun \u00e1 vistheimili \u00e1 vegum Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur og 16% f\u00f3ru \u00ed vistun til \u00e6ttingja e\u00f0a vina \u00e1 grundvelli 84. gr. barnaverndarlaga. R\u00famlega 28% barnanna f\u00f3ru \u00ed f\u00f3stur sem breyttist \u00ed varanlegt f\u00f3stur hj\u00e1 22% barnanna. Tafla 4 s\u00fdnir fj\u00f6lda barna sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed vistun utan heimilis \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00feess a\u00f0 send var tilv\u00edsun um ranns\u00f3kn til l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart \u00feeim af h\u00e1lfu foreldris\/foreldra. \u00darskur\u00f0a\u00f0 var um vistun 37 barna e\u00f0a 33% \u00feeirra barna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u00e1lum 91 barns haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 loka\u00f0 hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur \u00feegar ranns\u00f3knin f\u00f3r fram e\u00f0a m\u00e1lum 80% barnanna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til. Alls 22 m\u00e1l voru enn \u00ed vinnslu og voru flest \u00feeirra m\u00e1l barna sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed varanlegt f\u00f3stur, en \u00fea\u00f0 voru 19 b\u00f6rn.<\/p>\n

Af \u00feeim b\u00f6rnum sem \u00e1ttu m\u00e1l sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 loka\u00f0 hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur var 51 b\u00fasett hj\u00e1 foreldri sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 hef\u00f0i beitt barni\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi \u00feegar m\u00e1linu var loka\u00f0, e\u00f0a 45% m\u00e1lanna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til. Mynd 3 s\u00fdnir b\u00fasetu barnanna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til vi\u00f0 lokun m\u00e1ls \u00feeirra hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur.<\/p>\n

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\u00deau 51 b\u00f6rn sem b\u00fasett voru hj\u00e1 foreldri sem gruna\u00f0 var um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart barninu \u00feegar m\u00e1linu var loka\u00f0 hj\u00e1 barnavernd voru sko\u00f0u\u00f0 n\u00e1nar. Gengi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00e1\u00e6tlun um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1ls \u00ed m\u00e1lum 82% barnanna. \u00cd flestum tilfellum haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um stu\u00f0ning og me\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir barni\u00f0, lei\u00f0beiningar til foreldra um uppeldi og a\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0 og\/e\u00f0a me\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir foreldra barnanna. Tafla 5 s\u00fdnir \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i og afdrif m\u00e1la \u00feessa h\u00f3ps og fj\u00f6lda og hlutfall barna sem nutu hvers \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0is.<\/p>\n

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Afdrif m\u00e1lanna hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00f6greglan h\u00f3f ranns\u00f3kn \u00ed m\u00e1lum 110 barna, e\u00f0a \u00ed 97% m\u00e1lanna. \u00cd m\u00e1li eins barns s\u00e1 l\u00f6gregla ekki \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til a\u00f0 hefja ranns\u00f3kn og \u00ed m\u00e1lum tveggja barna kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s, \u00feegar \u00f3ska\u00f0 var eftir uppl\u00fdsingum fr\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu, a\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur barst aldrei l\u00f6greglu, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nokkur sk\u00fdring l\u00e6gi \u00fear a\u00f0 baki. Af \u00feeim 113 m\u00e1lum sem var v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu var gefin \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra \u00ed m\u00e1lum alls 18 barna, e\u00f0a \u00ed m\u00e1lum t\u00e6plega 16% barnanna. B\u00fai\u00f0 var a\u00f0 gefa \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ru \u00ed m\u00e1lum alls fj\u00f6gurra barna til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar \u00feegar ranns\u00f3knin f\u00f3r fram og var be\u00f0i\u00f0 eftir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u d\u00f3mst\u00f3la, e\u00f0a \u00ed 3,5% m\u00e1lanna. Ranns\u00f3kn l\u00f6greglu var enn \u00ed gangi \u00ed m\u00e1lum alls fimm barna (4,4%). M\u00e1l alls \u00e1tta barna lauk me\u00f0 frestun \u00e1k\u00e6ru \u00e1 grundvelli almennra hegningarlaga nr. 19\/1940, e\u00f0a \u00ed 7% m\u00e1lanna. Afdrif flestra m\u00e1la hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu voru me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn var h\u00e6tt \u00e1n \u00e1k\u00e6ru, e\u00f0a \u00ed m\u00e1lum alls 75 barna. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a 66% \u00feeirra tilv\u00edsana sem sendar voru til l\u00f6greglu. Mynd 4 s\u00fdnir afdrif m\u00e1lanna hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

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Eins og fram hefur komi\u00f0 var gefin \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra \u00ed m\u00e1lum alls 22 barna. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3la l\u00e1 fyrir \u00ed m\u00e1lum 18 \u00feeirra \u00feegar ranns\u00f3knin f\u00f3r fram. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a alls 13 tilv\u00edsanir \u00ed ranns\u00f3kn hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed \u00e1k\u00e6ruferli af \u00feeim 74 tilv\u00edsunum sem starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur sendu til l\u00f6greglu, e\u00f0a 17%. Fj\u00f3rar bei\u00f0nir v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u tv\u00f6 til fimm b\u00f6rn sem voru systkini. Gerendur ofbeldisins voru \u00fev\u00ed 13 en ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3la l\u00e1 ekki fyrir hj\u00e1 tveimur \u00feeirra. Af \u00feeim bei\u00f0num \u00fear sem ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3la l\u00e1 fyrir hlutu alls t\u00edu gerendur l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart barni d\u00f3ma. Eitt foreldri\u00f0 var s\u00fdkna\u00f0 af \u00e1k\u00e6ru um ofbeldi gagnvart barni.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur er h\u00f3pur \u00feeirra t\u00edu foreldra sem hlutu d\u00f3ma fyrir ofbeldi gagnvart barni s\u00fdna ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar a\u00f0 um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a sj\u00f6 m\u00e6\u00f0ur, tvo fe\u00f0ur og eitt stj\u00fapforeldri. Alls voru sex gerendur (60%) af \u00edslenskum uppruna og fj\u00f3rir (40%) af erlendum uppruna. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00fe\u00f3tti til a\u00f0 kanna hvort markt\u00e6kur munur v\u00e6ri var\u00f0andi \u00fe\u00e6r breytur sem sneru a\u00f0 uppruna geranda og tengslum geranda vi\u00f0 barn \u00feegar k\u00e6mi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort foreldri\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sakfellt fyrir ofbeldi\u00f0. Hlutfallslega fleiri foreldrar (24%) af \u00edslenskum uppruna en erlendum (9,3%) voru sakfelldir en s\u00e1 munur reyndist ekki vera markt\u00e6kur, z = 1,650, tv\u00edhli\u00f0a p = 0,099. Hlutfallslega fleiri l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir foreldrar (15,8%) voru sakfelldir\u00a0 en stj\u00fapforeldrar e\u00f0a k\u00e6rustur\/k\u00e6rastar (10,0%), en s\u00e1 munur reyndist ekki markt\u00e6kur heldur, z = 0,474, tv\u00edhli\u00f0a p = 0,636. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess liggur sennilega \u00ed sm\u00e6\u00f0 h\u00f3panna, \u00fear sem einungis 10 foreldrar voru sakfelldir fyrir ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum s\u00ednum. Mynd 5 s\u00fdnir e\u00f0li ofbeldisins sem vir\u00f0ist hafa \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim m\u00e1lum \u00fear sem foreldrar hlutu d\u00f3m fyrir ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum s\u00ednum. Eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 myndinni var algengast a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00ed sl\u00edkum m\u00e1lum hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 slegin, lamin e\u00f0a k\u00fdld en \u00fear \u00e1 eftir var algengast a\u00f0 \u00feeim hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 hrint e\u00f0a hent til og a\u00f0 \u00ferengt hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6ndunarvegi \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

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Sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur var h\u00f3pur \u00feeirra 17 barna sem \u00e1ttu foreldri sem var sakfellt fyrir ofbeldi gagnvart \u00feeim. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a sj\u00f6 st\u00falkur og t\u00edu drengi, og voru \u00fev\u00ed 41% barnanna st\u00falkur og 59% drengir. Starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur h\u00f6f\u00f0u teki\u00f0 vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 12 b\u00f6rn af \u00feeim 17 sem \u00e1ttu foreldra sem hlutu d\u00f3ma, e\u00f0a 71% barnanna. Alls t\u00edu b\u00f6rn af 12 greindu fr\u00e1 ofbeldi \u00ed vi\u00f0tali vi\u00f0 starfsmann Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur, e\u00f0a 83%. Alls 12 b\u00f6rn af 17 virtust hafa hloti\u00f0 \u00e1verka \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar ofbeldisins, e\u00f0a 75% barnanna. \u00cd m\u00e1lum 14 (82%) barna h\u00f6f\u00f0u borist tilkynningar var\u00f0andi \u00feau til Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur \u00e1\u00f0ur en tilkynning barst um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi sem var\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1li barnsins var v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu. N\u00edu af \u00feeim 17 b\u00f6rnum sem \u00e1ttu foreldri sem var sakfellt fyrir ofbeldi f\u00f3ru \u00ed varanlegt f\u00f3stur til 18 \u00e1ra aldurs \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum \u00feeirra var v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu, e\u00f0a 53% barnanna. Mynd 6 s\u00fdnir afdrif m\u00e1la \u00feeirra barna sem \u00e1ttu foreldra sem fengu d\u00f3m fyrir ofbeldi sem \u00feeir beittu b\u00f6rnin.<\/p>\n

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Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3la<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eins og fram hefur komi\u00f0 voru alls t\u00edu foreldrar sakfelldir fyrir ofbeldi sem \u00feeir beittu barn sitt. Eitt foreldri hlaut s\u00fdknud\u00f3m. Alls sj\u00f6 d\u00f3mar kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1 um skilor\u00f0sbundna refsingu. Tveir foreldrar voru d\u00e6mdir til fangelsisrefsingar, annars vegar 18 m\u00e1na\u00f0a langrar vistunar \u00ed fangelsi og hins vegar fangelsisvistunar \u00ed tv\u00f6 \u00e1r. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e6\u00f0ur, \u00f6nnur var af erlendum uppruna og hin af \u00edslenskum uppruna. Sj\u00f6 foreldrar fengu d\u00f3m um skilor\u00f0sbundna refsivist og voru fj\u00f3rir foreldrar d\u00e6mdir til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a f\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mbum s\u00ednum b\u00e6tur. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3la var\u00f0andi eitt foreldri\u00f0 fannst ekki, hvorki \u00ed g\u00f6gnum \u00ed m\u00e1laskr\u00e1 Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur, hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu n\u00e9 \u00e1 vefs\u00ed\u00f0um d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. Uppl\u00fdsingar fengust hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu um a\u00f0 foreldri\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sakfellt en engar uppl\u00fdsingar l\u00e1gu \u00fear fyrir um hver hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3msins. Mynd 7 s\u00fdnir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur d\u00f3ma sem f\u00e9llu \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum barna var v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

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Samantekt og ni\u00f0urlag<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur hafi \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1rum sent mun f\u00e6rri m\u00e1l til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi en \u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 hefur tilkynningum vegna l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 jafnt og \u00fe\u00e9tt fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2015. Draga m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur sendi einungis tilv\u00edsanir til l\u00f6greglu var\u00f0andi allra alvarlegustu m\u00e1lin sem var\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum, enda kemur fram \u00ed regluger\u00f0 um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir barnaverndarnefnd nr. 56\/2004 a\u00f0 starfsmenn barnaverndar skuli a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i \u00f3ska ranns\u00f3knar l\u00f6greglu ef grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 alvarlegt refsivert brot hafi veri\u00f0 frami\u00f0 gagnvart barni. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur kanad\u00edskrar ranns\u00f3knar sem s\u00fdndu a\u00f0 \u00feegar m\u00e1l barna hlytu me\u00f0fer\u00f0 hj\u00e1 barnavernd og l\u00f6greglu v\u00e6ri alvarleiki ofbeldisbrotanna almennt meiri en annars (Tonmyr og Gonzalez, 2015).<\/p>\n

Hugsanlegar sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 f\u00e6kkun tilv\u00edsana til l\u00f6greglu, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir mikla fj\u00f6lgun tilkynninga til Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi, g\u00e6tu falist \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur s\u00e9u or\u00f0nir vel \u00fej\u00e1lfa\u00f0ir \u00ed a\u00f0 sinna m\u00e1lum \u00fear sem grunur leikur \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi, enda hefur m\u00e1lunum fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 verulega \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1rum. Hugsanlega telja starfsmenn, me\u00f0 auknum fj\u00f6lda m\u00e1la, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3ni sjaldnast tilgangi var\u00f0andi frekari vinnslu m\u00e1la og me\u00f0 hagsmuni barnsins \u00ed huga a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum s\u00e9 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til l\u00f6greglu, enda fara afar f\u00e1 m\u00e1l \u00ed \u00e1k\u00e6ruferli. Veruleg fj\u00f6lgun ofbeldism\u00e1la hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur kann \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 starfsmenn meti alvarleika ofbeldism\u00e1la me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti n\u00fa en \u00e1\u00f0ur. M\u00e1l sem voru talin afar alvarleg ofbeldism\u00e1l \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015 \u00feykja ef til vill ekki eins alvarleg n\u00fa \u00ed lj\u00f3si mikillar fj\u00f6lgunar m\u00e1la er var\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart barni.<\/p>\n

L\u00edklegt ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast a\u00f0 starfsmenn Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur hafi einungis sent tilv\u00edsanir til l\u00f6greglu var\u00f0andi allra alvarlegustu m\u00e1lin sem var\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum. \u00cd flestum tilfellum var grunur um a\u00f0 barn hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 slegi\u00f0, lami\u00f0 e\u00f0a k\u00fdlt. Ef til vill m\u00e1 einnig draga \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 fleiri alvarlegar tilkynningar hafi borist vegna barna af erlendum uppruna en vegna barna af \u00edslenskum uppruna, \u00fear sem ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knar \u00feessarar s\u00fdna a\u00f0 hlutfall m\u00e1la barna af erlendum uppruna sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 er til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu er verulega h\u00e1tt.<\/p>\n

Hlutfall barna af erlendum uppruna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til var 67% og \u00fev\u00ed mun h\u00e6rra en hlutfall barna af erlendum uppruna sem b\u00faa h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum af erlendum uppruna hafi fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 miki\u00f0 \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1rum (Hagstofa \u00cdslands, e.d.). \u00deessar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur eru \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur fyrri \u00edslenskrar ranns\u00f3kna (Steinunn Bergmann, 2010; \u00de\u00f3ra \u00c1rnad\u00f3ttir, 2013).<\/p>\n

Fyrri ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 flutningur \u00e1 milli landa s\u00e9 \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e1ttur sem auki l\u00edkur \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum og \u00f6\u00f0rum misbresti \u00ed uppeldi barna (Lepp\u00e4koski o.fl., 2021; LeBrun o.fl., 2015). \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0urnefnda vistfr\u00e6\u00f0ikenningu, sem hefur veri\u00f0 beitt til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra ors\u00f6k l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum af h\u00e1lfu foreldra (Belsky, 1993; Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir, 2005). Bent hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 huga s\u00e9rstaklega a\u00f0 innflytjendum \u00ed barnaverndarkerfinu (Hernandez-Mekonnen og Konrady, 2018) \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess a\u00f0 menningarleg gildi geta \u00fdtt undir l\u00edkamlegar refsingar og l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi (LeBrun o.fl., 2015; Miller-Perrin o.fl., 2021; Pinheiro, 2006).<\/p>\n

Athyglisvert er a\u00f0 einungis r\u00famlega helmingur (52%) \u00feeirra barna sem f\u00f3ru \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku greindu fr\u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi gagnvart s\u00e9r \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6kunni. Til samanbur\u00f0ar greindu 83% barnanna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til fr\u00e1 ofbeldi \u00ed vi\u00f0tali vi\u00f0 barnaverndarstarfsmann. L\u00edklegt ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast a\u00f0 fr\u00e1sagnir barnanna af ofbeldi hafi vegi\u00f0 \u00feungt \u00feegar barnaverndarstarfsmenn t\u00f3ku \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um a\u00f0 v\u00edsa m\u00e1li vi\u00f0komandi barna til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0albi\u00f0t\u00edmi eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku \u00ed Barnah\u00fasi var 41 dagur. \u00deessi langi bi\u00f0t\u00edmi g\u00e6ti haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 fr\u00e1sagnir \u00feeirra barna sem fara \u00ed sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku, me\u00f0al annars er h\u00e6tta \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem standa barninu n\u00e6rri geti haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 fr\u00e1sagnir \u00feess af ofbeldinu. Auk \u00feess ver\u00f0ur 41 dagur a\u00f0 teljast langur t\u00edmi \u00ed l\u00edfi barna sem geta \u00e1tt til a\u00f0 gleyma \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00feau hafa gengi\u00f0 \u00ed gegnum. Au\u00f0velt getur einnig veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota frj\u00f3tt \u00edmyndunarafl barna til a\u00f0 breyta afst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra til \u00e1kve\u00f0inna atri\u00f0a og upplifunar \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

Eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku stendur b\u00f6rnum til bo\u00f0a s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed Barnah\u00fasi (Barnaverndarstofa, 2017). \u00deegar b\u00f6rn \u00feurfa a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a lengi eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku dregst einnig a\u00f0 \u00feeim s\u00e9 veitt vi\u00f0eigandi s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 getur varla talist \u00e1s\u00e6ttanlegt a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn sem hafa upplifa\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi \u00feurfi \u00ed sumum tilfellum a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a langan t\u00edma eftir me\u00f0fer\u00f0 vegna \u00feess ofbeldis sem \u00feau hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir.<\/p>\n

Alls 51 barn, e\u00f0a r\u00famlega 45% \u00feeirra barna sem \u00e1ttu m\u00e1l hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 var til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu, voru \u00ed umsj\u00e1 \u00feess foreldris sem grunur l\u00e9k \u00e1 a\u00f0 hef\u00f0i beitt \u00feau ofbeldi \u00feegar m\u00e1lum \u00feeirra var loka\u00f0 hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar gefa \u00fe\u00f3 ekki til kynna a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin hafi \u00f6ll b\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00f3breyttar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00feegar m\u00e1lum \u00feeirra var loka\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feau v\u00e6ru \u00ed umsj\u00e1 foreldris sem var gruna\u00f0 um ofbeldi gagnvart \u00feeim. Flestir \u00feeirra foreldra, e\u00f0a 82%, h\u00f6f\u00f0u fengi\u00f0 stu\u00f0ning \u00e1 grundvelli barnaverndarlaga, svo sem lei\u00f0beiningar um uppeldi og a\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0 barna og\/e\u00f0a hloti\u00f0 einhvers konar me\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 draga \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 starfsmenn barnaverndar hafi a\u00f0 einhverju leyti geta\u00f0 unni\u00f0 me\u00f0 foreldrum a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur barnanna \u00ed umsj\u00e1 foreldra. \u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 velta fyrir s\u00e9r hvort \u00fea\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 r\u00e9tt \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma og hagsmunum barnanna fyrir bestu a\u00f0 v\u00edsa m\u00e1lum \u00feeirra til l\u00f6greglu \u00fear sem svo virtist sem a\u00f0 einhverju leyti hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 vinna me\u00f0 foreldrinu a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta vandann. \u00c6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun til l\u00f6greglu geti haft neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vilja foreldra til samstarfs vi\u00f0 barnaverndarstarfsmenn og \u00fev\u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nar sl\u00edk tilv\u00edsun kannski ekki miklum tilgangi fyrir barni\u00f0 ef grundv\u00f6llur er fyrir samvinnu vi\u00f0 foreldri\u00f0 um a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur barnsins \u00ed umsj\u00e1 foreldrisins, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feegar horft er til \u00feess hve f\u00e1 m\u00e1l hlj\u00f3ta me\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum. Tilv\u00edsun barnaverndarstarfsmanna til l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt 20. gr. regluger\u00f0ar um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir barnaverndarnefnd er a\u00f0 vissu leyti h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nu mati barnaverndarstarfsmannsins. \u00deegar um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a mj\u00f6g alvarlegt ofbeldi gagnvart barni og\/e\u00f0a \u00feegar reynt hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 vinna me\u00f0 foreldrum a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur barnsins \u00e1n vi\u00f0unandi \u00e1rangurs, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa ekki veri\u00f0 n\u00e6gilega samvinnu\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir, telja rannsakendur \u00fe\u00f3 afar mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum barnanna s\u00e9 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 a\u00f0 einungis hafi veri\u00f0 gefin \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra \u00ed 22 af \u00feeim 113 m\u00e1lum sem v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u alvarlegt l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum og litin voru alvarlegum augum hj\u00e1 Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur, ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast umhugsunarvert og \u00f3vi\u00f0unandi. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a r\u00famlega 19% \u00feeirra m\u00e1la sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 var til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00e6nskra ranns\u00f3kna sem s\u00fdndu fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 20% \u00feeirra m\u00e1la sem voru ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0 hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum leiddu til sakfellingar (Lindell og Svedin, 2001).<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00feessarar ranns\u00f3knar s\u00fdndu a\u00f0 einungis t\u00e6plega 12% meintra gerenda ofbeldis gagnvart b\u00f6rnum hlutu d\u00f3ma fyrir ofbeldi\u00f0 og einungis tveir gerendur hlutu fangelsisd\u00f3ma. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar eru \u00ed nokkru samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra s\u00e6nska ranns\u00f3kn, \u00fear sem greind voru m\u00e1l sem voru til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum. S\u00fdndu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 gefin hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra \u00ed alls 7% m\u00e1lanna og var gerandinn sakfelldur \u00ed 6% \u00feeirra. \u00cd tveimur \u00feessara m\u00e1la, af 155 m\u00e1lum, kva\u00f0 d\u00f3murinn \u00e1 um refsingu geranda ofbeldisgl\u00e6psins (Otterman o.fl., 2013).<\/p>\n

Afdrif m\u00e1lanna sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu af h\u00e1lfu barnaverndarstarfsmanna kunna a\u00f0 hafa r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 einhverju um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 dregi\u00f0 hefur verulega \u00far \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 barnaverndarstarfsmenn v\u00edsi m\u00e1lum til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu. Barnaverndarstarfsmenn hlj\u00f3ta a\u00f0 velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hver s\u00e9 tilgangur \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum s\u00e9 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til l\u00f6greglu \u00feegar svo f\u00e1 m\u00e1l fara \u00ed \u00e1k\u00e6ruferli.<\/p>\n

Eins og \u00feegar hefur komi\u00f0 fram voru helstu annmarkar \u00feessarar ranns\u00f3knar \u00feeir a\u00f0 unni\u00f0 var \u00far fyrirliggjandi g\u00f6gnum sem ekki voru ger\u00f0 sem ranns\u00f3knarg\u00f6gn og \u00fev\u00ed takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem var skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim (Rubin og Babbie, 2014). H\u00f6fundar binda \u00fe\u00f3 vonir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar eigi eftir a\u00f0 n\u00fdtast \u00feeim sem fara me\u00f0 \u00e1k\u00e6ru- og d\u00f3msvald \u00ed landinu og a\u00f0 gengi\u00f0 ver\u00f0i \u00ed \u00farb\u00e6tur \u00ed m\u00e1laflokknum. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00feurfi ekki a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a lengi eftir sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6ku vegna ofbeldis sem grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feau hafi veri\u00f0 beitt, b\u00e6\u00f0i svo h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 sem n\u00e1kv\u00e6mastar uppl\u00fdsingar um m\u00e1li\u00f0 og eins til a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fatvega \u00feeim vi\u00f0eigandi me\u00f0fer\u00f0 og stu\u00f0ning. L\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum getur haft verulegar aflei\u00f0ingar fyrir vitsmunastarf \u00feeirra, l\u00ed\u00f0an, heg\u00f0un og f\u00e9lagslega st\u00f6\u00f0u. Til lengri t\u00edma geta aflei\u00f0ingar l\u00edkamlegs ofbeldis birst \u00ed andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un, v\u00edmuefnaneyslu, tilfinninga- og heilsufarsvanda, svo sem \u00feunglyndi og sj\u00e1lfsv\u00edgshugsunum, kv\u00ed\u00f0a og offitu svo eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9 nefnt (Miller-Perrin o.fl., 2021; Pinheiro, 2006). \u00deegar \u00feessi b\u00f6rn vaxa \u00far grasi og l\u00edta til baka m\u00e1 b\u00faast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feau velti \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvort s\u00fa me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem \u00feau hlutu sem b\u00f6rn hafi ekki veri\u00f0 litin alvarlegum augum hj\u00e1 \u00e1k\u00e6ruvaldinu og d\u00f3mskerfinu og \u00fe\u00e1 jafnvel einnig hvort ofbeldi\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt. \u00dea\u00f0 er afar mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum s\u00e9u ekki gefin sl\u00edk skilabo\u00f0 sem g\u00e6tu valdi\u00f0 enn alvarlegri aflei\u00f0ingum \u00a0ofbeldisins og or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00feung byr\u00f0i fyrir b\u00f6rnin \u00e1 fullor\u00f0ins\u00e1rum.<\/p>\n

H\u00f6fundar binda jafnframt vonir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar muni a\u00f0sto\u00f0a barnaverndarstarfsmenn landsins \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 meta hvort v\u00edsa eigi m\u00e1lum til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu. H\u00f6fundar telja jafnframt afar mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 starfsmenn barnaverndar\u00fej\u00f3nusta landsins haldi \u00e1fram a\u00f0 v\u00edsa m\u00e1lum sem var\u00f0a alvarleg refsiver\u00f0 brot gagnvart b\u00f6rnum til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 f\u00e6st \u00feeirra f\u00e1i umfj\u00f6llun hj\u00e1 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot sem eru \u00f3l\u00f6gleg og refsiver\u00f0. Sl\u00edk brot geta haft veruleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edf og framt\u00ed\u00f0 \u00feeirra barna sem fyrir \u00feeim ver\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Heimildaskr\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Almenn hegningarl\u00f6g nr. 19\/1940.<\/p>\n

Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofa. (2022). Samanbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um og ums\u00f3knum um \u00fej\u00f3nustu til Barnaverndarstofu \u00e1 \u00e1runum 2018 \u2013 2021<\/em>. https:\/\/www.bofs.is\/media\/almenningur\/Samanburdur-allt-arid-2019-2020-2021-tilkynningar-januar-2022.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofa. (2023). Samanbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 fj\u00f6lda tilkynninga til barnaverndar\u00fej\u00f3nusta \u00e1 \u00e1runum 2020 \u2013 2022<\/em>. https:\/\/www.bofs.is\/media\/samanburdarskyrslur\/Samanburdur-allt-arid-2020-2021-2022-tilkynningar.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Barna- og fj\u00f6lskyldustofa. (e.d.). Verklag vi\u00f0 k\u00f6nnun m\u00e1la \u00feegar grunur leikur \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu ofbeldi gagnvart barni.<\/em> https:\/\/www.bofs.is\/media\/skjol\/file916.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Barnaverndarl\u00f6g nr. 80\/2002.<\/p>\n

Barnaverndarstofa. (2017). \u00c1rssk\u00fdrsla 2014-2105<\/em>. https:\/\/www.bofs.is\/media\/arsskyrslur\/ARSSKYRSLA-2014-2015-LOKAEINTAK.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: a developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114 (<\/em>3),<\/em> 413-434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.413<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cross, T. P., Finkelhor, D. og Ormrod, R. (2005). Police involvement in child protective service investigations: literature review and secondary data analysis. Child Maltreatment, 10(<\/em>3),<\/em> 224-244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595052745<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Edwards, F. (2019). Family surveillance: police and the reporting of child abuse. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 5 (<\/em>1),<\/em> 50-70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7758\/rsf.2019.5.1.03<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir. (2023). Murder of children through violence, abuse or neglect in a small nordic welfare society. Nordic Welfare Research, 8<\/em>(3), 192-204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18261\/nwr.8.3.3<\/a><\/p>\n

Freyd\u00eds J\u00f3na Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir. (2016). \u00d6gunara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00edslenskra foreldra. Uppeldi og menntun, 25<\/em>(1), 25-40.<\/p>\n

Freyd\u00eds J. Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir. (2012). Skr\u00e1ningar-og flokkunarkerfi fyrir barnaverndarnefndir \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/em>. Barnaverndarstofa.<\/p>\n

Freyd\u00eds J. Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir (2005). Risk factors for repeated child maltreatment \u2013 An ecological approach<\/em>.\u00a0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00fatg\u00e1fan.<\/p>\n

Freyd\u00eds J. Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir. (2004) Endurtekinn misbrestur \u00ed uppeldi barna: Helstu \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e6ttir.\u00a0 \u00cd Fri\u00f0rik H. J\u00f3nsson (ritstj.).\u00a0 Ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindum V<\/em> (bls. 315-324). Reykjav\u00edk: H\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00fatg\u00e1fan.<\/p>\n

Freyd\u00eds J. Freysteinsd\u00f3ttir. (2000).\u00a0 \u00d3fulln\u00e6gjandi um\u00f6nnun og uppeldisskilyr\u00f0i barna: Ofbeldi og vanr\u00e6ksla.\u00a0 Uppeldi, 13 <\/em>(4), 50-53.<\/p>\n

Geir Gunnlaugsson og J\u00f3n\u00edna Einarsd\u00f3ttir. (2013). Reynsla fullor\u00f0inna \u00cdslendinga af l\u00edkamlegum refsingum og ofbeldi \u00ed \u00e6sku. L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0 99 (5),<\/em> 235\u2013239. https:\/\/ doi:10.17992\/lbl.2013.05.496<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hagstofa \u00cdslands. (e.d.). Mannfj\u00f6ldi eftir bakgrunni, kyni og aldri 1996-2023. https:\/\/px.hagstofa.is\/pxis\/pxweb\/is\/Ibuar\/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Uppruni\/MAN43000.px\/?rxid=86db0193-6d23-4153-89f4-4d090382884f<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hernandez-Mekonnen, R. og Konrady, D. (2018). Exploring the needs of children and families who are immigrants and involved in child welfare: Using a title IV-E learning community model. Child Welfare 96 (<\/em>6),<\/em> 47\u201367. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2264890896\/fulltextPDF\/C8EB25842DE54EB8PQ\/1?accountid=27513&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals.<\/p>\n

Krippendorf, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology <\/em>(4. \u00fatg\u00e1fa). Sage.<\/p>\n

LeBrun, A., Hassan, G., Boivin, M., Fraser, S-L, Dufour, S. og Lavergne, C. (2015). Review of child maltreatment in immigrant and refugee families. Canadian Journal of Public Health 106,<\/em> 45\u201356. https:\/\/doi:\u00a010.17269\/CJPH.106.4838<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lepp\u00e4koski, T., Vuorenmaa, M. og Paavilainen, E. (2021). Psychological and physical abuse towards four-year-old children as reported by their parents: A national Finnish survey. Child Abuse & Neglect 118. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105127<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lindell, C. og Svedin, C. G. (2001). Physical child abuse in Sweden: A study of police reports between 1986 and 1996. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 36 (<\/em>3),<\/em> 150\u2013157. https:\/\/doi:10.1007\/s001270050304<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L\u00f6g um samning sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna um r\u00e9ttindi barnsins nr. 19\/2013.<\/p>\n

Miller-Perrin, C. L., Perrin, R. D. og Renzetti, C. M. (2021). Violence and maltreatment in intimate relationships<\/em> (2. \u00fatg\u00e1fa). Sage.<\/p>\n

Otterman, G., Lainpelto, K. og Lindblad, F. (2013). Factors influencing the prosecution of child physical abuse cases in a Swedish metropolitan area. Acta Paediatrica 102 (<\/em>12),<\/em> 1199\u20131203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.12399<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pinheiro, P. S. (2006). World report on violence against children<\/em>. Geneva: United nation. https:\/\/violenceagainstchildren.un.org\/sites\/violenceagainstchildren.un.org\/files\/document_files\/world_report_on_violence_against_children.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Regluger\u00f0 um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir barnaverndarnefnd nr. 56\/2004.<\/p>\n

Reglur Pers\u00f3nuverndar um leyfisskylda vinnslu pers\u00f3nuuppl\u00fdsinga nr. 811\/2019.<\/p>\n

Rubin, A. og Babbie, E. (2014). Research methods for social work: International edition <\/em>\u00a0(8. \u00fatg\u00e1fa). Brooks\/Cole, Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n

Sigr\u00fan J\u00fal\u00edusd\u00f3ttir (ritstj.), Fri\u00f0rik H. J\u00f3nsson, Nanna K. Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir og Sigur\u00f0ur J. Gr\u00e9tarsson. (1994). Barnafj\u00f6lskyldur: Samf\u00e9lag, l\u00edfsgildi, m\u00f3tun: Ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 h\u00f6gum foreldra og barna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/em> Landsnefnd um \u00c1r fj\u00f6lskyldunnar 1994 og F\u00e9lagsm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Steinunn Bergmann. (2010.) B\u00f6rnum straffa\u00f0 me\u00f0 hendi og vendi: Barnaverndartilkynningar er var\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum. \u00c1rssk\u00fdrsla Barnaverndarstofu 2008\u20132011.<\/em> Barnaverndarstofa.<\/p>\n

Tonmyr, L. og Gonzalez, A. (2015). Correlates of joint child protection and police child sexual abuse investigation: Results from the Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2008. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 35(<\/em>8\/9).<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24095\/hpcdp.35.8\/9.03<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Velfer\u00f0arsvi\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edkurborgar. (e.d.). \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0ur tilkynninga \u00e1 grundvelli barnaverndarlaga (sbr. 16., 17., og 18. gr.). Fj\u00f6ldi tilkynninga skipting eftir kyni<\/em>. https:\/\/velstat.reykjavik.is\/PxWeb\/pxweb\/is\/VELSTAT\/VELSTAT__100.%20Manadarleg%20tolfraedi__07.%20Barnavernd%20Reykjavikur\/VST07002.px\/.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3ra \u00c1rnad\u00f3ttir. (2013). Barnaverndartilkynningar sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum og ofbeldi sem b\u00f6rn ver\u00f0a vitni a\u00f0. <\/em>Skemman. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1946\/16929<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mar <\/strong><\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 9. okt\u00f3ber 2009 (S-824\/2009)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 16. j\u00fal\u00ed 2010 (S-358\/2010)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 13. okt\u00f3ber 2015 (S-504\/2015)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 27. september 2016 (S-373\/2016)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 8. febr\u00faar 2017 (S-739\/2016)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur dagsetning ekki \u00feekkt<\/em> (S-3\/2017)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 31. okt\u00f3ber 2017 (S-291\/2017)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 21. september 2017 (S-450\/2017)<\/p>\n

Hd. Reykjav\u00edkur 11. apr\u00edl 2019 (S-65\/2019)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Landsr\u00e9ttard\u00f3mar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Landsr\u00e9ttur 1. okt\u00f3ber \u00a0<\/strong>(511\/2020)<\/p>\n

Landsr\u00e9ttur 4. j\u00fan\u00ed 2021 126\/2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi gagnvart b\u00f6rnum er \u00f3heimilt samkv\u00e6mt barnaverndarl\u00f6gum og almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum og getur veri\u00f0 refsivert. Markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feessari ranns\u00f3kn var a\u00f0 kanna afdrif sl\u00edkra m\u00e1la hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu, en ranns\u00f3kn af \u00fev\u00ed tagi hefur ekki \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi og var \u00fev\u00ed mikilv\u00e6g. \u00cd regluger\u00f0 um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir barnaverndarnefnd er teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 ef grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 alvarlegt refsivert brot hafi veri\u00f0 frami\u00f0 gagnvart barni, skuli barnaverndaryfirv\u00f6ld a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i \u00f3ska ranns\u00f3knar l\u00f6greglu. Greind voru 113 m\u00e1l barna sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 var til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu af h\u00e1lfu Barnaverndar Reykjav\u00edkur vegna gruns um l\u00edkamlegt ofbeldi af h\u00e1lfu foreldra og\/e\u00f0a stj\u00fapforeldra fr\u00e1 2008 til 2023. E\u00f0li m\u00e1lanna var kanna\u00f0 og afdrif \u00feeirra hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og Barnavernd Reykjav\u00edkur. Ranns\u00f3kn \u00feessi bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 innihaldsgreiningu gagna. Helstu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00fdna a\u00f0 67% barnanna sem ranns\u00f3knin t\u00f3k til voru af erlendum uppruna. Algengustu birtingarmyndir ofbeldisins voru a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 lamin, slegin e\u00f0a k\u00fdld. Gefin var \u00fat \u00e1k\u00e6ra \u00ed 19% \u00feeirra m\u00e1la sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til ranns\u00f3knar hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu og hlutu um 12% meintra gerenda d\u00f3m. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar eru me\u00f0al annars greindar \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00f3l\u00edku menningarlegu vi\u00f0horfi til l\u00edkamlegra refsinga og ofbeldis og vangaveltum um st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra barna sem \u00e1fram bjuggu hj\u00e1 foreldri s\u00ednu sem gruna\u00f0 var um alvarlegt ofbeldi gagnvart \u00feeim \u00feegar m\u00e1li barnsins var loka\u00f0 hj\u00e1 barnavernd. Einnig er fjalla\u00f0 um hugsanlegar aflei\u00f0ingar \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1l barnanna, sem grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 beitt alvarlegu ofbeldi, hlj\u00f3ti ekki m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum. <\/span><\/p>\n

Physical abuse against children is illegal according to child protection laws and general criminal laws in Iceland, and can be penalized. The purpose of this study was to explore the consequences of such cases at the police. Such a study has not been conducted previously in Ieland and thus, was important. In a regulation about procedure for child prtoection, it is noted that if it is suspected that a serious criminal defence has been committed against a child, child protection services should generally request a police investigation. The researchers analysed 113 cases of children who had been referred to the police for investigation by child protection services in Reykjavik due to suspicion of physical abuse by their parents and\/or stepparents from 2008 to 2023. The nature of the abuse was studied and final status of the cases at police and child protection services. The results of the study showed that 67% of the children were of foreign origin. The most common manifestations of abuse was that children had been hit, beaten or punched. Charges were issued regarding 19% of the children, and about 12% of the suspected perpetrators were sentenced. The analysis of the results include different cultural views on what constitutes physical punishment and physical abuse, as well as specualtions about the position of children that continue to live with their parents following case closure, that had been suspected to have seriously abused them. The possible consequences of the children\u2018s cases, suscpected to have been exposed to serious violence, not being processed in court is also discussed. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":705,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2589],"tags":[2435,2652,2656,547,2654,2658,2651,2653,2655,2657],"coauthors":[2649],"class_list":["post-33870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-new-article-double-blind-peer-review","tag-barnavernd","tag-born","tag-child-protection","tag-children","tag-erlendur-uppruni","tag-foreign-origin","tag-likamlegt-ofbeldi","tag-logreglurannsoknir","tag-physical-abuse","tag-police-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/705"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33870"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33870\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33933,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33870\/revisions\/33933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33870"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=33870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}