{"id":31402,"date":"2024-03-12T08:17:55","date_gmt":"2024-03-12T08:17:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=31402"},"modified":"2024-03-12T08:17:55","modified_gmt":"2024-03-12T08:17:55","slug":"oryggishlutverk-logreglu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-19-no-1-2024\/new-article-double-blind-peer-review-volume-19-no-1-2024\/oryggishlutverk-logreglu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n

1. Hlutverk l\u00f6greglu<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00f6gg\u00e6sla og \u00f6ryggism\u00e1l, \u00ed v\u00ed\u00f0asta skilningi, teljast til mikilv\u00e6gra innvi\u00f0a samf\u00e9lagsins og er me\u00f0al annars \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja allsherjarreglu og almanna\u00f6ryggi, \u00f6ryggi einstaklinga og samf\u00e9lagsh\u00f3pa, r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi og samf\u00e9lagslegan st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika gagnvart \u00f3gnum af mannav\u00f6ldum vegna n\u00e1tt\u00faruhamfara e\u00f0a hnattr\u00e6nna \u00e1h\u00e6ttu\u00fe\u00e1tta.[1]<\/a> L\u00f6greglan er ein \u00feeirra stofnana sem teljast til \u00feess stofnanakerfis innvi\u00f0a sem annast l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu og \u00f6ryggism\u00e1l. A\u00f0rar stofnanir sem lykilhlutverki gegna \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi eru Landhelgisg\u00e6sla \u00cdslands sem sinnir \u00f6ryggisg\u00e6slu \u00e1 hafinu og fer me\u00f0 l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu \u00e1 hafinu, sbr. 1. gr. laga um Landhelgisg\u00e6slu \u00cdslands nr. 52\/2006, og emb\u00e6tti r\u00edkisskattstj\u00f3ra vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md tollg\u00e6slustarfa \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i tollagalaga nr. 88\/2005 er einkum fara fram \u00e1 landam\u00e6rum. \u00de\u00e1 kunna stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld einnig a\u00f0 gegna mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja innvi\u00f0i samf\u00e9lagsins, t.d. almannavarnir sem b\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00edki og sveitarf\u00e9l\u00f6g hafa umsj\u00f3n me\u00f0, sbr. 2. gr. laga um almannavarnir nr. 82\/2008. A\u00f0 auki er ney\u00f0ar- og vi\u00f0brag\u00f0s\u00fej\u00f3nusta nokku\u00f0 samofin l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu og \u00f6ryggism\u00e1lum, en s\u00fa \u00fej\u00f3nusta mi\u00f0ar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 almenningur ver\u00f0i fyrir tj\u00f3ni, svo sem af v\u00f6ldum n\u00e1tt\u00faruhamfara, mannav\u00f6ldum, fars\u00f3tta og herna\u00f0ara\u00f0ger\u00f0a e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

L\u00f6greglan er stj\u00f3rnvald sem starfar \u00e1 grundvelli l\u00f6greglulaga nr. 90\/1996 (l\u00f6grl.), auk \u00feess sem um st\u00f6rf og athafnir l\u00f6greglu er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00f6gum, t.d. l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008 (sml.). St\u00f6rf l\u00f6greglu og athafnir teljast til stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu og eru \u00fev\u00ed hluti af framkv\u00e6mdarvaldinu \u00ed skilningi \u00feeirrar \u00fer\u00edgreiningar r\u00edkisvaldsins sem m\u00e6lt er fyrir um \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins \u00cdslands nr. 33\/1944 (stjskr.). Starfsemi l\u00f6greglu afmarkast vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk sem l\u00f6gregla hefur og \u00feau verkefni sem henni er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 sinna \u00e1 grundvelli laga.<\/p>\n

L\u00edkt og annarra stj\u00f3rnvalda er \u00fea\u00f0 veigamikill \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed st\u00f6rfum l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 taka stj\u00f3rnvalds\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir, sbr. 2. mgr. 1. gr. stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslulaga nr. 37\/1993 (ssl.). \u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li felst \u00ed stj\u00f3rnvalds\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld kve\u00f0a einhli\u00f0a \u00e1 um r\u00e9ttindi og skyldur borgaranna.[2]<\/a> \u00cd st\u00f6rfum l\u00f6greglu getur t.d. reynt \u00e1 \u00feetta vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um r\u00e1\u00f0ningu \u00ed starf \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nustu r\u00edkisins og upps\u00f6gn, sem og \u00fdmsar leyfisveitingar, t.d. um skotvopnaleyfi samkv\u00e6mt vopnal\u00f6gum nr. 16\/1998 og endurveitingu \u00f6kur\u00e9ttinda samkv\u00e6mt umfer\u00f0arl\u00f6gum nr. 77\/2019. Vi\u00f0 sl\u00edka \u00e1kvar\u00f0anat\u00f6ku gilda strangar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0arreglur samkv\u00e6mt ssl. og eftir atvikum s\u00e9rl\u00f6gum, svo sem andm\u00e6lar\u00e9ttur, r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur, m\u00e1lskotsr\u00e9ttur og lei\u00f0beiningarskylda, auk \u00f3l\u00f6gfestra meginreglna. Ekki eru \u00fe\u00f3 allar \u00a0\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir stj\u00f3rnvalda stj\u00f3rnvalds\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir og hafa t.d. athafnir eins og \u00fdmis \u00fej\u00f3nusta, r\u00e1\u00f0gj\u00f6f, lei\u00f0beiningar, tilm\u00e6li, \u00e1lit og umsagnir ekki talist til \u00feeirra.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

St\u00f6rf l\u00f6greglu hafa nokkra s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u innan stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu sem endurspeglast me\u00f0al annars \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fdmis \u00e1kvar\u00f0anataka \u00e1 s\u00e9r ekki langan a\u00f0draganda og ekki gefst langur t\u00edmi til undirb\u00fanings til t\u00f6ku \u00e1kvar\u00f0ana. Me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um geta \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir l\u00f6greglu veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast \u00feurfi vi\u00f0 \u00e1n tafar \u00fear sem \u00e1kvar\u00f0anataka er \u201eh\u00e9r og n\u00fa\u201c.[4]<\/a> D\u00e6mi um \u00feetta eru \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir sem teknar eru \u00e1 vettvangi afbrots, slyss e\u00f0a \u00fear sem a\u00f0rar \u00f3farir hafa \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00fear sem afst\u00fdra \u00fearf h\u00e6ttu. Sl\u00edkar \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir eru, e\u00f0li m\u00e1ls samkv\u00e6mt, ekki stj\u00f3rnvalds\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir l\u00f6greglu s\u00e9u oft og t\u00ed\u00f0um einhvers konar vi\u00f0brag\u00f0s\u00e1kvar\u00f0anir og teljist ekki til stj\u00f3rnvalds\u00e1kvar\u00f0ana er l\u00f6greglan \u00ed st\u00f6rfum s\u00ednum bundin af l\u00f6gm\u00e6tisreglunni, auk annarra meginreglna, svo sem me\u00f0alh\u00f3fsreglunni, jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isreglunni og hlutl\u00e6gnisreglunni. \u00cd l\u00f6gm\u00e6tisreglunni felst, \u00ed v\u00ed\u00f0asta skilningi, a\u00f0 allar athafnir stj\u00f3rnvalda ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 vera bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 l\u00f6gum. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed felst a\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir stj\u00f3rnvalda mega ekki vera \u00ed andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 l\u00f6g og \u00fe\u00e6r \u00feurfa a\u00f0 eiga s\u00e9r sto\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gum, en um r\u00e6\u00f0ir svonefnda formreglu l\u00f6gm\u00e6tisreglunnar annars vegar og heimildarreglu hins vegar. Aukinheldur eru ger\u00f0ar \u00e1kve\u00f0nar sk\u00fdrleikakr\u00f6fur til l\u00f6gm\u00e6tisreglunnar, a\u00f0 \u00feeim mun \u00ed\u00feyngjandi sem \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un e\u00f0a ath\u00f6fn stj\u00f3rnvalds er, \u00fev\u00ed meiri \u00e1skilna\u00f0ur er um a\u00f0 lagaheimild s\u00e9 sk\u00fdr.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hlutverk l\u00f6greglu er l\u00f6gbundi\u00f0 en verkefni hennar afmarkast a\u00f0 nokkru vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0. \u00cd stafali\u00f0um a-g 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. er m\u00e6lt fyrir um hlutverk l\u00f6greglu. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur ekki teki\u00f0 efnislegum breytingum fr\u00e1 gildist\u00f6ku laganna 1. j\u00fal\u00ed 1997, en \u00fea\u00f0 er nokku\u00f0 \u00edtarlegra en \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem gilti \u00ed t\u00ed\u00f0 eldri laga um l\u00f6gregluna, sbr. 1. gr. laga um l\u00f6greglumenn nr. 56\/1972. Fram a\u00f0 gildist\u00f6ku l\u00f6grl. haf\u00f0i ranns\u00f3knarl\u00f6gregla r\u00edkisins enn fremur s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku hlutverki a\u00f0 gegna um ranns\u00f3knir brotam\u00e1la \u00e1 grundvelli laga nr. 108\/1976. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. svipar mj\u00f6g til laga annars sta\u00f0ar \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum en vi\u00f0 samningu frumvarps \u00feess sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6grl. var l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f annars sta\u00f0ar \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum h\u00f6f\u00f0 til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar, einkum norsk og finnsk l\u00f6greglul\u00f6g.[6]<\/a> \u00dea\u00f0 sem helst skilur \u00e1 milli er a\u00f0 hlutverk l\u00f6greglu h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi er byggt upp me\u00f0 annars konar h\u00e6tti en l\u00f6greglu annars sta\u00f0ar \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum. Stafar \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0al annars af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi eru f\u00e6rri l\u00f6gg\u00e6slustofnanir en annars sta\u00f0ar \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum, auk \u00feess sem \u00f6ryggism\u00e1lum er skipa\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi en \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum norr\u00e6num r\u00edkjum. A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti er samanbur\u00f0ur annars vegar \u00e1 laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um milli hinna \u00edslensku l\u00f6grl. og gildandi laga annarra norr\u00e6nna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a um sama efni og hins vegar \u00e1 skipulagi og uppbyggingu \u00edslenskra l\u00f6gg\u00e6slustofnana og hinna norr\u00e6nu l\u00e1tinn liggja milli hluta.<\/p>\n

Hlutverk l\u00f6greglu er einnig, a\u00f0 nokkru, \u00fatf\u00e6rt \u00ed L\u00f6gg\u00e6slu\u00e1\u00e6tlun fyrir \u00e1rin 2019 til 2023 \u00fear sem me\u00f0al annars er v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed hlutverk l\u00f6greglu vi\u00f0 afm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3nustu- og \u00f6ryggisstigi l\u00f6greglu.[7]<\/a> A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti hafa \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in tv\u00edm\u00e6lalaust \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu vi\u00f0 forgangsr\u00f6\u00f0un verkefna og stefnum\u00f3tun hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu.<\/p>\n

Starfsemi l\u00f6greglu er \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmikil \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu, tryggja allsherjarreglu, almannafri\u00f0 og \u00f6ryggi f\u00f3lks, vernda mikilv\u00e6ga hagsmuni, stemma stigu vi\u00f0 afbrotum, vinna a\u00f0 upplj\u00f3stran afbrota, a\u00f0sto\u00f0a og hj\u00e1lpa f\u00f3lki og tryggja velfer\u00f0 \u00feess. Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 telja a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi verulega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu a\u00f0 hlutverk l\u00f6greglu s\u00e9 vel skilgreint og byggi \u00e1 sk\u00fdrum lagagrundvelli.<\/p>\n

Ver\u00f0ur h\u00e9r fjalla\u00f0 n\u00e1nar um hi\u00f0 svonefnda \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt a-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. Reynt ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 hi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lbreytta \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu eftir einst\u00f6kum hlutverka\u00fe\u00e1ttum, hvernig \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 getur reynt og hvernig \u00edslenskir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa t\u00falka\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6grl. um hlutverk l\u00f6greglu. N\u00e1lgun tekur mi\u00f0 af l\u00f6greglur\u00e9tti og af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum tekur umfj\u00f6llun ekki mi\u00f0 af hinum svonefndu \u201el\u00f6gg\u00e6slum\u00f3delum\u201c[8]<\/a> enda er umfj\u00f6llun \u00feeirra fremur bundin vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu- og l\u00f6greglufr\u00e6\u00f0i en l\u00f6greglur\u00e9tt. Greinin er \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed ranns\u00f3kn h\u00f6fundar \u00e1 hlutverki l\u00f6greglu og \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00fe\u00e1ttum l\u00f6greglur\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

\n

2. \u00d6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd a-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. er m\u00e6lt fyrir um \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu. \u00d6ryggishlutverki\u00f0 er v\u00ed\u00f0fe\u00f0mt og l\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta almanna\u00f6ryggis, halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu, tryggja \u00f6ryggi r\u00edkisins, tryggja r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi borgaranna og vernda eignarr\u00e9tt, opinbera hagsmuni og hvers konar l\u00f6gm\u00e6ta starfsemi. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 er efnislega \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 1. gr. eldri l\u00f6greglulaga.[9]<\/a> Teki\u00f0 skal fram a\u00f0 \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi afmarkast vi\u00f0 \u00f6ryggism\u00e1l sem eru borgaralegs e\u00f0lis en \u00fea\u00f0 helgast af \u00fev\u00ed h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi er ekki her og engar stofnanir h\u00e9rlendis eru herna\u00f0arlegs e\u00f0lis. Um \u00f6ryggis- og varnarm\u00e1l \u00cdslands er m\u00e6lt fyrir \u00ed varnarm\u00e1lal\u00f6gum nr. 34\/2008.<\/p>\n

Telja ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 sk\u00fdringu t\u00e6kasta a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 borgaralega \u00f6ryggishlutverk taki fremur til hagsmuna allra, heildar og\/e\u00f0a \u00f3tilgreinds fj\u00f6lda f\u00f3lks \u00ed sta\u00f0 einstaklingsbundinna og s\u00e9rgreindra afmarka\u00f0ra hagsmuna. Sl\u00edkt er \u00fe\u00f3 alls ekki \u00fatiloka\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6ryggishlutverkinu s\u00e9 \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 vernda \u00e1kve\u00f0na og einstaklingsbundna hagsmuni, t.d. vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi borgaranna og vernda eignarr\u00e9tt. \u00de\u00e1 kunna \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i a-li\u00f0ar a\u00f0 vera \u00f6\u00f0rum stafali\u00f0um 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. til fyllingar \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 vernd einstaklingsbundinna hagsmuna eins og velfer\u00f0 f\u00f3lks, t.d. \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu \u00fej\u00f3nustu- og hj\u00e1lparhlutverks l\u00f6greglu sem m\u00e6lt er fyrir um \u00ed d-li\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi er ekki s\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00f6ryggisstofnun innan l\u00f6gg\u00e6slunnar eins og t.d. hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndum og \u00fearf a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af \u00fev\u00ed, einkum \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 hlutverki l\u00f6greglu vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6ryggi \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rnar, koma \u00ed veg fyrir hry\u00f0juverk og eiga al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg samskipti vi\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakar \u00f6ryggisstofnanir.<\/p>\n

R\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri hefur s\u00e9rstakt hlutverk \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 borgaralegum \u00f6ryggism\u00e1lum. \u00de\u00e1 hefur emb\u00e6tti\u00f0 einnig a\u00f0komu a\u00f0 afm\u00f6rku\u00f0um \u00f6ryggism\u00e1lum vegna \u00f6ryggisvottana \u00e1 grundvelli varnarm\u00e1lalaga, en utan efnis greinar \u00feessarar er a\u00f0 fjalla frekar um \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt 6. gr. regluger\u00f0ar um um starfsemi, hlutverk og \u00e1byrg\u00f0 emb\u00e6ttis r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra nr. 325\/2021 er r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri r\u00e1\u00f0herra til r\u00e1\u00f0gjafar um afbrotavarnir, l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu- og \u00f6ryggism\u00e1lefni. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 20. gr. regluger\u00f0arinnar annast emb\u00e6tti\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamvinnu og samstarf \u00e1 svi\u00f0i l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu- og \u00f6ryggism\u00e1la, svo sem innan Nor\u00f0urlandanna, evr\u00f3psku l\u00f6greglunnar Europol og samtaka al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0al\u00f6greglunnar Interpol. R\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri er tengili\u00f0ur l\u00f6greglu \u00ed l\u00f6greglu- og \u00f6ryggis\u00fej\u00f3nustusamstarfi vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur r\u00edki. \u00de\u00e1 kemur fram \u00ed 24. gr. s\u00f6mu regluger\u00f0ar a\u00f0 s\u00e9rsveit r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra hafi me\u00f0al annars s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku hlutverki a\u00f0 gegna \u00feegar um r\u00e6\u00f0ir vopnu\u00f0 atvik vegna l\u00f6greglustarfa og \u00f6ryggism\u00e1la \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 g-li\u00f0 1. mgr. 5. gr. l\u00f6grl. og regluger\u00f0ar um s\u00e9rsveit r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra.<\/p>\n

R\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri hefur jafnframt \u00fea\u00f0 verkefni me\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum samkv\u00e6mt b-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 5. gr. l\u00f6grl. a\u00f0 starfr\u00e6kja l\u00f6gregluranns\u00f3knardeild og greiningardeild sem rannsakar landr\u00e1\u00f0 og brot gegn stj\u00f3rnskipan r\u00edkisins og \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum \u00feess og leggur mat \u00e1 h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 hry\u00f0juverkum og skipulag\u00f0ri gl\u00e6pastarfsemi. Hlutverk greiningardeildar er svo n\u00e1nar \u00fatf\u00e6rt \u00ed regluger\u00f0 um greiningardeild r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra nr. 404\/2007. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 3. gr. \u00feeirrar regluger\u00f0ar fer r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri me\u00f0 stj\u00f3rn og samr\u00e6mir st\u00f6rf l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 svi\u00f0i \u00f6ryggism\u00e1la, me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0 fyrirbyggja h\u00e1ttsemi sem kann a\u00f0 var\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i X. og XI. kafla almennra hegningarlaga nr. 19\/1940 (hgl.) og fyrirbyggja hry\u00f0juverk og skipulag\u00f0a gl\u00e6pastarfsemi. \u00cd 1. mgr. 4. gr. s\u00f6mu regluger\u00f0ar segir a\u00f0 hlutverk greiningardeildar r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra s\u00e9 a\u00f0 annast verkefni \u00e1 svi\u00f0i \u00f6ryggism\u00e1la, sem me\u00f0al annars felast \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum m\u00e1la, a\u00f0ger\u00f0armi\u00f0u\u00f0u greiningar- og \u00e1h\u00e6ttumati og stefnumi\u00f0u\u00f0um greiningum.<\/p>\n

\u00cd st\u00f6rfum greiningardeildar r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra fer me\u00f0al annars fram vinnsla uppl\u00fdsinga til \u00feess a\u00f0 draga \u00far l\u00edkum \u00e1 afbrotum, a\u00f0 breg\u00f0st vi\u00f0 \u00f3gnum e\u00f0a greina \u00e1h\u00e6ttu. Nefna m\u00e1 sl\u00edkar uppl\u00fdsingar greiningaruppl\u00fdsingar (e. intelligence). A\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti er starfsemi greiningardeildar r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra keiml\u00edk starfsemi \u00f6ryggisstofnana annarra r\u00edkja. Er \u00fea\u00f0 jafnframt \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 6. gr. regluger\u00f0ar nr. 404\/2007 \u00fear sem segir a\u00f0 greiningardeild r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra fari me\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt samstarf vi\u00f0 \u00f6ryggisstofnanir annarra landa. \u00cd sama \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i segir a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingum sem eru veittar af erlendum \u00f6ryggisstofnunum skuli ekki mi\u00f0la til annarra nema me\u00f0 leyfi vi\u00f0komandi \u00f6ryggisstofnunar. Greiningaruppl\u00fdsingar eru a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i bundnar tr\u00fana\u00f0i \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi s\u00e9 ekki byggt \u00e1 s\u00e9rstakri tr\u00fana\u00f0armerkingu skjala innan stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu. \u00de\u00e1 eru takmarkanir \u00e1 afhendingarskyldu sl\u00edkra uppl\u00fdsinga samv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum um vinnslu pers\u00f3nuuppl\u00fdsinga \u00ed l\u00f6gg\u00e6slutilgangi nr. 75\/2019 og uppl\u00fdsingal\u00f6gum nr. 140\/2012. \u00dea\u00f0 athugast enn fremur a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 vinnslu greiningaruppl\u00fdsinga gilda ekki \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sml. heldur einkum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6grl. og laga nr. 75\/2019. Greiningaruppl\u00fdsingar geta aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti or\u00f0i\u00f0 grundv\u00f6llur ranns\u00f3knar sakam\u00e1ls \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeim s\u00e9 byggt. \u00c1 gildi greiningaruppl\u00fdsinga hefur ekki reynt s\u00e9rstaklega fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum, svo vita\u00f0 s\u00e9. Aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti hefur reynt \u00e1 tr\u00fana\u00f0arsamband l\u00f6greglu vi\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingagjafa \u00fear sem tali\u00f0 var a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 samband nyti verndar og \u00fea\u00f0 myndi torvelda mj\u00f6g st\u00f6rf l\u00f6greglu ef sl\u00edkt tr\u00fana\u00f0arsamband yr\u00f0i rofi\u00f0, sbr. Hrd. 19. febr\u00faar 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 131\/2015 (uppl\u00fdsingagjafi)<\/em>. M\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 s\u00f6mu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 eigi vi\u00f0 um tr\u00fana\u00f0 greiningaruppl\u00fdsinga.<\/p>\n

Reynt hefur tvisvar sinnum, svo vita\u00f0 s\u00e9, \u00e1 hlutverk greiningardeildar r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra fyrir \u00edslenskum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum vegna \u00f6ryggishlutverks l\u00f6greglu en \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum tengdist \u00fea\u00f0 h\u00e6ttu af skipulag\u00f0i brotastarfsemi.<\/p>\n

\u00cd Hrd. 17. okt\u00f3ber 2013 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 191\/2012 (v\u00e9lhj\u00f3lasamt\u00f6k)<\/em>, sem var ska\u00f0ab\u00f3tam\u00e1l gegn \u00edslenska r\u00edkinu, var me\u00f0al annars byggt \u00e1 h\u00e6ttumati greiningardeildar r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um a\u00f0 v\u00edsa fr\u00e1 landi norskum r\u00edkisborgara og f\u00e9laga \u00ed v\u00e9lhj\u00f3lasamt\u00f6kunum V\u00edtisenglum. H\u00e6ttumati\u00f0, sem unni\u00f0 var a\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni l\u00f6greglustj\u00f3rans \u00e1 Su\u00f0urnesjum, haf\u00f0i talsvert v\u00e6gi vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 kynni a\u00f0 teljast \u00f3gn vi\u00f0 almanna\u00f6ryggi og allsherjarreglu. D\u00f3mnum ver\u00f0ur ger\u00f0 \u00edtarlegri skil s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed greininni.<\/p>\n

\u00cd s\u00ed\u00f0ara m\u00e1linu, Hrd. 16. j\u00fan\u00ed 2010 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 224\/2010 (mansal)<\/em>, sem var sakam\u00e1l, \u00fear sem fimm einstaklingar voru me\u00f0al annars sakfelldir fyrir hlutdeild \u00ed mansali, var greiningardeild r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra fali\u00f0 a\u00f0 vinna h\u00e6ttumat vegna \u00f6ryggis \u00feriggja kvenna sem allar tengdust m\u00e1linu. Greiningardeildin taldi yfir vafa hafi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6ryggi kvennanna \u00feriggja v\u00e6ri \u00f3gna\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Forsendur \u00feess mats v\u00e6ru a\u00f0 lith\u00e1\u00edskir h\u00f3par h\u00e9ldu uppi skipulag\u00f0ri gl\u00e6pastarfsemi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Gl\u00e6pamenn fr\u00e1 Lith\u00e1en hef\u00f0u \u00edtreka\u00f0 gerst sekir um gr\u00f3f ofbeldisverk h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, b\u00e6\u00f0i gagnvart l\u00f6ndum s\u00ednum, \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00f3pum afbrotamanna, \u00f6\u00f0rum erlendum h\u00f3pum og samf\u00e9laginu almennt, \u00fe.m.t. l\u00f6greglu. Austur-evr\u00f3pskir gl\u00e6pah\u00f3par hef\u00f0u flutt menn hinga\u00f0 til a\u00f0 stunda gl\u00e6pi og ekki v\u00e6ri \u00f3hugsandi a\u00f0 \u00feeir ger\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fram hefndum. Samkv\u00e6mt gagnagrunni l\u00f6greglu tengdust Lith\u00e1arnir \u00ed m\u00e1linu allir gr\u00f3fum ofbeldisverkum og l\u00edkamsmei\u00f0ingum. Oft og t\u00ed\u00f0um v\u00e6ri ofbeldisverkum \u00feeirra ekki fylgt eftir e\u00f0a k\u00e6ra dregin til baka sem g\u00e6fi v\u00edsbendingu um a\u00f0 \u00feolendur v\u00e6ru beittir \u00fer\u00fdstingi e\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00f3tti \u00feeirra v\u00e6ri sl\u00edkur a\u00f0 \u00feeir \u00feor\u00f0u ekki a\u00f0 fylgja m\u00e1linu eftir. Ekki ver\u00f0ur r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 af d\u00f3mnum a\u00f0 umr\u00e6tt h\u00e6ttumat hafi haft s\u00e9rstakt v\u00e6gi vi\u00f0 s\u00f6nnunarmat \u00ed m\u00e1linu.<\/p>\n

Ver\u00f0a n\u00fa einst\u00f6kum hlutverk\u00fe\u00e1ttum \u00f6ryggishlutverks l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt a-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. ger\u00f0 n\u00e1nari skil.<\/p>\n

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2.1 Almanna\u00f6ryggi<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd fyrsta lagi fellur undir l\u00fdsingu \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 almanna\u00f6ryggi. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed felst s\u00fa almenna skylda l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 halda uppi almanna\u00f6ryggi og allsherjarreglu.[10]<\/a> \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur n\u00e1in tengsl vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 1. og 2. mgr. 15. gr. l\u00f6grl. sem m\u00e6lir fyrir um heimildir l\u00f6greglu til \u00feess a\u00f0 hafa afskipti og gr\u00edpa til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a gagnvart borgaranum til a\u00f0 halda uppi almannafri\u00f0i, allsherjarreglu o.fl., sbr. einnig til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar \u00e1lit umbo\u00f0smanns Al\u00feingis \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 2824\/1999 og 2836\/1999 (h\u00e1va\u00f0i)<\/em> sem tekin ver\u00f0a til umfj\u00f6llunar s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00e1 hefur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e1in tengsl vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 rannsaka \u00e6tla\u00f0a refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi sem m.a. er m\u00e6lt fyrir c-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl., sem og \u00feeim skyldum sem hv\u00edla \u00e1 l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 grundvelli sml. og eftir atvikum s\u00e9rlaga \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu refsiv\u00f6rslunnar, sbr. t.d. til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar Lrd. 29. n\u00f3vember 2019 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 220\/2019 (\u00f6kur\u00e9ttarsvipting til br\u00e1\u00f0abirg\u00f0a)<\/em>, \u00fear sem sta\u00f0fest var s\u00fa ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms, a\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir l\u00f6greglu sem bygg\u00f0u sml. og \u00fe\u00e1gildandi umfer\u00f0arl\u00f6gum vegna \u00e6tla\u00f0s umfer\u00f0arlagabrots A voru taldar r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegar me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til a-li\u00f0ar 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl.<\/p>\n

Hugtaki\u00f0 almanna\u00f6ryggi er v\u00ed\u00f0fe\u00f0mt en vi\u00f0 sk\u00fdringu \u00feess er n\u00e6rt\u00e6kast a\u00f0 horfa til m\u00e1lefna almannavarna og \u00feess hlutverks sem l\u00f6gregla gegnir \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed svi\u00f0i \u00e1 grundvelli laga nr. 82\/2008, sbr. einnig 8. mgr. 6. gr. l\u00f6grl. hva\u00f0 leit og bj\u00f6rgun var\u00f0ar. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 5. gr. laga nr. 82\/2008 fer r\u00e1\u00f0herra me\u00f0 m\u00e1lefni almanna\u00f6ryggis og er \u00e6\u00f0sti yfirma\u00f0ur almannavarna \u00ed landinu. Samkv\u00e6mt 2. mgr. sama \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is er \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri sem annast m\u00e1lefni almannavarna \u00ed umbo\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0herra. R\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri gegnir lykilhlutverki \u00ed almannav\u00f6rnum vi\u00f0 skipulag \u00feeirra \u00e1 landinu \u00f6llu samkv\u00e6mt III. kafla laga nr. 82\/2008. \u00de\u00e1 gegna l\u00f6greglustj\u00f3rar lykilhlutverki vi\u00f0 skipulag almannavarna \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0a samkv\u00e6mt IV. kafla s\u00f6mu laga. Almannavarnavi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 eru samh\u00e6f\u00f0 vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 aflei\u00f0ingar ney\u00f0ar\u00e1stands sem kann a\u00f0 \u00f3gna l\u00edfi og heilsu almennings, umhverfi og\/e\u00f0a eignum. Samkv\u00e6mt 2. mgr. 1. gr. nr. 82\/2008 eru markmi\u00f0 almannavarna a\u00f0 undirb\u00faa, skipuleggja og framkv\u00e6ma r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir sem mi\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir og takmarka, eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem unnt er, a\u00f0 almenningur ver\u00f0i fyrir l\u00edkams- e\u00f0a heilsutj\u00f3ni, e\u00f0a umhverfi e\u00f0a eignir ver\u00f0i fyrir tj\u00f3ni, af v\u00f6ldum n\u00e1tt\u00faruhamfara e\u00f0a af mannav\u00f6ldum, fars\u00f3tta e\u00f0a herna\u00f0ara\u00f0ger\u00f0a e\u00f0a af \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um og veita l\u00edkn \u00ed nau\u00f0 og a\u00f0sto\u00f0 vegna tj\u00f3ns sem hugsanlega kann a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a e\u00f0a hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Almanna\u00f6ryggi og vernd \u00feess er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu bundi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 almannavarna\u00e1stand. \u00cd d\u00e6maskyni m\u00e6tti nefna h\u00e6ttu\u00e1stand innan \u00fe\u00e9ttb\u00fdlis sem skapast getur vegna notkunar skotvopns \u00fear sem l\u00f6gregla \u00fearf a\u00f0 vopnast. Vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur getur l\u00f6gregla \u00feurft a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til r\u00fdmingu \u00edb\u00faa \u00ed n\u00e6rliggjandi umhverfi \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 tryggja almanna\u00f6ryggi og\/e\u00f0a \u00f6ryggi \u00f3tilgreinds h\u00f3ps f\u00f3lks. Til n\u00e1nari sk\u00fdringar m\u00e1 nefna atvik og a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir l\u00f6greglu \u00ed og vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6leignarh\u00fasi\u00f0 a\u00f0 Hraunb\u00e6 20 \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk sem \u00e1ttu s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 2. desember 2013, \u00fear sem karlma\u00f0ur, S, l\u00e9st \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar a\u00f0ger\u00f0a l\u00f6greglu vegna skots\u00e1ra sem l\u00f6gregla veitti honum. S haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 skoti\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00f6greglumenn sem ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 h\u00f6rfa \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeim t\u00e6kist a\u00f0 afvopna\/yfirbuga og handtaka S til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir frekari h\u00e6ttu. Skaut S me\u00f0al annars skotum \u00ed gegnum glugga \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0ar hans \u00fat \u00e1 bifrei\u00f0arst\u00e6\u00f0i fj\u00f6leignarh\u00fassins \u00ed \u00e1ttina a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu. Vi\u00f0 \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur skapa\u00f0ist almannah\u00e6tta \u00e1 vettvangi, en Hraunb\u00e6r er ein fj\u00f6lmennasta \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0agata landsins.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja almanna\u00f6ryggi vegna starfsemi skipulag\u00f0rar brotastarfsemi, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 \u00e6tla\u00f0ri refsiver\u00f0ri h\u00e1ttsemi. Nefna m\u00e1 Hrd. 17. okt\u00f3ber 2013 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 191\/2012 (v\u00e9lhj\u00f3lasamt\u00f6k) <\/em>til frekari sk\u00fdringar, \u00fear sem reyndi \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i eldri laga um \u00fatlendinga nr. 96\/2002 vegna ska\u00f0ab\u00f3taskyldu \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins vegna a\u00f0ger\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja almanna\u00f6ryggi og allsherjarreglu vi\u00f0 brottv\u00edsun manns sem talinn var hafa tengsl vi\u00f0 skipul\u00f6g\u00f0 brotasamt\u00f6k.<\/p>\n

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Hrd. 17. okt\u00f3ber 2013 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 191\/2012 (v\u00e9lhj\u00f3lasamt\u00f6k) <\/em><\/p>\n

J, norskur r\u00edkisborgari og me\u00f0limur \u00ed v\u00e9lhj\u00f3lasamt\u00f6kunum V\u00edtisenglar, h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0i m\u00e1l gegn \u00cd og kraf\u00f0ist miskab\u00f3ta \u00fear sem honum haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00cdslandi, er hann hug\u00f0ist s\u00e6kja landi\u00f0 heim \u00ed \u00ferj\u00e1 daga. Fr\u00e1v\u00edsunin var reist \u00e1 c. li\u00f0 1. mgr. 41. gr. laga nr. 96\/2002 um \u00fatlendinga, sbr. 1. mgr. 42. gr. s\u00f6mu laga. Undir rekstri m\u00e1lsins fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti var leita\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0gefandi \u00e1lits EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u00e1 n\u00e1nar tilgreindum atri\u00f0um, einkum er v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u t\u00falkun \u00e1 27. gr. tilskipunar 2004\/38\/EBE sem innleidd haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0urgreindum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fatlendingalaga. \u00cd d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar kom fram a\u00f0 h\u00e6ttumat r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra, sem stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld h\u00f6f\u00f0u stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 \u00feegar \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un var tekin um a\u00f0 v\u00edsa J fr\u00e1 landinu, hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 annm\u00f6rkum og a\u00f0 m\u00e1l J hef\u00f0i jafnframt veri\u00f0 n\u00e6gilega uppl\u00fdst \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un var tekin um fr\u00e1v\u00edsun. \u00de\u00e1 var hafna\u00f0 \u00feeirri m\u00e1ls\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u J a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un stj\u00f3rnvalda hef\u00f0i ekki stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 n\u00e6gilega sk\u00fdrar heimildir \u00ed l\u00f6gum. \u00cd m\u00e1linu bygg\u00f0i J a\u00f0allega \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0um c. li\u00f0ar 1. mgr. 41. gr., sbr. 1. mgr. 42. gr. laga nr. 96\/2002 fyrir fr\u00e1v\u00edsun hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gt \u00fear sem fyrirhugu\u00f0 heims\u00f3kn hans til \u00cdslands hef\u00f0i ekki geta\u00f0 talist \u00f3gn vi\u00f0 almanna\u00f6ryggi og allsherjarreglu, l\u00edkt og \u00e1skili\u00f0 er \u00ed fyrrnefndum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi v\u00edsa\u00f0i H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur \u00ed \u00e1lit EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins um a\u00f0 \u00edslenskum stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum v\u00e6ri ekki skylt a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa samt\u00f6k e\u00f0a a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6t \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 synja r\u00edkisborgara annars EES-r\u00edkis um landg\u00f6ngu \u00e1 grundvelli 27. gr. tilskipunarinnar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gefnu a\u00f0 sl\u00edk a\u00f0ger\u00f0 teldist vi\u00f0eigandi \u00ed lj\u00f3si a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na. \u00cdslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld \u00feyrftu hins vegar og hef\u00f0u skilgreint afst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna til samtaka V\u00edtisengla me\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum h\u00e6tti og gripi\u00f0 til stj\u00f3rnvaldsathafna \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 vinna gegn starfsemi \u00feeirra \u00fear sem h\u00fan hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 talin fela \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00f3gn vi\u00f0 allsherjarreglu og almanna\u00f6ryggi. \u00de\u00e1 hef\u00f0u \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld tryggt a\u00f0 fyrir l\u00e6gju n\u00e6gileg g\u00f6gn sem ger\u00f0u yfirv\u00f6ldum kleift a\u00f0 meta hvort J hef\u00f0i vi\u00f0haft e\u00f0a v\u00e6ri l\u00edklegur til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0hafa h\u00e1ttsemi sem teldist \u00f3gna grundvallarhagsmunum \u00edslensks samf\u00e9lags. Vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvers konar h\u00e1ttsemi g\u00e6ti falli\u00f0 undir allsherjarreglu og almanna\u00f6ryggi \u00ed 1. mgr. 42. gr. laga nr. 96\/2002 v\u00e6ri ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 fallast \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 t\u00e6ki eing\u00f6ngu til \u00feess \u00feegar \u00fatlendingur v\u00e6ri h\u00e1\u00f0ur f\u00edkniefnum e\u00f0a haldinn alvarlegum ge\u00f0r\u00e6num truflunum. Sl\u00edkt t\u00falkun v\u00e6ri ekki \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 skilgreiningar Evr\u00f3pur\u00e9ttar \u00e1 hugt\u00f6kunum og upptalning \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins v\u00e6ri einungis \u00ed d\u00e6maskyni. \u00de\u00e1 sag\u00f0i jafnframt \u00ed d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar a\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0gefandi \u00e1liti EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins k\u00e6mi fram a\u00f0 a\u00f0ild einstaklings a\u00f0 v\u00e9lhj\u00f3lasamt\u00f6kum sem hef\u00f0u tengsl vi\u00f0 skipulag\u00f0a gl\u00e6pastarfsemi g\u00e6ti a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum skilyr\u00f0um fulln\u00e6g\u00f0um talist h\u00e1ttsemi sem f\u00e6li \u00ed s\u00e9r raunverulega, yfirvofandi og n\u00e6gilega alvarlega \u00f3gn vi\u00f0 einhverja af grundvallarreglum samf\u00e9lagsins. \u00de\u00e1 hef\u00f0i EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn a\u00f0 auki l\u00e1ti\u00f0 \u00ed lj\u00f3s \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1lit a\u00f0 n\u00e6gilegt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um fr\u00e1v\u00edsun samkv\u00e6mt 27. gr. tilskipunarinnar \u00e1 h\u00e6ttumati einu og s\u00e9r a\u00f0 tilteknum fj\u00f3rum skilyr\u00f0um fulln\u00e6g\u00f0um, sem a\u00f0 mati H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar hef\u00f0i \u00f6llum veri\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gt \u00ed m\u00e1linu. Loks var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i 3. mgr. 87. gr. regluger\u00f0ar nr. 53\/2003 um \u00fatlendinga, a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld g\u00e6tu beitt einhverjum \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um gagnvart \u00edslenskum r\u00edkisborgara vi\u00f0 samb\u00e6rilegar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, v\u00e6ri fulln\u00e6gt \u00ed m\u00e1linu, \u00fear sem \u00edslensks stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld g\u00e6tu gripi\u00f0 til margv\u00edslegra \u00fevingunarr\u00e1\u00f0stafana og annarra raunverulegra skilvirkra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a gagnvart eigin borgurum. A\u00f0 auki hef\u00f0u a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda a\u00f0eins geta\u00f0 beinst a\u00f0 erlendum a\u00f0ilum \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed tilviki sem um r\u00e6ddi. A\u00f0 \u00f6llu \u00feessu virtu var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um fr\u00e1v\u00edsun J fr\u00e1 \u00cdslandi hef\u00f0i \u00e1tt s\u00e9r n\u00e6ga lagasto\u00f0 og a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gt hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00feeim skilyr\u00f0um sem \u00edslensk l\u00f6g og regluger\u00f0ir, virt \u00ed lj\u00f3si al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra skuldbindinga \u00cdslands, settu fyrir l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti sl\u00edkrar \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unar. Var \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed s\u00fdkna\u00f0 af kr\u00f6fu J.<\/p>\n

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Af framangreindu lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 almanna\u00f6ryggi geta veri\u00f0 af fj\u00f6lbreyttum toga og matskennd. \u00de\u00e1 geta \u00feau tengst refsiver\u00f0ri h\u00e1ttsemi, slysum, \u00f3f\u00f6rum og \u00f3gnum af v\u00f6ldum n\u00e1tt\u00faruv\u00e1r og beinst a\u00f0 lifandi f\u00f3lki og fj\u00e1rhagslegum ver\u00f0m\u00e6tum.<\/p>\n

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2.2 L\u00f6gum og reglu haldi\u00f0 uppi<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi fellur undir \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu. H\u00e9r kristallast s\u00e9rsta\u00f0a l\u00f6greglunnar \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu og \u00feess valds sem l\u00f6gregla hefur samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 9. gr. l\u00f6grl. sem handhafa l\u00f6gregluvalds. Me\u00f0 l\u00f6gregluvaldi er n\u00e1nar \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 vald sem l\u00f6greglunni einni er fali\u00f0 til a\u00f0 gefa fyrirskipanir og til a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a gagnvart \u00feegnunum, me\u00f0 valdbeitingu ef nau\u00f0synlegt er. Sl\u00edkt vald hafa a\u00f0eins \u00feeir starfsmenn l\u00f6greglu sem beinl\u00ednis hafa \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu fr\u00e1 degi til dags og \u00feeir sem eru \u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0um \u00e6\u00f0stu yfirmanna.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Li\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed er me\u00f0al annars halda uppi almennu eftirliti og breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 afskiptum af borgaranum \u00feegar tilefni er til og brestur ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 l\u00f6ghl\u00fd\u00f0ni. Hvort \u00ed senn getur h\u00e9r falli\u00f0 undir h\u00e1ttsemi sem er refsiver\u00f0 en einnig \u00f6nnur h\u00e1ttsemi sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r r\u00e9ttarbrot, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 teljast refsiver\u00f0. \u00deegar h\u00e1ttsemi er refsiver\u00f0 fer m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00e6tti sml. \u00deegar l\u00f6gbrot eru ekki refsiver\u00f0 fer a\u00f0 h\u00e6tti l\u00f6grl. e\u00f0a eftir atvikum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um s\u00e9rlaga.<\/p>\n

\u00cd d\u00e6maskyni um \u00feennan greinarmun m\u00e1 nefna brot gegn h\u00e1tternisreglu 2. mgr. 49. gr. umfer\u00f0arlaga nr. 77\/2019, \u00fear sem m\u00e6lt er fyrir um a\u00f0 ef v\u00ednandamagn \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i \u00f6kumanns nemi 0,20\u2030, en s\u00e9 minna en 1,20\u2030, e\u00f0a magn v\u00ednanda \u00ed lofti sem hann andar fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r nemi 0,1 milligrammi \u00ed l\u00edtra lofts, en s\u00e9 minna en 0,60 milligr\u00f6mm, e\u00f0a \u00f6kuma\u00f0ur s\u00e9 undir \u00e1hrifum \u00e1fengis \u00fe\u00f3tt magn v\u00ednanda \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i hans e\u00f0a \u00fat\u00f6ndun s\u00e9 minna teljist hann ekki geta stj\u00f3rna\u00f0 \u00f6kut\u00e6ki \u00f6rugglega. Samkv\u00e6mt or\u00f0anna hlj\u00f3\u00f0an er s\u00fa h\u00e1ttsemi b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 nemi v\u00ednandamagn \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i \u00f6kumanns yfir 0,20\u2030 e\u00f0a 0,1 milligrammi \u00ed l\u00edtra lofts vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnun \u00f6kut\u00e6kis. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 95. gr. umfer\u00f0arlaga var\u00f0ar s\u00fa h\u00e1ttsemi sektum e\u00f0a fangelsi samkv\u00e6mt 49. gr. s\u00f6mu laga ef v\u00ednandamagn \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i \u00f6kumanns er yfir 0,5\u2030 e\u00f0a v\u00ednandamagn \u00ed lofti sem hann andar fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r er meira en 0,25 milligr\u00f6mm \u00ed l\u00edtra lofts. Me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um er s\u00fa h\u00e1ttsemi b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 ef v\u00ednandamagn \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i \u00f6kumanns nemur 0,20-0,49\u2030 e\u00f0a 0,1-0,245 milligrammi \u00ed l\u00edtra lofts en refsiver\u00f0 fari v\u00ednandamagn yfir 0,5\u2030 e\u00f0a 0,25 milligr\u00f6mm \u00ed l\u00edtra lofts. E\u00f0li m\u00e1ls samkv\u00e6mt myndi l\u00f6greglan \u00ed \u00feeim tilvikum \u00e1vallt st\u00f6\u00f0va akstur \u00f6kumanns enda m\u00e1 enginn stj\u00f3rna e\u00f0a reyna a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna v\u00e9lkn\u00fanu \u00f6kut\u00e6ki ef hann er undir \u00e1hrifum \u00e1fengis samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 49. gr. umfer\u00f0arlaga. Vi\u00f0komandi \u00f6kumanni yr\u00f0i aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti ekki refsa\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um greinarmun milli l\u00f6grl. og sml. er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1litaefni sem kom til kasta d\u00f3mast\u00f3la a\u00f0 skera \u00far \u00ed Lrd. 25. mars 2019 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 182\/2019 (upptaka)<\/em>. \u00dear var sta\u00f0festur \u00farskur\u00f0ur h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms \u00fear sem fallist var \u00e1 kr\u00f6fu B um a\u00f0 L skyldi afhenda B mynd- og hlj\u00f3\u00f0uppt\u00f6ku til framlagningar \u00ed einkam\u00e1li. \u00cd \u00farskur\u00f0i h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms, sem sta\u00f0festur var me\u00f0 \u00farskur\u00f0i Landsr\u00e9ttar, segir me\u00f0al annars: \u201eEins og a\u00f0 framan er raki\u00f0 krefst stefnandi a\u00f0gangs a\u00f0 mynd- og hlj\u00f3\u00f0uppt\u00f6ku l\u00f6greglustj\u00f3rans \u00e1 A fr\u00e1 […] 2016, sem var ger\u00f0 til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar vi\u00f0 ritun fyrrgreindrar l\u00f6greglusk\u00fdrslu. L\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri hefur sta\u00f0fest a\u00f0 m\u00e1linu s\u00e9 loki\u00f0 hj\u00e1 emb\u00e6tti hans og hefur ekkert komi\u00f0 fram um a\u00f0 hann muni a\u00f0hafast frekar vegna \u00feess. Af l\u00f6greglusk\u00fdrslunni ver\u00f0ur r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 a\u00f0koma l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 m\u00e1linu \u00ed umr\u00e6tt skipti hafi ekki veri\u00f0 \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 um v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 grundvelli laga nr. 88\/2008 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la. Sk\u00fdrslan ber hins vegar me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 l\u00f6gregla hafi fyrst og fremst komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00e1linu til a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a og tryggja \u00f6ryggi \u00e1 sta\u00f0num, sbr. a- og d-li\u00f0i 2. mgr. 1. gr. og 1. mgr. 15. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga nr. 90\/1996. Af \u00feessu lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 almenn fyrirm\u00e6li r\u00edkissaks\u00f3knara fr\u00e1 25. jan\u00faar 2017 (RS: 9\/2017), um a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 g\u00f6gnum sakam\u00e1la sem er loki\u00f0, eiga ekki n\u00e6gjanlega vi\u00f0 um umr\u00e6dda uppt\u00f6ku. A\u00f0 \u00feessu virtu \u00feykja d\u00f3ms\u00farlausnir fr\u00e1 \u00e6\u00f0ri d\u00f3mstigum um afhendingu gagna \u00far sakam\u00e1li \u00ed stafr\u00e6nu formi s\u00ed\u00f0ur hafa ford\u00e6misgildi fyrir \u00feetta m\u00e1l, sbr. me\u00f0al annars \u00farskur\u00f0 Landsr\u00e9ttar nr. 324\/2018. A\u00f0 framangreindu virtu fer um r\u00e9tt stefnanda til a\u00f0gangs a\u00f0 umr\u00e6ddri uppt\u00f6ku eftir \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um laga nr. 140\/2012, en takmarkanir samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 4. gr. \u00feeirra laga eiga ekki vi\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00fe\u00e6r einskor\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn sakam\u00e1ls e\u00f0a saks\u00f3kn. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 14. gr. laganna er stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum skylt, s\u00e9 \u00feess \u00f3ska\u00f0, a\u00f0 veita a\u00f0ila sj\u00e1lfum a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 skj\u00f6lum og \u00f6\u00f0rum g\u00f6gnum sem var\u00f0a tilteki\u00f0 m\u00e1l ef \u00feau hafa a\u00f0 geyma uppl\u00fdsingar um hann sj\u00e1lfan. Almenn \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00feagnarskyldu takmarka ekki \u00feann r\u00e9tt, sbr. 3. mgr. 4. gr. laga nr. 140\/2012. Umr\u00e6dd upptaka geymir uppl\u00fdsingar sem var\u00f0a atvik \u00ed beinum tengslum vi\u00f0 barn stefnanda, en h\u00fan fer me\u00f0 forsj\u00e1 \u00feess \u00e1samt stefnda. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed virtu fer um r\u00e9tt stefnanda til uppt\u00f6kunnar samkv\u00e6mt framangreindri lagareglu. L\u00f6greglusk\u00fdrsla um umr\u00e6dd atvik, sem ritu\u00f0 var til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar uppt\u00f6kunni, bendir ekki til \u00feess a\u00f0 takmarkanir samkv\u00e6mt 2. og 3. mgr. 14. gr. laganna geti \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 um uppt\u00f6kuna. \u00de\u00e1 er stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum almennt skylt samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 18. gr. laganna, eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur komi\u00f0, a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta \u00ed t\u00e9 afrit af g\u00f6gnum \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed formi sem \u00feau eru var\u00f0veitt \u00e1. \u00deessu til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar ber l\u00f6greglusk\u00fdrslan me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00feeim l\u00f6greglum\u00f6nnum sem komu a\u00f0 umr\u00e6ddu m\u00e1li kunni a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a skylt a\u00f0 bera vitni \u00ed \u00feessu d\u00f3msm\u00e1li, ef \u00feess ver\u00f0ur \u00f3ska\u00f0, um \u00feau atvik sem l\u00f6greglusk\u00fdrslan og upptakan tekur til, sbr. 1. mgr. 51. gr. og 3. mgr. 67. gr. laga nr. 91\/1991. A\u00f0 \u00f6llu framangreindu virtu og me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til 3. mgr. 67. gr. og 2. mgr. 68. gr., sbr. 70. gr., laga nr. 91\/1991, ver\u00f0ur fallist \u00e1 me\u00f0 stefnanda a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ranum \u00e1 A s\u00e9 skylt a\u00f0 afhenda henni mynd-og hlj\u00f3\u00f0uppt\u00f6ku \u00ed m\u00e1li l\u00f6greglu nr. […] \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 leggja hana fram sem s\u00f6nnunargagn \u00ed m\u00e1li \u00feessu.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 hlutverk l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu tekur tv\u00edm\u00e6lalaust til sta\u00f0a sem teljast til almannaf\u00e6ris, sbr. Hrd. 20. febr\u00faar 2003 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 542\/2002 (nektardans)<\/em>, \u00fear sem deilt var um \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktar og hvort h\u00fan bryti \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 atvinnufrelsi.<\/p>\n

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Hrd. 20. febr\u00faar 2003 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 542\/2002 (nektardans) <\/em><\/p>\n

Deilt var um gildi breytingar sem ger\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktar fyrir Reykjav\u00edk nr. 625\/1987 sem me\u00f0al annars banna\u00f0i s\u00fdnendum nektardans a\u00f0 fara um me\u00f0al \u00e1horfenda og girti fyrir hvers konar einkas\u00fdningar. H\u00e9lt V ehf. \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 me\u00f0 framangreindri breytingu v\u00e6ri vegi\u00f0 a\u00f0 atvinnufrelsi hans, sem vari\u00f0 v\u00e6ri af 75. gr. stjskr. Hann r\u00e6ki l\u00f6glega starfsemi, sbr. i-li\u00f0 9. gr. laga nr. 67\/1985 um veitinga- og gistista\u00f0i og l\u00f6g nr. 36\/1988 um l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktir geymdu engar reglur sem heimilu\u00f0u stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum takm\u00f6rkun \u00feess r\u00e9ttar. \u00de\u00f3tt nektardans v\u00e6ri leyf\u00f0ur l\u00f6gum samkv\u00e6mt taldi H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur heimilt a\u00f0 setja \u00feeirri atvinnustarfsemi almennar skor\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu vels\u00e6mis og allsherjarreglu. \u00cd 3. gr. laga nr. 36\/1988 f\u00e6lust \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0ar heimildir til a\u00f0 setja um \u00feetta reglur \u00ed l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykkt og b\u00e6ri l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 hafa eftirlit me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00feeim reglum v\u00e6ri fylgt og a\u00f0 ekki \u00e6tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 refsiver\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi \u00e1 veitingast\u00f6\u00f0um. Einkas\u00fdningar \u00e1 nektardansi f\u00e6ru fram \u00ed loku\u00f0u r\u00fdmi innan veitingasta\u00f0anna og yr\u00f0i sl\u00edku eftirliti \u00fear ekki vi\u00f0 komi\u00f0. Fyrrnefnd breyting \u00e1 l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktinni f\u00e6li ekki \u00ed s\u00e9r bann vi\u00f0 nektardansi en \u00e1skildi a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 nektardansara v\u00e6ri banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 loka a\u00f0 s\u00e9r me\u00f0 vi\u00f0skiptamanni me\u00f0an \u00e1 s\u00fdningu st\u00e6\u00f0i og fara um me\u00f0al \u00e1horfenda. V\u00e6ri \u00feetta almenn regla \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i laga nr. 36\/1988 og ger\u00f0i yfirv\u00f6ldum kleift a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 s\u00fdningum \u00e1 nektardansi og ganga \u00far skugga um, a\u00f0 allsherjarreglu og vels\u00e6mis v\u00e6ri g\u00e6tt og a\u00f0 ekki f\u00e6ri fram refsiver\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi \u00ed n\u00e6turkl\u00fabbum. Leyfi V ehf. til a\u00f0 reka n\u00e6turkl\u00fabb g\u00e6ti \u00feannig ekki fali\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00e9r heimild honum til handa til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta svokalla\u00f0an einkadans fara fram \u00ed loku\u00f0u r\u00fdmi \u00e1 veitingasta\u00f0num e\u00f0a leyfa f\u00f6r s\u00fdnenda me\u00f0al \u00e1horfenda. \u00deessir \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed rekstri V ehf. yr\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed ekki taldir atvinnustarfsemi, sem nyti verndar 75. gr. stjskr. Voru \u00cd og R \u00fev\u00ed s\u00fdkna\u00f0ir af kr\u00f6fum V ehf.<\/p>\n

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H\u00e1va\u00f0i e\u00f0a \u00f3fri\u00f0ur er s\u00e9rstakt \u00e1litaefni \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi, sbr. eftirfarandi \u00e1lit umbo\u00f0smanns Al\u00feingis sem eru lei\u00f0beinandi um hlutverk l\u00f6greglu og \u00feeirra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a sem l\u00f6greglu er heimilt a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu og tryggja almannafri\u00f0 og allsherjarreglu.<\/p>\n

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\u00c1lit umbo\u00f0smanns Al\u00feingis \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 2824\/1999 og 2836\/1999 (h\u00e1va\u00f0i) <\/em><\/p>\n

A, B og C kv\u00f6rtu\u00f0u yfir a\u00f0ger\u00f0arleysi l\u00f6greglunnar \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk \u00ed tilefni af kv\u00f6rtunum og tilkynningum vegna h\u00e1va\u00f0a og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0is fr\u00e1 tilteknu h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed einkaeign og \u00f3leyfilegri starfsemi b\u00edlab\u00f3nst\u00f6\u00f0var \u00ed h\u00fasinu. Af g\u00f6gnum m\u00e1lsins m\u00e1tti r\u00e1\u00f0a a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk haf\u00f0i \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1rum haft fj\u00f6lmargar sl\u00edkar tilkynningar, kvartanir og k\u00e6rur til me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar fr\u00e1 \u00edb\u00faum \u00ed grennd vi\u00f0 umr\u00e6tt h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i. H\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00edb\u00faarnir einnig leita\u00f0 til borgaryfirvalda og umhverfisr\u00e1\u00f0uneytisins vegna m\u00e1lsins. Fram kom vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1lsins a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk hef\u00f0i tali\u00f0 sig a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum hafa takmarka\u00f0ar heimildir til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a \u00ed tilvikum \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feau sem ofangreindar kvartanir A, B og C lutu a\u00f0. Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 beina athugun sinni me\u00f0 almennum h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 valdheimildum l\u00f6greglunnar \u00feegar kvartanir og tilkynningar um h\u00e1va\u00f0a og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed einkaeign berast l\u00f6greglu. Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur t\u00f3k fram a\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu reyndi \u00e1 \u00e1litaefni sem beindist a\u00f0 eignarr\u00e1\u00f0um fasteignareiganda og \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki um v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a einkar\u00e9ttarlegan \u00e1greining sem a\u00f0ilar yr\u00f0u a\u00f0 leysa s\u00edn \u00e1 milli og \u00fe\u00e1 eftir atvikum me\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um sem l\u00f6g bj\u00f3\u00f0a, t.d. me\u00f0 a\u00f0komu d\u00f3mst\u00f3la, e\u00f0a hvort um v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a sl\u00edka r\u00f6skun \u00e1 almannahagsmunum og eftir atvikum s\u00e9rgreindum hagsmunum tiltekinna einstaklinga a\u00f0 l\u00f6g leiddu til \u00feess a\u00f0 yfirv\u00f6ldum b\u00e6ri a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa inn \u00ed, og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum l\u00f6greglu, og gera nau\u00f0synlegar r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir til a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va e\u00f0a stemma stigu vi\u00f0 aflei\u00f0ingum af \u00feeim ath\u00f6fnum sem kvarta\u00f0 v\u00e6ri yfir og\/e\u00f0a rannsaka hvort framin hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 refsiver\u00f0 brot. Rakti umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 72. gr. stjskr. um fri\u00f0helgi eignarr\u00e9ttar og t\u00f3k fram a\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1rum hef\u00f0i \u00ed auknum m\u00e6li komi\u00f0 til reglur sem m\u00e6la fyrir um takmarkanir \u00e1 eignarr\u00e1\u00f0um fasteignareiganda og reglur sem \u00e1skilja a\u00f0 fyrir \u00feurfi a\u00f0 liggja sam\u00feykki opinberra yfirvalda til tiltekinnar hagn\u00fdtingar eignar. Taldi umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 leggja \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1herslu a\u00f0 \u00feau auknu afskipti opinberra a\u00f0ila af hagn\u00fdtingu fasteigna kynnu einnig a\u00f0 hafa a\u00f0 einhverju marki leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 k\u00e6mi n\u00fa a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum \u00ed hlut l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa \u00ed meira m\u00e6li inn \u00ed athafnir fasteignareiganda en \u00e1\u00f0ur var \u00feegar eignarr\u00e1\u00f0 hans og afskipti n\u00e1granna af \u00feeim r\u00e9\u00f0ust a\u00f0allega af einkar\u00e9ttarlegum reglum. Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur rakti \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. um hlutverk l\u00f6greglunnar og 15. gr. um a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir l\u00f6greglu \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu almannafri\u00f0ar og allsherjarreglu og l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringarg\u00f6gn. Lag\u00f0i umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 hlutverk l\u00f6greglu og l\u00f6gbundnar heimildir hennar til afskipta af borgurunum n\u00e6\u00f0i til fleiri \u00fe\u00e1tta og atvika en beinna ranns\u00f3kna m\u00e1la \u00e1 grundvelli laga nr. 19\/1991, um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la. L\u00f6greglan hef\u00f0i einnig almennt eftirlitshlutverk me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 almannafri\u00f0ur og allsherjarregla \u00ed merkingu 15. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga v\u00e6ri trygg\u00f0 og virt \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma. Benti hann \u00e1 a\u00f0 15. gr. fjallar ekki beinl\u00ednis um merkingu og inntak \u00feessara hugtaka en hafa yr\u00f0i \u00ed huga a\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt greininni hef\u00f0u e\u00f0li m\u00e1ls samkv\u00e6mt \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00ed\u00feyngjandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00feann sem fyrir \u00feeim yr\u00f0i. \u00de\u00e1 v\u00e6ru sl\u00edkar \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir oft og t\u00ed\u00f0um teknar undir erfi\u00f0um kringumst\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem fram \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 fara vandasamt mat \u00e1 andst\u00e6\u00f0um og oft \u00e1 t\u00ed\u00f0um \u00f3samr\u00fdmanlegum hagsmunum. \u00de\u00e1 rakti umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i laga nr. 36\/1988, um l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktir og s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktar fyrir Reykjav\u00edk nr. 625\/1987 me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum. Taldi hann a\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gum v\u00e6ri beinl\u00ednis gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0komu og r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6funum l\u00f6greglunnar vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00feegar mikill h\u00e1va\u00f0i og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i hl\u00fdst af starfsemi e\u00f0a ath\u00f6fnum \u00ed h\u00fasi \u00ed grennd vi\u00f0 \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0abygg\u00f0. \u00c1litaefni\u00f0 snerist \u00fev\u00ed ekki um hvort heldur hva\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir l\u00f6greglunni v\u00e6ri heimilt a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til og undir hva\u00f0a kringumst\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri hlutverk l\u00f6greglunnar a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir, ef tilefni yr\u00f0i til, \u00feannig a\u00f0 borgararnir g\u00e6tu me\u00f0 raunh\u00e6fum h\u00e6tti b\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00fear sem ekki v\u00e6ri fyrir a\u00f0 fara \u00f3e\u00f0lilegum h\u00e1va\u00f0a og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 n\u00e1gr\u00f6nnum. Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur benti \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 a\u00f0 saml\u00edf borgaranna innan borgarmarka Reykjav\u00edkur og \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum b\u00e6jarf\u00e9l\u00f6gum f\u00e6li e\u00f0li m\u00e1ls samkv\u00e6mt \u00ed s\u00e9r tilteki\u00f0 \u00e1reiti vegna h\u00e1va\u00f0a og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0is annarra sem menn yr\u00f0u jafnan a\u00f0 s\u00e6tta sig vi\u00f0. Taldi umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur a\u00f0 fj\u00f6ldi tilvika og stig h\u00e1va\u00f0a og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0is sem stafa\u00f0i fr\u00e1 h\u00faseign n\u00e1granna \u00ed og vi\u00f0 \u00edb\u00fa\u00f0abygg\u00f0 og e\u00f0li sl\u00edkra tilvika a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti g\u00e6ti vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur or\u00f0i\u00f0 svo \u00edtreka\u00f0 og umfangsmiki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 yr\u00f0i tali\u00f0 fela \u00ed s\u00e9r r\u00f6skun \u00e1 almannafri\u00f0i og allsherjarreglu \u00ed merkingu 15. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga og \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykkta settra \u00e1 grundvelli laga nr. 36\/1988, sbr. t.d. 4. og 5. gr. l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktar fyrir Reykjav\u00edk. Vi\u00f0 sl\u00edkar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur v\u00e6ri l\u00f6greglunni beinl\u00ednis skylt a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum a\u00f0 gera fulln\u00e6gjandi og vi\u00f0eigandi r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir til \u00feess a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 sl\u00edku \u00e1standi. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0a\u00f0i atvik \u00feau sem l\u00e1gu til grundvallar kv\u00f6rtunum A, B og C t\u00f3k umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur fram a\u00f0 afmarka \u00feyrfti n\u00e1nar hvort og \u00fe\u00e1 hvernig l\u00f6greglan \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk hef\u00f0i fulln\u00e6gt framangreindum l\u00f6gbundnum skyldum s\u00ednum. Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur benti \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 leiddi af lagareglum um hlutverk l\u00f6greglunnar sem hann hef\u00f0i raki\u00f0 a\u00f0 henni b\u00e6ri, vi\u00f0 athugun m\u00e1la vegna t\u00ed\u00f0ra tilkynninga og kvartana um h\u00e1va\u00f0a fr\u00e1 tiltekinni starfsemi sem fram f\u00e6ri \u00ed h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i, skylda til a\u00f0 kanna, me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0 formlegum fyrirspurnum til hluta\u00f0eigandi yfirvalda, hvort fyrir l\u00e6gju tilskilin leyfi til umr\u00e6ddrar starfsemi \u00ed h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0inu. Ef svo v\u00e6ri ekki g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 tilefni til \u00feess a\u00f0 rannsaka s\u00e9rstaklega hvort um v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00e1 l\u00f6gum og regluger\u00f0um \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi svi\u00f0i sem me\u00f0al annars g\u00e6tu leitt til refsi\u00e1byrg\u00f0ar. Taldi umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 um me\u00f0alh\u00f3f vi\u00f0 val l\u00f6greglunnar \u00e1 a\u00f0ger\u00f0um lei\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan beinl\u00ednis uppl\u00fdsti hluta\u00f0eigandi stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld \u00feegar henni b\u00e6rust \u00ed miklum m\u00e6li tilkynningar og kvartanir vegna h\u00e1va\u00f0a og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a tiltekna starfsemi \u00ed h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i. T\u00f3k hann fram a\u00f0 b\u00e6ru \u00feessi v\u00e6gari \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6greglunnar ekki \u00e1rangur til a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 \u00e1s\u00e6ttanlegu \u00e1standi g\u00e6ti \u00fea\u00f0 leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan gripi til \u00feeirra \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a sem henni v\u00e6ru fengin me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum, sbr. 15. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va starfsemi. Benti hann \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur en til sl\u00edkra \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a yr\u00f0i gripi\u00f0 \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 koma til ranns\u00f3knar \u00fear sem me\u00f0al annars v\u00e6ri uppl\u00fdst hva\u00f0a heimildir l\u00e6gju fyrir til handa eigandanum til a\u00f0 n\u00fdta eign s\u00edna. A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti taldi umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur a\u00f0 g\u00f6gn m\u00e1lsins g\u00e6fu ekki tilefni til \u00feess a\u00f0 unnt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 fullyr\u00f0a a\u00f0 tilefni hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan gripi til frekari a\u00f0ger\u00f0a en gert var fr\u00e1 fyrstu kv\u00f6rtunum og fram a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 byggingarfulltr\u00fai banna\u00f0i alla t\u00f3nlistarstarfsemi \u00ed h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0inu. Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur taldi hins vegar a\u00f0 af g\u00f6gnum m\u00e1lsins v\u00e6ri lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 l\u00f6greglunnar hef\u00f0u ekki veri\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 hlutverk og skyldur hennar a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum me\u00f0 tilliti til l\u00f6gm\u00e6ltrar a\u00f0komu byggingarfulltr\u00faans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na \u00ed m\u00e1linu eftir a\u00f0 byggingarfulltr\u00fainn haf\u00f0i alfari\u00f0 banna\u00f0 t\u00f3nlistarflutning \u00ed h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0inu og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00feegar byggingarnefnd afl\u00e9tti banninu en vi\u00f0haf\u00f0i enn tilteknar takmarkanir \u00e1 t\u00f3nlistarflutningi \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed. Hafi \u00feannig vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 l\u00f6greglunnar ekki veri\u00f0 til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 tryggja og vernda almannafri\u00f0 \u00ed merkingu \u00feeirra lagareglna sem raktar hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu. Var \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a umbo\u00f0smanns a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan hef\u00f0i ekki sinnt me\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi h\u00e6tti l\u00f6gbo\u00f0nu hlutverki s\u00ednu vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md takmarkana byggingarfulltr\u00faa og byggingarnefndar Reykjav\u00edkur en me\u00f0al annars kom til greina a\u00f0 mati umbo\u00f0smanns a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan girti alfari\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0gang hlj\u00f3msveita a\u00f0 h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0inu \u00e1 me\u00f0an takmarkanirnar hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 \u00ed gildi e\u00f0a a\u00f0 h\u00fan beitti \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00feeim \u00ed\u00feyngjandi \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um sem 15. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga heimila\u00f0i. Umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur v\u00e9k loks a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 athugun hans \u00e1 \u00feessu m\u00e1li hef\u00f0i hann or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00feess var a\u00f0 skortur v\u00e6ri \u00e1 almennum verklagsreglum um vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 l\u00f6greglumanna \u00feegar \u00edtreka\u00f0 v\u00e6ri kvarta\u00f0 af h\u00e1lfu \u00edb\u00faa yfir miklum h\u00e1va\u00f0a e\u00f0a \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i fr\u00e1 h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed einkaeign. S\u00f6kum \u00feessa taldi umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 vekja athygli r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra \u00e1 \u00feeim sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um sem rakin v\u00e6ru \u00ed \u00e1litinu me\u00f0al annars \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 hann g\u00e6ti teki\u00f0 afst\u00f6\u00f0u til \u00feess hvort einhverra vi\u00f0brag\u00f0a v\u00e6ri \u00fe\u00f6rf. Beindi umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur \u00feeim tilm\u00e6lum til l\u00f6greglustj\u00f3rans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk a\u00f0 hann s\u00e6i til \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0koma og r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir l\u00f6greglunnar \u00ed tilefni af tilkynningum og kv\u00f6rtunum \u00edb\u00faa \u00ed n\u00e1grenni vi\u00f0 umr\u00e6tt h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum samb\u00e6rilegum tilvikum yr\u00f0i framvegis haga\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00feau sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 sem rakin hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1litinu.<\/p>\n

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\u00cd tilefni af \u00feessum \u00e1litum setti r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2002 verklagsreglur \u00feegar mikill h\u00e1va\u00f0i og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i hl\u00fdst af starfsemi e\u00f0a ath\u00f6fn \u00ed h\u00fasi sem er \u00ed einkaeign. Eru \u00fe\u00e6r verklagsreglur enn \u00ed gildi, sbr. verklagsreglur r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ra \u00feegar mikill h\u00e1va\u00f0i og \u00f3n\u00e6\u00f0i hl\u00fdst af starfsemi e\u00f0a ath\u00f6fn sem er \u00ed einkaeign.<\/p>\n

S\u00e9rstakt \u00e1litaefni er \u00feegar \u00fevingunara\u00f0ger\u00f0ir l\u00f6greglu eru \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu r\u00e9ttarv\u00f6rslu fremur en refsiv\u00f6rslu og handt\u00f6kuheimildum l\u00f6greglu er beitt \u00e1 grundvelli l\u00f6grl. en ekki sml. \u00deessu til n\u00e1nari sk\u00fdringar m\u00e1 nefna beitingu handt\u00f6kuheimildar a-li\u00f0ar 1. mgr. 16. gr. l\u00f6grl. \u00feegar handtaka fer fram \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu, svo sem ef ma\u00f0ur \u00e6rist \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri e\u00f0a veldur \u00fear hneyksli e\u00f0a h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 \u00f3spektum, sbr. t.d. til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar \u00feau atvik sem uppi voru \u00ed Hrd. 8. desember 2016 \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 100\/2016 til 108\/2016 (G\u00e1lgahraun II)<\/em>, \u00fear sem fjalla\u00f0 var um m\u00f6gulega ska\u00f0ab\u00f3taskyldu \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins vegna a\u00f0ger\u00f0a l\u00f6greglu og handt\u00f6ku n\u00edu einstaklinga vi\u00f0 G\u00e1lgahraun \u00ed Gar\u00f0ab\u00e6. Um samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a d\u00f3msni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u allra d\u00f3ma var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Forsaga m\u00e1lsins var s\u00fa a\u00f0 me\u00f0 Hrd. 28. ma\u00ed 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 812\/2014 til 820\/2014 (G\u00e1lgahraun I)<\/em> f\u00e9llu n\u00edu samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a d\u00f3mar \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum \u00fear sem n\u00edu einstaklingar voru sakfelldir fyrir brot \u00e1 19. gr. l\u00f6grl. fyrir a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a ekki fyrirm\u00e6lum l\u00f6greglu. M\u00e1lsatvik \u00ed einu \u00feessar m\u00e1la, m\u00e1li nr. 812\/2014<\/em>, voru \u00feau a\u00f0 um hausti\u00f0 2013 f\u00f3r Vegager\u00f0in \u00ed framkv\u00e6mdir vi\u00f0 lagningu svokalla\u00f0s \u00c1lftanesvegar \u00ed Gar\u00f0ab\u00e6 sem a\u00f0 hluta l\u00e1 um G\u00e1lgahraun. Framkv\u00e6mdirnar s\u00e6ttu m\u00f3tm\u00e6lum, einkum \u00fear sem \u00fe\u00e6r hef\u00f0u \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00f3afturkr\u00e6f n\u00e1tt\u00faruspj\u00f6ll \u00e1 hrauninu og umhverfi \u00feess, auk \u00feess sem uppi var \u00e1greiningur um l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti framkv\u00e6mdanna. M\u00f3tm\u00e6lin f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 \u00f6llu leyti fri\u00f0samlega fram en m\u00f3tm\u00e6lendur h\u00f6f\u00f0u komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r fyrir \u00ed hrauninu, me\u00f0al annars innan vinnusv\u00e6\u00f0is, og neitu\u00f0u a\u00f0 hl\u00edta fyrirm\u00e6lum l\u00f6greglunnar um a\u00f0 v\u00edkja vegna framkv\u00e6mdanna. F\u00f3r svo a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglan fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0i m\u00f3tm\u00e6lendur me\u00f0 valdi og voru nokkur \u00feeirra handtekin, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al A. Eftir a\u00f0 A haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 l\u00e1tin laus sneri h\u00fan aftur \u00ed G\u00e1lgahraun og \u00fear var h\u00fan handtekin a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. Var deilt um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort A hef\u00f0i neita\u00f0 a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00edtreku\u00f0um fyrirm\u00e6lum l\u00f6greglu um a\u00f0 yfirgefa umr\u00e6tt vinnusv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed a\u00f0draganda s\u00ed\u00f0ari handt\u00f6kunnar. Tali\u00f0 var a\u00f0 m\u00f3tm\u00e6li A og annarra m\u00f3tm\u00e6lenda teldust \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt til tj\u00e1ningar \u00ed skilningi 73. gr. stjskr. og a\u00f0 s\u00e1 r\u00e9ttur \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 hafa uppi sl\u00edk m\u00f3tm\u00e6li yr\u00f0i eing\u00f6ngu takmarka\u00f0ur eftir \u00feeim skilyr\u00f0um sem greinir \u00ed 3. mgr. greinarinnar, sbr. 10. og 11. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu (MSE), sem hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 veitt lagagildi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 62\/1994. Fyrir l\u00e6gi a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6mdirnar hef\u00f0u \u00e1tt s\u00e9r vi\u00f0hl\u00edtandi sto\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum \u00feegar \u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ist. L\u00f6greglu hef\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed bori\u00f0, \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 fyrirm\u00e6li e- og f-li\u00f0a 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl., a\u00f0 lj\u00e1 Vegager\u00f0inni a\u00f0sto\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja framkv\u00e6md \u00feeirra og gr\u00edpa til \u00feeirra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a sem nau\u00f0synlegar hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja allsherjarreglu, sbr. 15. gr. laganna. Af g\u00f6gnum m\u00e1lsins sem og v\u00e6tti l\u00f6greglumanna teldist sanna\u00f0 a\u00f0 A hef\u00f0i ekki hl\u00fdtt \u00edtreku\u00f0um fyrirm\u00e6lum um a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra sig af vinnusv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear sem h\u00fan haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 st\u00f6dd. Me\u00f0 \u00feessum h\u00e6tti hef\u00f0i h\u00fan broti\u00f0 gegn 19. gr. l\u00f6grl. enda yr\u00f0i r\u00e9ttur hennar til a\u00f0 m\u00f3tm\u00e6la a\u00f0 v\u00edkja a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed marki sem hann hef\u00f0i sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed vegi a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6mdir g\u00e6tu haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram, sbr. 60. og 3. mgr. 73. gr. stjskr. Var s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1r\u00e9tta\u00f0 a\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 vettvangi hef\u00f0u ekki gengi\u00f0 lengra en \u00fe\u00f6rf kraf\u00f0ist og a\u00f0 A hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00f3tm\u00e6la framkv\u00e6mdunum me\u00f0 \u00f6llum tilt\u00e6kum og l\u00f6glegum r\u00e1\u00f0um, heldur eing\u00f6ngu \u00e1 vinnusv\u00e6\u00f0inu. Vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un refsingar, sem fresta\u00f0 var skilor\u00f0sbundi\u00f0 \u00ed tv\u00f6 \u00e1r, var liti\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 A hef\u00f0i ekki \u00e1\u00f0ur hloti\u00f0 refsingu, a\u00f0 fyrir henni hef\u00f0i vaka\u00f0 a\u00f0 standa v\u00f6r\u00f0 um n\u00e1tt\u00faruver\u00f0m\u00e6ti og a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i h\u00fan gert me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fdta \u00e1 fri\u00f0saman h\u00e1tt stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rvarinn r\u00e9tt sinn til a\u00f0 m\u00f3tm\u00e6la \u00fe\u00f3 svo a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki hef\u00f0i h\u00fan gengi\u00f0 lengra en heimilt var.<\/p>\n

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Hrd. 8. desember 2016 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 100\/2016 (G\u00e1lgahraun II)<\/em><\/p>\n

K h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0i m\u00e1l til heimtu b\u00f3ta vegna meintrar \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6trar handt\u00f6ku \u00ed G\u00e1lgahrauni \u00fear sem hann hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1samt fleira f\u00f3lki a\u00f0 m\u00f3tm\u00e6la framkv\u00e6mdum vi\u00f0 lagningu n\u00fds vegar. \u00cd d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar kom fram a\u00f0 \u00ed fyrri d\u00f3mum r\u00e9ttarins hef\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed veri\u00f0 slegi\u00f0 f\u00f6stu a\u00f0 vegaframkv\u00e6mdirnar hef\u00f0u \u00e1tt s\u00e9r vi\u00f0hl\u00edtandi lagasto\u00f0 og hef\u00f0i l\u00f6greglu \u00fev\u00ed bori\u00f0 a\u00f0 lj\u00e1 Vegager\u00f0inni a\u00f0sto\u00f0 til a\u00f0 tryggja framkv\u00e6md \u00feeirra og gr\u00edpa til \u00feeirra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a sem nau\u00f0synlegar voru til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja allsherjarreglu. Var tali\u00f0 lj\u00f3st af g\u00f6gnum m\u00e1lsins a\u00f0 K hef\u00f0i ekki sinnt \u00edtreku\u00f0um fyrirm\u00e6lum l\u00f6greglu um a\u00f0 v\u00edkja af vinnusv\u00e6\u00f0inu og hef\u00f0i \u00feannig leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hindra l\u00f6gm\u00e6ta vegarlagningu. \u00de\u00e1 hef\u00f0i K stu\u00f0la\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfur \u00ed skilningi 2. mgr. 228. gr. sml. a\u00f0 \u00feeim a\u00f0ger\u00f0um sem hann reisti kr\u00f6fu s\u00edna \u00e1 og hef\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed eins og atvikum var h\u00e1tta\u00f0 fyrirgert r\u00e9tti til b\u00f3ta samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. s\u00f6mu lagagreinar.<\/p>\n

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\u00cd d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar kemur me\u00f0al annars fram a\u00f0 af g\u00f6gnum m\u00e1lsins s\u00e9 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00e1fr\u00fdjandi hef\u00f0i ekki sinnt \u00edtreku\u00f0um fyrirm\u00e6lum l\u00f6greglu, sem sett voru fram \u00e1 grundvelli 19. gr. l\u00f6grl., um a\u00f0 v\u00edkja af vinnusv\u00e6\u00f0i Vegager\u00f0arinnar \u00ed G\u00e1lgahrauni og leita\u00f0ist \u00feannig vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hindra l\u00f6gm\u00e6ta vegarlagningu. Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessu hef\u00f0i l\u00f6greglu veri\u00f0 heimilt samkv\u00e6mt a-li\u00f0 1. mgr. 16. gr. l\u00f6grl. a\u00f0 handtaka \u00e1fr\u00fdjanda og f\u00e6ra hann \u00e1 l\u00f6greglust\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0ger\u00f0ir vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn sakam\u00e1ls geta einnig veri\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakt \u00e1litaefni \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 sl\u00edkar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir falli alla jafna undir ranns\u00f3knarhlutverk l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt c-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl., sem og \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sml., t.d. \u00feegar beita \u00fearf valdi til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja hl\u00fd\u00f0ni vi\u00f0 yfirbo\u00f0svald. Nefna m\u00e1 \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi tvo d\u00f3ma H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00cdslands, Hrd. 1994, bls. 813 (387\/1993) (herbergi)<\/em> og Hrd. 30. okt\u00f3ber 2008 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 236\/2008 (\u00fevagleggur)<\/em>, en \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um umr\u00e6ddum m\u00e1lum var \u00e1r\u00e9ttu\u00f0 s\u00fa meginregla \u00edslenskrar stj\u00f3rnskipunar, a\u00f0 enginn g\u00e6ti komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r hj\u00e1 a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a yfirvaldsbo\u00f0i \u00ed br\u00e1\u00f0, \u00fe\u00f3tt hann v\u00e9fengdi heimild stj\u00f3rnvalda, sbr. 60. gr. stjskr.<\/p>\n

\u00deessu til frekari sk\u00fdringar kunna skil \u00e1 milli handt\u00f6kuheimilda l\u00f6grl. og sml. a\u00f0 vera \u00f3gl\u00f6gg og vandkv\u00e6\u00f0um bundi\u00f0 a\u00f0 greina \u00fear \u00e1 milli, einkum \u00feegar mat l\u00f6greglu er \u00f3lj\u00f3st hvort a\u00f0ger\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu r\u00e9ttarv\u00f6rslu e\u00f0a refsiv\u00f6rslu, sbr. t.d. til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed Hrd. 1999, bls. 3386 (65\/1999) (Good Morning America)<\/em>. \u00cd umr\u00e6ddu m\u00e1li var ekki fallist \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e6tla\u00f0 brot gegn 95. gr. hgl. hef\u00f0i legi\u00f0 til grundvallar handt\u00f6ku \u00d3, sem var handtekinn \u00e1samt sj\u00f6 \u00f6\u00f0rum, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 handtakan yr\u00f0i r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tt \u00e1 grundvelli 1. mgr. 97. gr. \u00fe\u00e1gildandi laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la nr. 19\/1991, en samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu var l\u00f6greglu r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 handtaka mann ef r\u00f6kstuddur grunur v\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i frami\u00f0 brot sem s\u00e6tt g\u00e6ti \u00e1k\u00e6ru, enda v\u00e6ri handtakan nau\u00f0synleg til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir \u00e1framhaldandi brot, tryggja n\u00e1vist hans og \u00f6ryggi e\u00f0a koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 hann spillti s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gnum, sbr. n\u00fa 1. mgr. 90. gr. sml. \u00de\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3tti ekki hafa veri\u00f0 leitt \u00ed lj\u00f3s, a\u00f0 uggv\u00e6nt hef\u00f0i m\u00e1tt \u00feykja, a\u00f0 af framfer\u00f0i \u00d3 og f\u00e9laga hans leiddi \u00f3spektir e\u00f0a h\u00e6tta \u00e1 \u00f3spektum \u00ed skilningi e-li\u00f0ar 98. gr. laga nr. 19\/1991, en samkv\u00e6mt \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i var l\u00f6greglunni r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 handtaka mann ef hann \u00e6r\u00f0ist \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri e\u00f0a olli \u00fear hneyksli e\u00f0a h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 \u00f3spektum, sbr. n\u00fa a-li\u00f0 1. mgr. 16. gr. l\u00f6grl. Var \u00fev\u00ed ekki tali\u00f0, a\u00f0 l\u00f6gm\u00e6lt skilyr\u00f0i hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 til handt\u00f6kunnar.<\/p>\n

Loks m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 l\u00f6gregla getur haft hlutverki a\u00f0 gegna vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 einkar\u00e9ttarlegur \u00e1greiningur s\u00e9 tilefni afskipta og\/e\u00f0a a\u00f0koma l\u00f6greglu s\u00e9 a\u00f0 veita yfirv\u00f6ldum vernd e\u00f0a a\u00f0sto\u00f0 vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md starfa sinna \u00e1 grundvelli e-li\u00f0ar 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. Atvik \u00ed Hrd. 15. n\u00f3vember 2012 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 60\/2012 (Hverfisgata)<\/em> s\u00fdna me\u00f0 \u00e1g\u00e6tum a\u00f0komu l\u00f6greglu vi\u00f0 \u00feannig a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur. \u00cd umr\u00e6ddu m\u00e1li h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0i h\u00fasf\u00e9lag m\u00e1l gegn H til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 hana skylda\u00f0a til a\u00f0 selja eignarhlut sinn \u00ed fj\u00f6leignarh\u00fasi, sbr. 55. gr. laga nr. 26\/1994 um fj\u00f6leignarh\u00fas. Fallist var \u00e1 me\u00f0 h\u00fasf\u00e9laginu a\u00f0 H hef\u00f0i broti\u00f0 gr\u00f3flega og \u00edtreka\u00f0 gegn eigendum annarra eignarhluta \u00ed fj\u00f6leignarh\u00fasinu me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a ekki skyldur s\u00ednar samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum nr. 26\/1994. Einnig var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00fasf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 hef\u00f0i fulln\u00e6gt formreglum 55. gr. laga nr. 26\/1994. \u00de\u00e1 var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 4. og 5. mgr. 55. gr. laga nr. 26\/1994 fulln\u00e6g\u00f0u skilyr\u00f0um 1. mgr. 72. gr. stjskr., enda g\u00e6ti almennings\u00fe\u00f6rf krafist \u00feess a\u00f0 eiganda eignarhlutar \u00ed fj\u00f6leignarh\u00fasi yr\u00f0i gert a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta af hendi eign s\u00edna me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00fan yr\u00f0i seld gegn vilja hans, \u00feegar st\u00f3rfelld brot hans gagnvart \u00f6\u00f0rum eigendum v\u00e6gju gegn fri\u00f0helgi eignarr\u00e9ttinda \u00feeirra og heimilis, og eiganda v\u00e6ri tryggt fullt ver\u00f0 fyrir eignarhluta sinn. Eins og atvikum m\u00e1lsins v\u00e6ri h\u00e1tta\u00f0 virtust ekki tilt\u00e6k \u00f6nnur v\u00e6gari \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta l\u00f6gvarinna r\u00e9ttinda annarra eigenda fj\u00f6leignarh\u00fassins en a\u00f0 taka kr\u00f6fu h\u00fasf\u00e9lagsins til greina.<\/p>\n

\u00cd d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar segir me\u00f0al annars: \u201e\u00cd hinum \u00e1fr\u00fdja\u00f0a d\u00f3mi er \u00edtarlega l\u00fdst hvernig fram kemur \u00ed g\u00f6gnum m\u00e1lsins a\u00f0 starfsmenn \u00e1 \u00fdmsum svi\u00f0um Reykjav\u00edkurborgar, einkum vi\u00f0 heilbrig\u00f0iseftirlit, f\u00e9lags\u00fej\u00f3nustu, byggingarm\u00e1l og sorphir\u00f0u, hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til \u00edhlutunar \u00ed m\u00e1lefni a\u00f0al\u00e1fr\u00fdjanda af framangreindum s\u00f6kum, a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru j\u00f6fnu a\u00f0 tilhlutan annarra \u00edb\u00faa a\u00f0 Hverfisg\u00f6tu 68a, en \u00feau hafi einnig komi\u00f0 til kasta h\u00e9ra\u00f0sl\u00e6knis og eldvarnareftirlits. \u00cd tengslum vi\u00f0 \u00feetta hafi l\u00f6gregla jafnframt \u00feurft a\u00f0 hafa margv\u00edsleg afskipti af a\u00f0al\u00e1fr\u00fdjanda, me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 veita atbeina til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja \u00e1 um hreinsun \u00e1 h\u00fasakynnum hennar, en samkv\u00e6mt g\u00f6gnum m\u00e1lsins beitti Reykjav\u00edkurborg \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni valdheimildum, sem n\u00fa eru \u00ed l\u00f6gum nr. 7\/1998 um hollustuh\u00e6tti og mengunarvarnir, \u00ed apr\u00edl 1986, desember 1995, febr\u00faar 2000 og j\u00fal\u00ed 2009. A\u00f0 auki munu a\u00f0standendur a\u00f0al\u00e1fr\u00fdjanda hafa teki\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00e9r hreinsun \u00e1 h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0inu \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 1987 a\u00f0 undangenginni vettvangssko\u00f0un heilbrig\u00f0iseftirlits, borgarl\u00e6knis og l\u00f6greglu og a\u00f0v\u00f6run borgarinnar um a\u00f0 gripi\u00f0 yr\u00f0i til \u00fevingunar\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/em>\u201c \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 um einkar\u00e9ttarlegan \u00e1greining hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a haf\u00f0i l\u00f6gregla a\u00f0komu a\u00f0 m\u00e1linu \u00e1 fyrri stigum, b\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 vettvangssko\u00f0un og a\u00f0 lj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru stj\u00f3rnvaldi atbeina sinn vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja fram valdheimildir. Er \u00feetta \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00e1lita umbo\u00f0smanns Al\u00feingis \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 2824\/1999 og 2836\/1999 (h\u00e1va\u00f0i)<\/em>, \u00fear sem umbo\u00f0sma\u00f0ur taldi me\u00f0al annars r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 leggja \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1herslu a\u00f0 \u00feau auknu afskipti opinberu a\u00f0ila af hagn\u00fdtingu fasteigna kynnu einnig, a\u00f0 einhverju marki, a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 k\u00e6mi a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum \u00ed hlut l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa \u00ed meira m\u00e6li inn \u00ed athafnir fasteignareiganda en \u00e1\u00f0ur var \u00feegar eignarr\u00e1\u00f0 hans og afskipti n\u00e1granna af \u00feeim r\u00e9\u00f0ust a\u00f0allega af einkar\u00e9ttarlegum reglum.<\/p>\n

\n

2.3 \u00d6ryggi r\u00edkisins<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi fellur undir \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6ryggis r\u00edkisins. Hagmunir r\u00edkisins byggja \u00e1 \u00fer\u00edskiptingu r\u00edkisvaldsins, t.d. vernd fasteigna og uppl\u00fdsinga-, net- og t\u00f6lvukerfa \u00ed eigu stofnana framkv\u00e6mdavaldsins, Al\u00feingis og d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. Undir \u00feetta fellur einnig a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f3rofinn rekstur stofnana r\u00edkisins en sl\u00edkir hagsmunir kunna enn fremur a\u00f0 teljast til mikilv\u00e6gra innvi\u00f0a, \u00fe.m.t. net- og t\u00f6lvukerfi flutninga, heilbrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustu, orku-, hita- og vatnsveitna, svo og stafr\u00e6n grunnvirki samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 2. gr. laga um \u00f6ryggi net- og uppl\u00fdsingakerfa mikilv\u00e6gra innvi\u00f0a nr. 78\/2019. \u00de\u00e1 nj\u00f3ta \u00fdmsir mikilv\u00e6gir hagsmunir r\u00edkisvaldsins refsiverndar samkv\u00e6mt X. kafla hgl. og starfsmenn r\u00edkisins aukinheldur s\u00e9rstakrar refsiverndar samkv\u00e6mt XI. og XII. kafla s\u00f6mu laga.<\/p>\n

R\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri hefur s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku hlutverki a\u00f0 gegna \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 \u00f6ryggi \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rnar. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 21. gr. regluger\u00f0ar nr. 325\/2021 sinnir emb\u00e6tti\u00f0 verkefnum sem hafa \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0 efla \u00f6ryggi \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rnar r\u00edkisins, samkv\u00e6mt b-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 5. gr. l\u00f6grl. \u00de\u00e1 fer r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri samkv\u00e6mt 2. mgr. 21. gr. s\u00f6mu regluger\u00f0ar me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0 yfirstj\u00f3rn m\u00e1la var\u00f0andi \u00f6ryggi r\u00edkisins vegna vi\u00f0bur\u00f0a, tilvika e\u00f0a \u00e1stands sem stofna\u00f0 geta \u00f6ryggi stj\u00f3rnskipunarinnar, r\u00edkisstofnana svo og almennings \u00ed h\u00e6ttu. Framangreint tekur til forseta \u00cdslands, Al\u00feingis, r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnar, r\u00e1\u00f0uneytis, d\u00f3mst\u00f3la, r\u00edkissaks\u00f3knara og fleiri mikilv\u00e6gra opinberra eininga sem teljast hluti af innvi\u00f0um landsins. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 s\u00e9rstaklega fjalla\u00f0 um sveitarstj\u00f3rnir ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 telja a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r geti tv\u00edm\u00e6lalaust falli\u00f0 undir helstu innvi\u00f0i landsins og undir \u00fe\u00e1 hagsmuni sem nj\u00f3ta verndar a\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti, enda nj\u00f3ta starfsmenn sveitarf\u00e9laga refsiverndar \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a XII. kafla hgl.<\/p>\n

\u00cd framkv\u00e6md hefur reynt \u00e1 vernd \u00f6ryggis r\u00edkisins og \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rnar, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega kj\u00f6rinna fulltr\u00faa. Nokku\u00f0 reyndi \u00e1 sl\u00edkt \u00ed hrunm\u00e1lum og skemmst er a\u00f0 minnast skot\u00e1r\u00e1sar \u00e1 bifrei\u00f0 borgarstj\u00f3rans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk snemma \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2021 sem lagt var vi\u00f0 heimili hans. \u00a0Sjaldg\u00e6ft er aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti a\u00f0 m\u00e1l af \u00fev\u00ed tagi komi til kasta d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. \u00cd \u00feessu sambandi m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 nefna Hrd. 26. \u00e1g\u00fast 2010 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 507\/2010 (n\u00edumenningar)<\/em>. \u00cd m\u00e1linu var deilt um h\u00e6fi d\u00f3mara \u00ed sakam\u00e1li vi\u00f0 h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3m og \u00feess krafist a\u00f0 hann viki s\u00e6ti \u00e1 grundvelli g-li\u00f0ar 1. mgr. 6. gr. sml. N\u00e1nar tilteki\u00f0 var\u00f0a\u00f0i m\u00e1li\u00f0 formhli\u00f0 m\u00e1ls n\u00edu einstaklinga sem \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0ir h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1r\u00e1s \u00e1 Al\u00feingi. Ekki var fallist \u00e1 vanh\u00e6fi d\u00f3mara en \u00ed m\u00e1linu kraf\u00f0ist verjandi A, B, C og D \u00feess a\u00f0 d\u00f3marinn viki s\u00e6ti me\u00f0 \u00feeim r\u00f6kum a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa l\u00f6greglu \u00ed d\u00f3mh\u00fasinu \u00feegar \u00feinga\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed veri\u00f0 \u201en\u00e1nast fyrirfram a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa yfir sekt \u00e1 hendur\u201c \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u og komi\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feeir nytu \u201er\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar fyrir d\u00f3mi, eins og \u00feeim er \u00e1skilinn \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1\u201c.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00farskur\u00f0i H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Reykjav\u00edkur, sem sta\u00f0festur var me\u00f0 d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar, segir me\u00f0al annars: \u201eMi\u00f0vikudaginn 14. apr\u00edl sl. f\u00f3r fram m\u00e1lflutningur um fr\u00e1v\u00edsunarkr\u00f6fu verjanda tveggja \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00ed sal 101, st\u00e6rsta d\u00f3msal D\u00f3mh\u00fassins vi\u00f0 L\u00e6kjartorg. Allir st\u00f3lar \u00ed salnum voru setnir og jafnframt st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e9tt \u00fevaga f\u00f3lks fr\u00e1 dyrum og inn a\u00f0 v\u00e9b\u00f6ndum og v\u00ed\u00f0ar um salinn. \u00de\u00e1 s\u00e1tu sumir \u00e1 g\u00f3lfinu. \u00dar \u00feessari \u00fev\u00f6gu s\u00e1st a\u00f0 steyttur var hnefi a\u00f0 d\u00f3maranum, eins og einnig m\u00e1tti sj\u00e1 \u00e1 lj\u00f3smynd \u00ed einu bla\u00f0anna daginn eftir. Margir vi\u00f0staddra l\u00e9tu \u00ed s\u00e9r heyra undir m\u00e1lflutningnum, a\u00f0allega til \u00feess a\u00f0 fagna or\u00f0um verjandans en einnig til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta \u00ed lj\u00f3si and\u00fa\u00f0 \u00e1 m\u00e1lflutningi saks\u00f3knarans, sem m\u00e1tti l\u00e1ta s\u00e9r lynda a\u00f0 hafa \u00fev\u00f6guna \u00fe\u00e9tt a\u00f0 baki s\u00e9r \u00feegar hann flutti m\u00e1l sitt. Skora\u00f0i d\u00f3marinn \u00e1 f\u00f3lki\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa hlj\u00f3tt um sig en \u00fev\u00ed var l\u00edtt sinnt. Gengi\u00f0 er um \u00ferennar dyr \u00e1 \u00feessum sal, sem allar opnast inn. \u00dear af eru tvennar dyrnar l\u00e6star me\u00f0 rafsegull\u00e1s. L\u00edtur d\u00f3marinn svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 hann hafi ekki haft fulla stj\u00f3rn \u00feinghaldinu vi\u00f0 \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur og a\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum hafi jafnvel ekki veri\u00f0 \u00f3h\u00e6tt \u00ed salnum. \u00de\u00e1 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1tti s\u00e6kjandinn undir h\u00f6gg a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja. Eftir \u00feetta hefur d\u00f3marinn \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0, me\u00f0 heimild \u00ed 3. mgr. 10. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, a\u00f0 takmarka a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 d\u00f3msal 101, \u00fear sem \u00feinga\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu, vi\u00f0 \u00feann fj\u00f6lda manna sem \u00fear r\u00famast me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0u m\u00f3ti e\u00f0a jafnmarga og s\u00e6tin eru. \u00de\u00e1 hefur hann me\u00f0 heimild \u00ed 10. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la og 1. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga nr. 90, 1996 \u00f3ska\u00f0 eftir n\u00e6rveru l\u00f6greglu \u00ed h\u00fasinu \u00feegar \u00feinga\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja \u00feingfri\u00f0 og \u00f6ryggi manna. Hefur enda komi\u00f0 \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 full \u00fe\u00f6rf hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00e6rveru og a\u00f0sto\u00f0 l\u00f6greglunnar vegna manna sem ekki hafa fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 settum reglum og fyrirm\u00e6lum d\u00f3marans. D\u00f3marinn hefur haft samr\u00e1\u00f0 vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ra h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Reykjav\u00edkur um \u00feessa r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6fun, a\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem h\u00fan er til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 a\u00f0ra starfsemi d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 8. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la st\u00fdrir d\u00f3mari \u00feinghaldi og g\u00e6tir \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 h\u00e1\u00f0 eftir r\u00e9ttum reglum. \u00de\u00e1 eru \u00ed 10. gr. s\u00f6mu laga \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00feingfri\u00f0 og til hverra r\u00e1\u00f0a d\u00f3mara s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja hann, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al til l\u00f6gregluvalds. Samkv\u00e6mt 1. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga er \u00fea\u00f0 m.a. hlutverk l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta almanna\u00f6ryggis, halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu og leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi borgaranna. \u00de\u00e1 segir \u00fear ennfremur a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 hlutverk l\u00f6greglunnar a\u00f0 starfa \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 stofnanir sem hafa me\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum verkefni sem tengjast starfssvi\u00f0i l\u00f6greglu. \u00c1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un d\u00f3marans um a\u00f0 hafa l\u00f6greglu tilt\u00e6ka \u00ed d\u00f3mh\u00fasinu er ekki beint gegn \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00ed m\u00e1linu heldur mi\u00f0ar h\u00fan a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tryggja fri\u00f0 og reglu \u00ed \u00feingh\u00f6ldunum og \u00fear me\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta r\u00e9ttar og hagsmuna allra m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ila. Ver\u00f0ur ekki s\u00e9\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00f3marinn hafi me\u00f0 \u00feessari \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un sinni fyrirfram l\u00fdst yfir sekt \u00e1 hendur \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u e\u00f0a komi\u00f0 me\u00f0 henni \u00ed veg fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeir nj\u00f3ti r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar fyrir d\u00f3mi. Ber a\u00f0 synja kr\u00f6fu \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00f3marinn \u00ed m\u00e1linu v\u00edki s\u00e6ti \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n

\n

2.4 R\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi borgaranna<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd fj\u00f3r\u00f0a lagi er \u00fea\u00f0 eitt af hlutverkum l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 tryggja r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi borgaranna. Ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 telja a\u00f0 \u00fear sem l\u00f6gregla er stj\u00f3rnvald og hluti framkv\u00e6mdavaldsins l\u00fati hlutverki\u00f0 einkum a\u00f0 tryggja \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi innan stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslunnar, eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem tilefni er til. Borgarinn n\u00fdtur \u00fdmissa mikilsver\u00f0ra r\u00e9ttinda \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi sem trygg\u00f0 eru \u00ed stjskr., al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum og almennum l\u00f6gum. \u00de\u00e1 byggir \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsla me\u00f0al annars \u00e1 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um um gagns\u00e6i og a\u00f0 \u00far m\u00e1lum s\u00e9 leyst innan stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslunnar me\u00f0 hlutl\u00e6gum og m\u00e1lefnalegum h\u00e6tti.<\/p>\n

Hva\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu vi\u00f0v\u00edkur nj\u00f3ta borgararnir s\u00e9rstakrar verndar gagnvart \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tri valdbeitingu og annarri \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tri heg\u00f0un af h\u00e1lfu handhafa r\u00edkisvaldsins, sbr. \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i XIV. kafla hgl. um brot \u00ed opinberu starfi. Aukinheldur er r\u00e9ttarverndin f\u00f3lgin \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarbrot innan stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslunnar kunna a\u00f0 hafa \u00fdmsar aflei\u00f0ingar, svo sem \u00e1bendingar og\/e\u00f0a tilm\u00e6li um a\u00f0 gera betur var\u00f0andi \u00fdmsar stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsluathafnir, \u00f3gildingu stj\u00f3rnvalds\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unar e\u00f0a annarrar \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unar og ska\u00f0ab\u00f3taskyldu r\u00edkisins. \u00de\u00e1 kann sl\u00edkt enn fremur a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a til \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar a\u00f0 starfsmannar\u00e9tti gagnvart vi\u00f0komandi starfsmanni, ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta\u00e1byrg\u00f0ar starfsmanns sj\u00e1lfs, a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 sviptur r\u00e9ttindum og a\u00f0 refsi\u00e1byrg\u00f0 s\u00e9 felld \u00e1 hann vegna refsiver\u00f0rar h\u00e1ttsemi. \u00cd r\u00e9ttarframkv\u00e6md eru d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglumenn hafi hvoru tveggja bori\u00f0 refsi- og ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta\u00e1byrg\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 hafa ekki g\u00e6tt l\u00f6gm\u00e6ltra a\u00f0fer\u00f0a vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md l\u00f6greglustarfa, sbr. Hrd. 11. desember 2014 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 102\/2014 (kona handtekin)<\/em> og Hrd. 1985, bls. 883 (Skaptad\u00f3mur)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 tryggja r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi borgaranna er br\u00fdnt a\u00f0 l\u00f6gregla fylgi \u00ed hv\u00edvetna lagaskyldu um a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a og hafi \u00ed hei\u00f0ri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0arreglur vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 framkv\u00e6md. Til n\u00e1nari sk\u00fdringar m\u00e1 nefna \u00fe\u00e6r meginreglur sem fram koma \u00ed 1. og 2. mgr. 13. gr. l\u00f6grl. vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md l\u00f6greglustarfa, \u00fear sem me\u00f0al annars er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til me\u00f0alh\u00f3fsreglunnar og hlutl\u00e6gnisreglunnar.<\/p>\n

L\u00edkt og \u00e1\u00f0ur er geti\u00f0 gilda \u00fdmsar l\u00f6gfestar meginreglur sem me\u00f0al annars hafa stj\u00f3rnskipulegan r\u00e9ttargrundv\u00f6ll og br\u00fdnt er a\u00f0 l\u00f6gregla fylgi, sbr. t.d. m\u00e1lshra\u00f0areglan og jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isreglan. Hefur m\u00e1lshra\u00f0areglan einkar miki\u00f0 v\u00e6gi vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la vegna \u00feeirra \u00f3l\u00f6gfestu r\u00e9ttarreglu sem m\u00f3tast hefur \u00ed framkv\u00e6md sem \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6lt refsi\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unar\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a um a\u00f0 tafir \u00e1 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. hj\u00e1 l\u00f6greglu, kunni a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un refsingar, sbr. t.d. til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar Lrd. 27. n\u00f3vember 2020 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 135\/2019 (tv\u00e6r nau\u00f0garnir)<\/em>, en d\u00e6min er \u00fe\u00f3 m\u00fdm\u00f6rg og skiptir tugum \u00e1 li\u00f0num r\u00famlega tveimur \u00e1ratugum. \u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 vegna opinberrar umfj\u00f6llunar, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00edsu og h\u00e9rlendis, hafi jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isreglan fengi\u00f0 auki\u00f0 v\u00e6gi \u00e1 svi\u00f0i l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 afst\u00f6\u00f0u einstakra l\u00f6greglumanna til atri\u00f0a eins og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernis og kynhneig\u00f0ar vegna samskipta, afgrei\u00f0slu m\u00e1la og t\u00f6ku \u00e1kvar\u00f0ana. \u00de\u00e1 er tj\u00e1ning l\u00f6greglumanna s\u00e9rstakt \u00e1litaefni \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sambandi. S\u00fa h\u00e6tta er \u00e1vallt fyrir hendi a\u00f0 unnt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 tengja tj\u00e1ningu l\u00f6greglumanna vi\u00f0 ford\u00f3ma og \u00ed versta falli hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u samkv\u00e6mt 233. gr. a. hgl., sbr. s\u00fa opinbera umr\u00e6\u00f0a sem upp kom s\u00ed\u00f0la \u00e1rs 2020 vegna merkingar \u00e1 einkennisfatna\u00f0i l\u00f6greglumanns.[13]<\/a> Til a\u00f0 taka af allan vafa var reglum um einkennisfatna\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu me\u00f0al annars breytt \u00ed \u00feessu skyni me\u00f0 setningu regluger\u00f0ar um einkennisfatna\u00f0 l\u00f6greglunnar nr. 690\/2021, sbr. einkum 3. mgr. 17. gr. regluger\u00f0arinnar um \u00e1s\u00fdnd og \u00f6ryggi.<\/p>\n

Enn fremur er l\u00f6gregla bundin af l\u00f6gm\u00e6tisreglunni og r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tisreglunni sem hvoru tveggja eru \u00f3l\u00f6gfestar meginreglur innan stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslur\u00e9ttar. Um l\u00f6gm\u00e6tisregluna hefur lauslega veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um en r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tisreglan e\u00f0a reglan um m\u00e1lefnalega stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu er einnig mikilv\u00e6g regla en h\u00fan er til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 \u00fdta undir traust l\u00f6greglu enda reglan ein af hornsteinum \u00edslenskrar stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu.[14]<\/a> Reglan er n\u00e1tengd hlutl\u00e6gnisreglunni en innihald hennar l\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00f6gregla g\u00e6ti r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tra og m\u00e1lefnalegra sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md l\u00f6greglustarfa. \u00cd r\u00e9ttarframkv\u00e6md eru d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglumenn hafi ekki g\u00e6tt sl\u00edkra sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a, t.d. vi\u00f0 valdbeitingu, en einnig afgrei\u00f0slu m\u00e1la. Um hi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda m\u00e1 nefna atvik \u00ed Lrd. 23. n\u00f3vember 2018 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 78\/2018 (m\u00fatur)<\/em> og H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mi Nor\u00f0urlands eystra 12. n\u00f3vember 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-93\/2015 (l\u00f6gregluma\u00f0ur)<\/em>. Er s\u00ed\u00f0ara m\u00e1li\u00f0 ford\u00e6malaust og einstakt \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 framg\u00f6ngu l\u00f6greglu vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md l\u00f6greglustarfa s\u00f6kum gr\u00f3fleika.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 skal teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 lei\u00f0beiningaskylda stj\u00f3rnvalda, sem me\u00f0al annars er m\u00e6lt fyrir \u00ed 7. gr. ssl., hefur s\u00e9rstaka \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00feegar um r\u00e6\u00f0ir me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1ls. Lei\u00f0beiningar taka a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i til hva\u00f0a r\u00e9ttarreglur gilda, hvernig m\u00e1lsfer\u00f0 skuli haga\u00f0, hva\u00f0a g\u00f6gn a\u00f0ila m\u00e1ls beri a\u00f0 leggja fram og fyrirhuga\u00f0s m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0art\u00edma. \u00cd sakam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttarfari eru \u00fea\u00f0 einkum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sml. sem hafa a\u00f0 geyma s\u00e9r\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um lei\u00f0beiningarskyldu, b\u00e6\u00f0i gagnvart brota\u00feola og sakborningi. Lei\u00f0beiningar er l\u00fata a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindum sakbornings vega \u00feungt \u00fear sem um r\u00e6\u00f0ir reglur sem kunna a\u00f0 var\u00f0a r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og nj\u00f3ta verndar stjskr., sbr. 70. gr., og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la, sbr. t.d. 6. mgr. MSE. \u00de\u00e1 hafa s\u00e9rl\u00f6g einnig a\u00f0 geyma fyrirm\u00e6li um lei\u00f0beiningar er tengjast sakam\u00e1lum, t.d. 18. gr. laga um grei\u00f0slu r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0s \u00e1 b\u00f3tum til \u00feolenda afbrota nr. 69\/1995.<\/p>\n

Loks m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 \u00e1 li\u00f0num \u00e1rum hefur aukin \u00e1hersla veri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feolendami\u00f0a\u00f0a l\u00f6gg\u00e6slu (e. victim-oriented policing), \u00fear sem aukin \u00e1hersla er \u00e1 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 og \u00fej\u00f3nustu vi\u00f0 brota\u00feola.[15]<\/a> Er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r breytingar sem or\u00f0i\u00f0 hafa \u00e1 vi\u00f0horfi f\u00f3lks v\u00ed\u00f0a um heim og h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi til ofbeldis og \u00fe\u00e1 ekki s\u00edst \u00feegar um r\u00e6\u00f0ir ofbeldi \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum e\u00f0a heimilisofbeldi og f\u00e6rum lei\u00f0um til a\u00f0 veita \u00feolendum \u00feess sem mesta r\u00e9ttarvernd. Af \u00fev\u00ed tilefni setti r\u00edkisl\u00f6greglustj\u00f3ri t.d. s\u00e9rstakar verklagsreglur um skr\u00e1ningu og me\u00f0fer\u00f0 heimilisofbeldism\u00e1la \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005. Fr\u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma hafa reglurnar veri\u00f0 uppf\u00e6r\u00f0ar nokkrum sinnum og \u00ed dag gilda reglur um efni\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2018, sbr. n\u00fagildandi verklagsreglur um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 og skr\u00e1ningu heimilisofbeldism\u00e1la.<\/p>\n

Segja m\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r breytingar sem ger\u00f0ar voru \u00e1 218. gr. a. hgl. me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 83\/2005 um bann vi\u00f0 limlestingu \u00e1 kynf\u00e6rum kvenna hafi, a\u00f0 einhverju leyti, marka\u00f0 upphaf breytinga \u00e1 \u00edslenskri refsil\u00f6ggj\u00f6f um aukna vernd \u00feolenda.[16]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 voru enn fremur ger\u00f0ar breytingar \u00e1 nokkrum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um hgl. me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 27\/2006 en horfi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta s\u00e9rstakt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um heimilisofbeldi.[17]<\/a> Ger\u00f0ar voru einnig breytingar \u00e1 refsi\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um barnaverndarlaga nr. 80\/2002 me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 52\/2009.[18]<\/a> Breytingarnar h\u00f6f\u00f0u me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0 tiltaka me\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegar og andlegar refsingar gagnvart b\u00f6rnum eru \u00f3heimilar og refsivert ath\u00e6fi. T\u00f3k frumvarpi\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i til ofbeldis af h\u00e1lfu foreldra e\u00f0a forsj\u00e1rmanna og einnig af h\u00e1lfu annarra umsj\u00e1ra\u00f0ila. \u00de\u00e1 h\u00f6f\u00f0u l\u00f6g um n\u00e1lgunarbann og brottv\u00edsun af heimili nr. 85\/2011 me\u00f0al annars \u00feann tilgang a\u00f0 berjast gegn kynbundnu ofbeldi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gfestingu hinnar svonefndu austurr\u00edsku lei\u00f0ar \u00feannig a\u00f0 ofbeldismenn yr\u00f0u fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0ir af heimilum s\u00ednum.[19]<\/a> Enn frekari breytingar voru svo ger\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um hgl. me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 23\/2016 \u00feegar l\u00f6gfest var me\u00f0al annars n\u00fdtt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um heimilisofbeldi.[20]<\/a> Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a innlei\u00f0ingu \u00e1 samningi Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins um forvarnir og bar\u00e1ttu gegn ofbeldi gegn konum og heimilisofbeldi (Istanb\u00fal-samningurinn), \u00fear sem heimilisofbeldi \u00e6tti vi\u00f0 um \u00f6ll l\u00edkamleg, kynfer\u00f0isleg, andleg e\u00f0a fj\u00e1rhagsleg brot sem \u00e6ttu s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 innan fj\u00f6lskyldunnar og heimiliseiningar e\u00f0a \u00e1 milli fyrrverandi og n\u00faverandi maka e\u00f0a samb\u00fa\u00f0armaka, hvort sem gerandi deildi e\u00f0a deildi ekki e\u00f0a hef\u00f0i deilt h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 \u00feolanda. Einnig m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 n\u00fdlegar breytingar \u00e1 hgl. me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 5\/2021 um ums\u00e1turseinelti, sbr. setningu 232. gr. a. laganna,[21]<\/a> og frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 hgl. um kynfer\u00f0islega fri\u00f0helgi, sbr. l\u00f6g nr. 8\/2021,[22]<\/a> eru \u00ed sama anda og h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 auka refsivernd me\u00f0al annars \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum og\/e\u00f0a milli einstaklinga sem tengjast.<\/p>\n

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2.5 Vernd eignarr\u00e9ttar<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd fimmta lagi fellur undir \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 tryggja vernd eignarr\u00e9ttar. Um fri\u00f0helgi eignarr\u00e9ttar er m\u00e6lt fyrir \u00ed 72. gr. stjskr., sbr. einnig 1. gr. 1. vi\u00f0auka MSE. \u00cd \u00ferengri merkingu tekur eignarr\u00e9tturinn til hins almenna umr\u00e1\u00f0a- og r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6funarr\u00e9ttar yfir hlut og r\u00e9ttinda sem alla jafna teljast til fj\u00e1rhagslegra r\u00e9ttinda.[23]<\/a> \u00cd v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari merkingu tekur eignarr\u00e9tturinn \u00fe\u00f3 til hvers kyns eignarr\u00e9ttinda, jafnt beinna sem \u00f3beinna. \u00de\u00e1 hefur veri\u00f0 tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 eignarr\u00e9tturinn s\u00e9 a\u00f0allega einkar\u00e9ttarlegs e\u00f0lis en geti einnig veri\u00f0 allsherjarr\u00e9ttarlegs.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

Til beinna eignarr\u00e9ttinda teljast t.d. umr\u00e1\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur, hagn\u00fdtingarr\u00e9ttur, r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6funarr\u00e9ttur og skuldsetningar\u00e9ttur yfir fasteignum og \u00fdmsum lausafj\u00e1rmunum.[25]<\/a> Til \u00f3beinna eignarr\u00e9ttinda teljast ve\u00f0r\u00e9ttur, afnotar\u00e9ttur, haldsr\u00e9ttur og\/e\u00f0a \u00f6nnur r\u00e9ttindi sem \u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 tryggja r\u00e9tt \u00feri\u00f0ja manns.[26]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 nj\u00f3ta r\u00e9ttindi eins og kr\u00f6fur\u00e9ttindi og r\u00e9ttindi til hugverka og au\u00f0kenna einnig r\u00e9ttarverndar.[27]<\/a> Loks m\u00e1 nefna eignir sem ekki hafa beint fj\u00e1rhagslegt gildi, svo sem minjar og r\u00e9ttindi sem ekki ver\u00f0a metin til fj\u00e1r.<\/p>\n

Eignarr\u00e9tti er me\u00f0al annars veitt refsivernd XXVI.og XXVII. kafla hgl. \u00fear sem fjalla\u00f0 er um au\u00f0gunarbrot og brot er var\u00f0a \u00fdmis fj\u00e1rr\u00e9ttindi, en \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in taka hvoru tveggja til beinna og \u00f3beinna eignarr\u00e9ttinda, allt \u00ed senn t\u00f6ku eigna, hagn\u00fdtingu eigna, ey\u00f0ileggingu og sviptingu \u00feeirra. A\u00f0 auki m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 XIX. kafla hgl. um \u00fdmis brot \u00e1 hagsmunum almennings er minnismerkjum og n\u00e1tt\u00faruminjum veitt refsivernd, auk s\u00e9rrefsilaga.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0koma l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 vernd eignarr\u00e9ttinda getur loti\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fdmsum \u00fe\u00e1ttum. Nefna m\u00e1 ranns\u00f3kn sakam\u00e1ls \u00e1 grundvelli sml., en hluti af \u00feeirri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er a\u00f0 hafa uppi \u00e1 munum sem afla\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 refsiver\u00f0um h\u00e6tti og leggja \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 hald og koma \u00ed hendur r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ts eiganda. \u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 leggja s\u00fdslumanni atbeina vi\u00f0 a\u00f0fararger\u00f0 \u00e1 grundvelli 3. mgr. 24. gr., 29.-31. gr. og 75. gr. laga um a\u00f0f\u00f6r nr. 90\/1989 en sl\u00edkt fellur jafnframt undir a\u00f0sto\u00f0arhlutverk l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt e-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6grl. Nefna m\u00e1 enn fremur a\u00f0 eitt af hlutverkum almannavarna samkv\u00e6mt 2. mgr. 1. gr. laga nr. 82\/2008 er a\u00f0 takmarka e\u00f0a koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 eignir ver\u00f0i fyrir tj\u00f3ni af v\u00f6ldum n\u00e1tt\u00faruhamfara e\u00f0a af mannav\u00f6ldum, fars\u00f3tta e\u00f0a herna\u00f0ara\u00f0ger\u00f0a e\u00f0a af \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um. Loks m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt 3. mgr. 24. gr. laga um menningarminjar nr. 80\/2012 er Minjastofnun heimilt a\u00f0 leita atbeina l\u00f6greglu til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 fornminjar ver\u00f0i ekki fyrir ska\u00f0a vegna framkv\u00e6mda,<\/p>\n

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2.6 Vernd opinberra hagsmuna<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd sj\u00f6tta lagi hefur l\u00f6gregla \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk a\u00f0 vernda opinbera hagsmuni. Sl\u00edkir hagsmunir eru almannahagsmunir og\/e\u00f0a \u00feeir hagsmunir sem beinast a\u00f0 samf\u00e9laginu og eru hagsmunir allra. Sl\u00edkir hagmunir geta me\u00f0al annars loti\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00f3lki, heilbrig\u00f0i og velfer\u00f0 \u00feess, umhverfi og n\u00e1tt\u00faru, \u00fear af n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindum, atvinnustarfsemi og velfer\u00f0 d\u00fdra.<\/p>\n

Nokku\u00f0 sk\u00fdrt verndarandlag sl\u00edkra hagsmuna eru \u00feeir hagsmunir sem tilgreindir eru \u00ed 2. mgr. 1. gr. laga nr. 82\/2008 og tengjast almannav\u00f6rnum. \u00de\u00e1 kunna lagaskilyr\u00f0i fyrir a\u00f0ger\u00f0um \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu ranns\u00f3knar sakam\u00e1ls a\u00f0 \u00e1skilja almannahagsmuni svo unnt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 beita vi\u00f0komandi \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i. Gildir \u00feetta um s\u00edmahlustun e\u00f0a \u00f6nnur samb\u00e6rileg \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i, sbr. 2. mgr. 83. gr. sml., og um beitingu g\u00e6sluvar\u00f0halds \u00feegar hin almennu skilyr\u00f0i \u00feess eru ekki fyrir hendi og sterkur grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 sakborningur hafi frami\u00f0 afbrot sem a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum getur var\u00f0a\u00f0 10 \u00e1ra fangelsi, enda s\u00e9 broti\u00f0 \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 \u00e6tla megi var\u00f0hald nau\u00f0synlegt, sbr. 2. mgr. 95. gr. sml. \u00de\u00e1 kunna sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 vegna r\u00edkra r\u00e9ttarhagsmuna a\u00f0 vega \u00feyngra en einstaklingshagsmunir \u00feegar gagna er afla\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn m\u00e1ls. Nefna m\u00e1 eftirfarandi d\u00f3m \u00fev\u00ed til sk\u00fdringar.<\/p>\n

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Hrd. 15. febr\u00faar 2006 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 59\/2006 (bankareikningar l\u00f6gmannsstofu) <\/em><\/p>\n

Sta\u00f0festur var \u00farskur\u00f0ur h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms sem ger\u00f0i bankastofnuninni L skylt a\u00f0 afhenda R afrit n\u00e1nar tilgreindra skjala var\u00f0andi tilteknar f\u00e6rslur \u00e1 bankareikningum \u00ed eigu tveggja nafngreindra manna. \u00cd \u00farskur\u00f0i H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Reykjav\u00edkur, sem sta\u00f0festur var me\u00f0 d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar, segir me\u00f0al annars: \u201eSamkv\u00e6mt 66. gr. og 67. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19\/1991, er ranns\u00f3kn opinberra m\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00f6ndum l\u00f6greglu nema \u00e1 annan h\u00e1tt s\u00e9 m\u00e6lt \u00ed l\u00f6gum. Markmi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knar er a\u00f0 afla allra nau\u00f0synlegra gagna til a\u00f0 \u00e1k\u00e6randa s\u00e9 f\u00e6rt a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a a\u00f0 henni lokinni hvort s\u00e6kja skuli mann til sakar, svo og a\u00f0 afla gagna til undirb\u00fanings m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar. \u00deau g\u00f6gn og uppl\u00fdsingar sem h\u00e9r er krafist a\u00f0 veitt ver\u00f0i l\u00f6greglu eru a\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti nau\u00f0synleg fyrir ranns\u00f3kn m\u00e1lsins. Samkv\u00e6mt 58. gr. laga um fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lafyrirt\u00e6ki nr. 161\/2002, hv\u00edlir \u00feagnarskylda \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarm\u00f6nnum fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lafyrirt\u00e6kja, framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rum, endursko\u00f0endum, starfsm\u00f6nnum og hverjum \u00feeim sem taka a\u00f0 s\u00e9r verk \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu fyrirt\u00e6kisins um allt sem var\u00f0ar vi\u00f0skipta- e\u00f0a einkam\u00e1lefni vi\u00f0skiptamanna \u00feess, nema skylt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 veita uppl\u00fdsingar samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feessu er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki \u00e6tla\u00f0, frekar en \u00f6\u00f0rum samb\u00e6rilegum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um, a\u00f0 ganga framar \u00feeim r\u00edku r\u00e9ttarhagsmunum sem l\u00fata a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 unnt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 rannsaka m\u00e1l og afla sakargagna \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0urgreind markmi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kna.\u201c<\/p>\n

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Telja ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 me\u00f0 sk\u00edrskotun til r\u00edkra r\u00e9ttarhagsmuna \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi s\u00e9 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feeirra almannahagsmuna a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsa um refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi.<\/p>\n

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2.7 Vernd l\u00f6gm\u00e6trar starfsemi<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd sj\u00f6unda lagi tekur \u00f6ryggishlutverki\u00f0 til verndar l\u00f6gm\u00e6trar starfsemi. M\u00e6likvar\u00f0inn um l\u00f6gm\u00e6ta starfsemi sk\u00edrskotar til h\u00e1ttsemi sem er l\u00f6gleg, ekki er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 og n\u00fdtur r\u00e9ttarverndar. D\u00e6mi um sl\u00edka starfsemi eru atvinnustarfsemi og starfsemi f\u00e9laga, auk \u00fdmissa athafna eins og tj\u00e1ningar- og fundafrelsis. Framangreind starfsemi og athafnir nj\u00f3ta r\u00edkrar r\u00e9ttarverndar, t.d. af stjskr., al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum og almennum l\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n

Almennt n\u00fdtur \u00f3l\u00f6gleg starfsemi ekki r\u00e9ttarverndar, t.d. f\u00edkniefnavi\u00f0skipti, vi\u00f0skipti me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdfi e\u00f0a starfsemi samtaka sem hafa \u00f3l\u00f6glegan tilgang, t.d. skipuleg brotasamt\u00f6k samkv\u00e6mt 175. gr. a. hgl. \u00c1 stundum getur reynt \u00e1 markatilvik \u00feess hvort starfsemi nj\u00f3ti r\u00e9ttarverndar e\u00f0a ekki. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00fa sem var\u00f0 \u00ed Hrd. 25. febr\u00faar 2016 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 832\/2014 (augl\u00fdsing um kynl\u00edfs\u00fej\u00f3nustu)<\/em> er nokku\u00f0 sk\u00fdrt d\u00e6mi um sl\u00edkt markatilvik \u00fear sem d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar komust a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 v\u00e6ndi, sem \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu er refsiver\u00f0 og \u00f3l\u00f6gleg starfsemi, nyti refsiverndar \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is 248. gr. hgl. og \u00fea\u00f0 breytti engu um sakfellingu \u00fe\u00f3tt brota\u00feoli kynni me\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi sinni a\u00f0 hafa broti\u00f0 gegn 206. gr. hgl. me\u00f0 kaupum \u00e1 kynl\u00edfs\u00fej\u00f3nustu.<\/p>\n

\u00ddmsar skor\u00f0ur m\u00e1 setja starfsemi og ath\u00f6fnum sem nj\u00f3ta r\u00edkrar r\u00e9ttarverndar. \u00cd r\u00e9ttarframkv\u00e6md eru d\u00e6mi \u00fear sem reynt hefur \u00e1 l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti atvinnustarfsemi sem n\u00fdtur verndar 75. gr. stjskr. t.d. til \u00feess a\u00f0 vernda allsherjarreglu, sbr. t.d. Hrd. 20. febr\u00faar 2003 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 542\/2002 (nektardans) <\/em>sem \u00e1\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 nefna \u00fdmsar lagaheimildir sem sker\u00f0a tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi\u00f0 sem n\u00fdtur verndar 73. gr. stjskr., en sl\u00edk sker\u00f0ing ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 standast 3. mgr. sama \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is. Nefna m\u00e1 hvatningu til refsiver\u00f0rar h\u00e1ttsemi, mei\u00f0yr\u00f0al\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, \u00e1fengisl\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, t\u00f3baksvarnarl\u00f6ggj\u00f6f og \u00feegar tj\u00e1ning br\u00fdtur \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 allsherjarreglu, sbr. t.d. ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00ed Hrd. 28. ma\u00ed 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 812\/2014 til 820\/2014 (G\u00e1lgahraun I)<\/em> er \u00feegar hefur veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um.<\/p>\n

Nefna m\u00e1 fundafrelsi samkv\u00e6mt 3. mgr. 74. gr. sem heimilt er a\u00f0 sker\u00f0a, t.d. til verndar annars konar r\u00e9ttindum, sbr. t.d. Lrd. 27. n\u00f3vember 2020 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 336\/2019 (loftfar) <\/em>og Hrd. 1999, bls. 3386 (65\/1999) (Good Morning America)<\/em> en um hinn s\u00ed\u00f0ari d\u00f3m hefur \u00feegar veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0.<\/p>\n

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Lrd. 27. n\u00f3vember 2020 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 336\/2019 (loftfar) <\/em><\/p>\n

J og R voru gefin a\u00f0 s\u00f6k brot gegn hgl. og l\u00f6gum nr. 60\/1998 um loftfer\u00f0ir me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafa um bor\u00f0 \u00ed tiltekinni flugv\u00e9l reynt a\u00f0 t\u00e1lma \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglumenn framfylgdu \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un \u00datlendingastofnunar um endursendingu A fr\u00e1 \u00cdslandi til Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar. \u00cd d\u00f3mi Landsr\u00e9ttar var ekki fallist \u00e1 me\u00f0 J og R a\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi \u00feeirra hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 refsilaus \u00e1 grundvelli ney\u00f0arr\u00e9ttar og hj\u00e1lpar \u00ed l\u00edfsh\u00e1ska, sbr. 13. gr. og 221. gr. hgl. J og R bygg\u00f0u einnig \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbundnu tj\u00e1ningar- og fundafrelsi s\u00ednu, sbr. 1. mgr. 73. gr. og 3. mgr.\u00a0\u00a0 74. gr. stjskr. Tali\u00f0 var a\u00f0 \u00feau m\u00f3tm\u00e6li sem f\u00f3lust \u00ed h\u00e1ttsemi J og R teldust \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt til tj\u00e1ningar \u00ed skilningi 73. gr. stjskr. Af \u00fev\u00ed leiddi a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttur \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 hafa uppi sl\u00edk m\u00f3tm\u00e6li yr\u00f0i a\u00f0eins takmarka\u00f0ur eftir \u00feeim skilyr\u00f0um sem greinir \u00ed 3. mgr. greinarinnar. Tali\u00f0 var sanna\u00f0 a\u00f0 J og R hef\u00f0u me\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi sinni broti\u00f0 gegn 2. mgr. 106. gr., sbr. 20. gr., hgl. og 3. mgr. 42. gr., sbr. 141. gr. laga nr. 60\/1998. Vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvort sakfelling J og R uppfyllti skilyr\u00f0i 3. mgr. 73. gr. stjskr. var raki\u00f0 a\u00f0 sakfelling fyrir h\u00e1ttsemi J og R \u00e6tti s\u00e9r \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt sto\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gum, \u00fe.e. \u00ed fyrrnefndum laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um, auk \u00feess sem \u00fe\u00e6r takmarkanir sem \u00ed \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0unum f\u00e6lust teldust vera \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu l\u00f6gm\u00e6tra markmi\u00f0a. Vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvort sakfelling uppfyllti \u00fea\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i a\u00f0 teljast nau\u00f0synleg og samr\u00fdmast l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ishef\u00f0um yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 l\u00edta til \u00feess a\u00f0 J og R hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00f3tm\u00e6la endursendingu A me\u00f0 \u00f6llum tilt\u00e6kum og l\u00f6glegum r\u00e1\u00f0um, heldur eing\u00f6ngu a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed flugv\u00e9linni me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti sem \u00fe\u00e6r ger\u00f0u. Var \u00fev\u00ed tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 sakfelling uppfyllti \u00f6ll skilyr\u00f0i 73. gr., sbr. og 74. gr. stjskr. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn yr\u00f0i \u00ed lj\u00f3si stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0anna a\u00f0 l\u00edta s\u00e9rstaklega til \u00feess vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um refsingu a\u00f0 fyrir J og R hafi vaka\u00f0 a\u00f0 standa v\u00f6r\u00f0 um l\u00edf og heilsu A, sem \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1litu \u00ed h\u00e6ttu, og \u00fea\u00f0 hafi \u00fe\u00e6r gert me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fdta \u00e1 fri\u00f0saman h\u00e1tt stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rvarinn r\u00e9tt sinn til m\u00f3tm\u00e6la \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fe\u00e6r hafi \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki gengi\u00f0 lengra en heimilt var. A\u00f0 \u00feessu virtu, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 J og R hef\u00f0u ekki hloti\u00f0 refsingu \u00e1\u00f0ur, a\u00f0 verulegur dr\u00e1ttur hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 m\u00e1linu og a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 hafna\u00f0 a\u00f0 heimf\u00e6ra h\u00e1ttsemi \u00feeirra undir \u00feau \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00e1k\u00e6ru sem \u00feyngstri refsingu v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u var tali\u00f0 r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 fresta \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un refsingar J og R skilor\u00f0sbundi\u00f0 \u00ed tv\u00f6 \u00e1r.<\/p>\n

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\u00de\u00e1 n\u00fdtur fundafrelsi\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakrar refsiverndar samkv\u00e6mt 122. gr. hgl. Sl\u00edkt fundafrelsi og\/e\u00f0a a\u00f0 f\u00f3lk h\u00f3past saman af hendingu getur s\u00e6tt \u00fdmiss konar takm\u00f6rkunum, svo sem vegna h\u00fasbruna e\u00f0a umfer\u00f0arslyss. Gilda \u00fe\u00e1 lokanir l\u00f6greglu en samkv\u00e6mt 2. mgr. 15. gr. l\u00f6grl. er l\u00f6greglu me\u00f0al annars heimilt a\u00f0 loka sv\u00e6\u00f0um til \u00feess a\u00f0 tryggja allsherjarreglu. Loks m\u00e1 nefna laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem setja sl\u00edkum manns\u00f6fnu\u00f0i skor\u00f0ur, t.d. \u00e1 grundvelli \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed l\u00f6gum um s\u00f3ttvarnir nr. 19\/1997 og einstaka l\u00f6greglusam\u00feykktum.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. Helstu \u00e1lyktanir um \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu er v\u00ed\u00f0fe\u00f0mt l\u00edkt og ger\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 grein fyrir. \u00dea\u00f0 skiptist upp \u00ed nokkra hlutverka\u00fe\u00e6tti sem sta\u00f0i\u00f0 geta sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt en tengjast einnig innbyr\u00f0is, auk \u00feess sem einstaka hlutverka\u00fe\u00e1ttur getur tengst \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um l\u00f6grl., \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00f6gum og s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum r\u00e9ttarsvi\u00f0um. Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum er vandme\u00f0fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra einstaka hlutverka\u00fe\u00e1tt \u00e1n samhengis.<\/p>\n

Skil milli hlutverka\u00fe\u00e1tta geta me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um veri\u00f0 \u00f3gl\u00f6gg, sbr. t.d. atvik \u00ed Hrd. 28. ma\u00ed 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 812\/2014 til 820\/2014 (G\u00e1lgahraun I)<\/em>. Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum \u00fearf a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra og t\u00falka hlutverk l\u00f6greglu me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um l\u00f6grl., einkum \u00ed III. kafla laganna um skyldu l\u00f6greglumanna og framkv\u00e6md l\u00f6greglustarfa, sbr. t.d. \u00e1lit umbo\u00f0smanns Al\u00feingis \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 2824\/1999 og 2836\/1999 (h\u00e1va\u00f0i)<\/em>. \u00de\u00e1 er ekki einhl\u00edtt a\u00f0 einkar\u00e9ttarlegur \u00e1greiningur skeri \u00far um valdsvi\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sambandi. F\u00e1tt eitt er \u00fev\u00ed l\u00f6greglu \u00f3vi\u00f0komandi \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi.<\/p>\n

Loks getur reynst \u00f6r\u00f0ugt a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra og t\u00falka mismunandi a\u00f0ger\u00f0aheimildir l\u00f6greglu \u00feegar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir eru \u00fevingandi og halda \u00fearf uppi l\u00f6gum reglu \u00feegar upp\u00feot e\u00f0a \u00f3rei\u00f0ir eru fyrir hendi. \u00cd\u00a0 \u00fev\u00ed sambandi getur veri\u00f0 nokkrum vandkv\u00e6\u00f0um bundi\u00f0 a\u00f0 greina \u00e1 milli handt\u00f6kuheimilda l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt 2. mgr. 90. gr. sml. og 16. gr. l\u00f6grl. \u00fear sem fj\u00f6lmenni hefur komi\u00f0 saman, sbr. t.d. Hrd. 1999, bls. 3386 (65\/1999) (Good Morning America)<\/em>. Vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur kann a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra hlutverk l\u00f6greglu s\u00e9rstaklega, \u00fear sem \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 16. gr. l\u00f6grl. felur \u00ed s\u00e9r s\u00e9rstaka handt\u00f6kuheimild l\u00f6greglu til a\u00f0 halda uppi l\u00f6gum og reglu \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 grunur s\u00e9 uppi um \u00e6tla\u00f0a refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi, t.d. vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur hefur \u00e6rst \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 2. mgr. 90. gr. sml. hefur aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti a\u00f0 geyma nokku\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ka handt\u00f6kuheimild l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 hendur hverjum \u00feeim sem er n\u00e6rstaddur og \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a er til a\u00f0 gruna um \u00e6tla\u00f0a refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi vegna upp\u00feota e\u00f0a fj\u00f6lmennra \u00f3eir\u00f0a sem brotist hafa \u00fat og hafa haft e\u00f0a g\u00e6tu haft \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r l\u00edkamsmei\u00f0ingar e\u00f0a st\u00f3rfelld eignaspj\u00f6ll og ekki ver\u00f0ur me\u00f0 vissu bent \u00e1 hinn seka e\u00f0a hina seku.<\/p>\n

\n

Heimildaskr\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 2020-21, A-deild, \u00feskj. 296 \u2013 267. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940 (kynfer\u00f0isleg fri\u00f0helgi).<\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 2020-21, A-deild, \u00feskj. 133 \u2013 132. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940 (ums\u00e1turseinelti).<\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 2015-16, A-deild, \u00feskj. 547 \u2013 401. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum (Samningur Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins um forvarnir og bar\u00e1ttu gegn ofbeldi gegn konum og heimilisofbeldi).<\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 2010-11, A-deild, \u00feskj. 1225 \u2013 706. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um n\u00e1lgunarbann og brottv\u00edsun af heimili.<\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 2008-09, A-deild, \u00feskj. 19 \u2013 19. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 barnaverndarl\u00f6gum og barnal\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 2005-06, A-deild, \u00feskj. 419 \u2013 365. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breyting \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19 12. febr\u00faar 1940 (heimilisofbeldi).<\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 2004-05, A-deild, \u00feskj. 67 \u2013 67. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingar \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum (bann vi\u00f0 limlestingu \u00e1 kynf\u00e6rum kvenna).<\/p>\n

Al\u00fet. 1995-96, A-deild, \u00feskj. 783 \u2013 451. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til l\u00f6greglulaga.<\/p>\n

Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen<\/em>: Stj\u00f3rnskipunarr\u00e9ttur \u2013 mannr\u00e9ttindi. 2. \u00fatg\u00e1fa. B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex. Reykjav\u00edk 2019.<\/p>\n

Braga, Anthony A. og Weisburd, David<\/em>: Police Innovation Contrasting Perspectives Cambridge University Press. Second Edition. Cambridge 2019.<\/p>\n

Charman, Sarah<\/em>: Making Sense of Policing Identities: the \u2018Deserving\u2019 and the \u2018Undeserving\u2019 in Policing Accounts of Victimisation. Policing and Society An International Journal of Research and Policy, volume 30, 2020 – Issue 1.<\/p>\n

Logi Kjartansson:<\/em> L\u00f6greglur\u00e9ttur \u2013 kennsluhandrit fyrir L\u00f6greglusk\u00f3la r\u00edkisins. L\u00f6greglusk\u00f3li r\u00edkisins. Reykjav\u00edk 2012.<\/p>\n

L\u00f6gg\u00e6slu\u00e1\u00e6tlun fyrir \u00e1rin 2019-2023<\/em>. D\u00f3msm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0, Reykjav\u00edk 2019, bls. 4-11.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ll Hreinsson<\/em>: Almennar efnisreglur stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslur\u00e9ttarins. Fons juris. Reykjav\u00edk 2022).<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ll Hreinsson: <\/em>Stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslul\u00f6gin \u2013 sk\u00fdringarrit. Fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0. Reykjav\u00edk 1994. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>P\u00e1ll Hreinsson: <\/em>Stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslur\u00e9ttur \u2013 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0. B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex. Reykjav\u00edk 2013.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Starfsskilyr\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnvalda. Sk\u00fdrsla nefndar um starfsskilyr\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnvalda, eftirlit me\u00f0 starfsemi \u00feeirra og vi\u00f0url\u00f6gum vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarbrotum \u00ed stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu. <\/em>Fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0, Reykjav\u00edk 1999, bls. 18.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Sk\u00fdrsla \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00f6ryggisr\u00e1\u00f0s um mat \u00e1 \u00e1standi og horfum \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00f6ryggism\u00e1lum<\/em>. Stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00cdslands, \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arr\u00f6ryggisr\u00e1\u00f0. Reykjav\u00edk, febr\u00faar 2021.<\/p>\n

Vefs\u00ed\u00f0a r\u00edkissaks\u00f3knara, www. rikissaksoknari.is.<\/p>\n

Vefs\u00ed\u00f0a V\u00edsis, www.visir.is.<\/p>\n

\u00deorgeir \u00d6rlygsson, Karl Axelsson og V\u00ed\u00f0ir Sm\u00e1ri Petersen<\/em>: Eignarr\u00e9ttur I \u2013 almennur hluti. Fons juris \u00fatg\u00e1fa ehf. Reykjav\u00edk 2020.<\/p>\n

\n

Yfirlit d\u00f3ma og \u00e1lit<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00f3mar H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00cdslands<\/em><\/p>\n

Hrd. 28. ma\u00ed 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 812\/2014 til 820\/2014<\/p>\n

Hrd. 8. desember 2016 \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 100\/2016 til 108\/2016<\/p>\n

Hrd. 25. febr\u00faar 2016 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 832\/2014<\/p>\n

Hrd. 19. febr\u00faar 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 131\/2015<\/p>\n

Hrd. 11. desember 2014 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 102\/2014<\/p>\n

Hrd. 17. okt\u00f3ber 2013 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 191\/2012<\/p>\n

Hrd. 15. n\u00f3vember 2012 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 60\/2012<\/p>\n

Hrd. 26. \u00e1g\u00fast 2010 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 507\/2010<\/p>\n

Hrd. 16. j\u00fan\u00ed 2010 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 224\/2010<\/p>\n

Hrd. 30. okt\u00f3ber 2008 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 236\/2008<\/p>\n

Hrd. 15. febr\u00faar 2006 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 59\/2006<\/p>\n

Hrd. 20. febr\u00faar 2003 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 542\/2002<\/p>\n

Hrd. 1999, bls. 3386 (65\/1999)<\/p>\n

Hrd. 1994, bls. 813 (387\/1993)<\/p>\n

Hrd. 1985, bls. 883<\/p>\n

\n

D\u00f3mar Landsr\u00e9ttar<\/em><\/p>\n

Lrd. 27. n\u00f3vember 2020 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 336\/2019<\/p>\n

Lrd. 27. n\u00f3vember 2020 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 135\/2019<\/p>\n

Lrd. 29. n\u00f3vember 2019 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 220\/2019<\/p>\n

Lrd. 25. mars 2019 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 182\/2019<\/p>\n

Lrd. 23. n\u00f3vember 2018 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 78\/2018<\/p>\n

\n

D\u00f3mar h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mur Nor\u00f0urlands eystra 12. n\u00f3vember 2015 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-93\/2015<\/p>\n

\n

\u00c1lit umbo\u00f0smanns Al\u00feingis<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c1lit umbo\u00f0smanns Al\u00feingis \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 2824\/1999 og 2836\/1999<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aftanm\u00e1lsgreinar<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Sk\u00fdrsla \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00f6ryggisr\u00e1\u00f0s um mat \u00e1 \u00e1standi og horfum \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00f6ryggism\u00e1lum<\/em>. Stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00cdslands, \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00f6ryggisr\u00e1\u00f0, Reykjav\u00edk 202, bls. 46.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> P\u00e1ll Hreinsson: Stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslul\u00f6gin – sk\u00fdringarrit<\/em>. (Fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 1994), bls. 44.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> P\u00e1ll Hreinsson: Stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslur\u00e9ttur \u2013 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/em>. (B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex 2013), bls. 118-119.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Logi Kjartansson: L\u00f6greglur\u00e9ttur \u2013 kennsluhandrit fyrir L\u00f6greglusk\u00f3la r\u00edkisins<\/em>. (L\u00f6greglusk\u00f3li r\u00edkisins 2012), bls. 4.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> P\u00e1ll Hreinsson<\/em>: Almennar efnisreglur stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslur\u00e9ttarins. (Fons juris 2022), bls. 5-6.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1995-96, A-deild, \u00feskj. 783 \u2013 451. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til l\u00f6greglulaga, VI. \u00fe\u00e1ttur almennra athugsemda.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> L\u00f6gg\u00e6slu\u00e1\u00e6tlun fyrir \u00e1rin 2019-2023<\/em>. D\u00f3msm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0, Reykjav\u00edk 2019, bls. 4-11.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Braga, Anthony A. o.fl. Police Innovation Contrasting Perspectives<\/em>. (Cambridge University Press 2019), bls. 12-19<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1995-96, A-deild, \u00feskj. 783 \u2013 451. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til l\u00f6greglulaga, athugasemdir vi\u00f0 einstakar greinar frumvarpsins, um 2. gr.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1995-96, A-deild, \u00feskj. 783 \u2013 451. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til l\u00f6greglulaga, athugasemdir vi\u00f0 einstakar greinar frumvarpsins, um 2. gr.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u201eRanns\u00f3kn r\u00edkissaks\u00f3knara \u00e1 atvikum \u00ed Hraunb\u00e6 20\u201c (R\u00edkissaks\u00f3knari) https:\/\/www.rikissaksoknari.is\/um-embaettid\/frettir\/nr\/77, s\u00f3tt 16. jan\u00faar 2022.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1995-96, A-deild, \u00feskj. 783 \u2013 451. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til l\u00f6greglulaga, athugasemdir vi\u00f0 einstakar greinar frumvarpsins, um 9. gr.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u201eUmdeildir f\u00e1nar \u00e1 b\u00faningi l\u00f6greglu\u00fej\u00f3ns vekja rei\u00f0i\u201c (V\u00edsir). https:\/\/www.visir.is\/g\/20202027469d, s\u00f3tt 16. jan\u00faar 2022.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Starfsskilyr\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnvalda. Sk\u00fdrsla nefndar um starfsskilyr\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnvalda, eftirlit me\u00f0 starfsemi \u00feeirra og vi\u00f0url\u00f6gum vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarbrotum \u00ed stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu<\/em>, bls. 66.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Charman, Sarah<\/em>: Making Sense of Policing Identities: the \u2018Deserving\u2019 and the \u2018Undeserving\u2019 in Policing Accounts of Victimisation (2020) Policing and Society An International Journal of Research and Policy, bls. 82.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2004-05, A-deild, \u00feskj. 67 \u2013 67. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingar \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum (bann vi\u00f0 limlestingu \u00e1 kynf\u00e6rum kvenna).<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2005-06, A-deild, \u00feskj. 419 \u2013 365. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breyting \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19 12. febr\u00faar 1940 (heimilisofbeldi).<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2008-09, A-deild, \u00feskj. 19 \u2013 19. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 barnaverndarl\u00f6gum og barnal\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2010-11, A-deild, \u00feskj. 1225 \u2013 706. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um n\u00e1lgunarbann og brottv\u00edsun af heimili.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2015-16, A-deild, \u00feskj. 547 \u2013 401. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum (Samningur Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins um forvarnir og bar\u00e1ttu gegn ofbeldi gegn konum og heimilisofbeldi).<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2020-21, A-deild, \u00feskj. 133 \u2013 132. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940 (ums\u00e1turseinelti).<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2020-21, A-deild, \u00feskj. 296 \u2013 267. m\u00e1l<\/em>. Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, nr. 19\/1940 (kynfer\u00f0isleg fri\u00f0helgi).<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen<\/em>: Stj\u00f3rnskipunarr\u00e9ttur \u2013 mannr\u00e9ttindi. (B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex 2019), bls. 475-76.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen<\/em>: Stj\u00f3rnskipunarr\u00e9ttur \u2013 mannr\u00e9ttindi, bls. 477-78.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> \u00deorgeir \u00d6rlygsson o.fl.<\/em>: Eignarr\u00e9ttur I \u2013 almennur hluti (Fons juris \u00fatg\u00e1fa ehf. 2020), bls. 145-47.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> \u00deorgeir \u00d6rlygsson o.fl.<\/em>: Eignarr\u00e9ttur I \u2013 almennur hluti, bls. 167-68.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen<\/em>: Stj\u00f3rnskipunarr\u00e9ttur \u2013 mannr\u00e9ttindi, bls. 474-75.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd grein \u00feessari er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu samkv\u00e6mt a-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga nr. 90\/1996 fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li l\u00f6greglur\u00e9ttar. Fjalla\u00f0 er um hlutverk l\u00f6greglu almennt og einstaka hlutverka\u00fe\u00e6tti \u00f6ryggishlutverksins samkv\u00e6mt a-li\u00f0 2. mgr. 1. gr. l\u00f6greglulaga. Varpa\u00f0 er lj\u00f3si \u00e1 hi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lbreytta \u00f6ryggishlutverk l\u00f6greglu, samspil \u00feess vi\u00f0 a\u00f0rar r\u00e9ttarreglur, hvernig \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 getur reynt og hvernig \u00edslenskir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa t\u00falka\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6grl. um hlutverk l\u00f6greglu. Greinin er hluti af ranns\u00f3kn h\u00f6fundar \u00e1 hlutverki l\u00f6greglu \u00e1 svi\u00f0i l\u00f6greglur\u00e9ttar. A\u00f0 nokkru byggir umfj\u00f6llunarefni\u00f0 \u00e1 efnist\u00f6kum h\u00f6fundar \u00ed kennslu \u00e1 svi\u00f0i l\u00f6greglur\u00e9ttar vi\u00f0 HA.<\/p>\n

This article addresses the security role of the police according to paragraph 2 (a) in Article 1 of the Icelandic Police Act no. 90\/1996 in the aspect of police law. The general role of the police is discussed, and each section of the provision is defined further. The multiple means of the security role are illuminated in terms of other judicial rules, how the role is practised and how Icelandic courts have interpreted the provisions. The article is a part of the author’s research on Icelandic police law. The issue is also based on the author’s academic approach to teaching police law at the University of Akureyri.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":686,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2411],"tags":[107,909,2540,2539],"coauthors":[2538],"class_list":["post-31402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-new-article-double-blind-peer-review-volume-19-no-1-2024","tag-iceland","tag-island","tag-logregla","tag-police"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31402","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/686"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31402"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31406,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31402\/revisions\/31406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31402"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=31402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}