{"id":29843,"date":"2024-02-15T12:11:20","date_gmt":"2024-02-15T12:11:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=29843"},"modified":"2024-02-20T12:25:03","modified_gmt":"2024-02-20T12:25:03","slug":"munnlegur-malflutningur-fyrir-aedra-domi-addragandi-breytinga-a-3-mgr-158-gr-og-3-mgr-182-gr-laga-um-medferd-einkamala-og-mal-susonnu-rosar-westlund-gegn-islandi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-19-no-1-2024\/new-article-double-blind-peer-review-volume-19-no-1-2024\/munnlegur-malflutningur-fyrir-aedra-domi-addragandi-breytinga-a-3-mgr-158-gr-og-3-mgr-182-gr-laga-um-medferd-einkamala-og-mal-susonnu-rosar-westlund-gegn-islandi\/","title":{"rendered":"Munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi: A\u00f0dragandi breytinga \u00e1 3. mgr. 158. gr. og 3. mgr. 182. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la og m\u00e1l S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund gegn \u00cdslandi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n

<\/a>Inngangur<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00deann 6. desember 2007 kva\u00f0 Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu (MDE) upp d\u00f3m \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund (SRW) gegn \u00cdslandi. \u00dear var \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 tali\u00f0 hafa gerst brotlegt vi\u00f0 1. mgr. 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu (MSE) um r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fear sem k\u00e6randa haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 meina\u00f0 a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l sitt munnlega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti. Haf\u00f0i k\u00e6randa fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti ekki gefist t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til \u00feess a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1li\u00f0 munnlega og lei\u00f0a vitni fyrir d\u00f3minn \u00fear sem stefndi skila\u00f0i ekki greinarger\u00f0 og t\u00f3k til varna.\u00a0 Var m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed d\u00e6mt \u00e1 grundvelli skriflegra gagna \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1gildandi 3. mgr. 158. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la nr. 91\/1991 (eml). SRW k\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 til Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu fyrir brot gegn 1. mgr. 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu \u00fear sem h\u00fan taldi a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar hef\u00f0i fali\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00e9r brot \u00e1 r\u00e9tti til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar skv. 1. mgr. 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfar d\u00f3msins voru ger\u00f0ar breytingar \u00e1 eml, sbr. l\u00f6g nr. 18\/2019.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r ver\u00f0a rakin \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00edslensks r\u00e9ttar um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum, ger\u00f0 grein fyrir s\u00f6gulegum a\u00f0draganda og \u00fer\u00f3un \u00feeirra. Einnig ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um t\u00falkun Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 felist \u00ed r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tri og opinberri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar meginregluna um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0. Loks ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um m\u00e1l SRW gegn \u00cdslandi og umfj\u00f6llun MDE um hvort broti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1 r\u00e9tti hennar til munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings. Leita\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur svara vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort me\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0urnefndri lagabreytingu sem ger\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2019 hafi veri\u00f0 brug\u00f0ist me\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi h\u00e6tti vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mi Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW og hvort breytingin endurspegli t\u00falkun MDE \u00e1 r\u00e9tti manna til munnlegrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar samkv\u00e6mt 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Meginreglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Meginreglan um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er ein af meginreglum r\u00e9ttarfars sem og reglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0.[1]<\/a>\u00a0 \u00de\u00e6r eru hluti af r\u00e9ttinum til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum og stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1. \u00cd \u00feeirri umfj\u00f6llun sem h\u00e9r fer \u00e1 eftir er sj\u00f3num einkum beint a\u00f0 munnlegri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi, r\u00e9ttinum til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar og opinberrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar. Ger\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur grein fyrir s\u00f6gulegum a\u00f0draganda \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>R\u00e9ttl\u00e1t m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og opinber m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/em><\/p>\n

R\u00e9ttur manna til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar er grundvallarr\u00e9ttur \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi og m.a. varinn af 70. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r nr. 33\/1944 og 1. mgr. 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu (MSE) sem veitt hefur veri\u00f0 lagagildi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, sbr. l\u00f6g nr. 62\/1994 um mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu.[3]<\/a> Meginreglan um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er l\u00f6gfest \u00ed 1. mgr. 70. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar en \u00fear er \u00e1skilna\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 d\u00f3m\u00feing skuli h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed heyranda hlj\u00f3\u00f0i nema d\u00f3mari \u00e1kve\u00f0i anna\u00f0 l\u00f6gum samkv\u00e6mt til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta vels\u00e6mis, allsherjarreglu, \u00f6ryggis r\u00edkisins e\u00f0a hagsmuna m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ila.<\/p>\n

Meginreglan um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er ein af undirst\u00f6\u00f0um r\u00e9ttarfars og n\u00e1tengd meginreglunni um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0. R\u00e9ttur til munnlegrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar felur \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 borgararnir f\u00e1 f\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldum. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 hvorki \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 n\u00e9 \u00ed 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu s\u00e9 kve\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 um a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur skuli vera munnlegur er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 meginreglunni um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 felist krafan um a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 skuli vera munnleg.[4]<\/a> Me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti kve\u00f0ur 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE \u00e1 um a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3li skuli vera opinber nema l\u00f6gm\u00e6ltar undan\u00fe\u00e1gur eigi vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Munnlegur og skriflegur m\u00e1lflutningur<\/em><\/p>\n

Munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum \u00feekkist fr\u00e1 fornu fari. \u00cd R\u00f3marr\u00e9tti gilti meginreglan um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning en b\u00e6\u00f0i skriflegar og munnlegar sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6kur voru heimilar.[5]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 var m\u00e1lflutningur munnlegur \u00e1 \u00feingum samkv\u00e6mt aldagamalli hef\u00f0 germanskra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a sem m.a. var s\u00f6kum \u00feess a\u00f0 fj\u00f6ldi d\u00f3menda var \u00f3l\u00e6s og \u00f3skrifandi. Me\u00f0 umbrotum \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 seinni hluta 18. aldar og \u00fer\u00f3un \u00ed \u00e1tt fr\u00e1 einveldi til l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld var r\u00e9ttarfarsl\u00f6ggj\u00f6f v\u00ed\u00f0a tekin til heildarendursko\u00f0unar, m.a. \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi og Austurr\u00edki og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku.[6]<\/a> \u00cd sta\u00f0 mikilla afskipta d\u00f3mara af m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed refsi- og einkam\u00e1lum l\u00edkt og var \u00e1 einveldist\u00edma \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0ust m\u00e1l me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 me\u00f0 auknu frelsi ur\u00f0u a\u00f0ilar m\u00e1ls r\u00e1\u00f0andi um gang \u00feess, einkum \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

N\u00fa er liti\u00f0 \u00e1 meginregluna um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning sem sj\u00e1lfsag\u00f0a \u00ed si\u00f0menntu\u00f0um r\u00edkjum og hluta af grundvallarmannr\u00e9ttindum.[8]<\/a> Nokkur munur er \u00e1 skriflegum og munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi. Munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur \u201e…\u00ed sinni hreinustu mynd\u201c felur \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mi er munnleg. \u00de\u00e1 er ekki stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 neitt \u00ed \u00farlausn m\u00e1lsins sem kemur ekki fram \u00ed m\u00e6ltu m\u00e1li.[9]<\/a> Skriflegur m\u00e1lflutningur byggist \u00e1 \u00feeim g\u00f6gnum sem l\u00f6g\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 fram \u00ed m\u00e1linu og \u00fev\u00ed sem a\u00f0ilar leggja fram skriflega. \u00deegar m\u00e1lflutningur er skriflegur kann a\u00f0 vera erfi\u00f0ara a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningurinn s\u00e9 opinber me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem fram fer og er hann undantekning fr\u00e1 meginreglunni um a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur skuli vera munnlegur. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 um m\u00e1lflutninginn sj\u00e1lfan og sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6kur fyrir d\u00f3mi. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur s\u00e9 munnlegur byggir hann hins vegar \u00e1vallt a\u00f0 einhverju leyti \u00e1 skriflegum g\u00f6gnum. \u00deannig er grundv\u00f6llur m\u00e1ls lag\u00f0ur me\u00f0 skriflegum h\u00e6tti, \u00fe.e. \u00ed stefnu og greinarger\u00f0. Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum er m\u00e1lflutningur \u00ed reynd aldrei alfari\u00f0 munnlegur heldur einnig skriflegur a\u00f0 hluta vegna fj\u00f6lda skriflegra gagna sem l\u00f6g\u00f0 eru fram \u00ed m\u00e1li eins og skylt kann a\u00f0 vera skv. eml.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hvor m\u00e1lflutningurinn um sig hefur s\u00edna kosti og galla. Skriflegur m\u00e1lflutningur getur lagt grunn a\u00f0 vanda\u00f0ri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1lsins og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. Munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur hefur hins vegar \u00fe\u00e1 kosti a\u00f0 hann tryggir jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0ila m\u00e1ls betur auk \u00feess sem au\u00f0veldara er a\u00f0 fylgja meginreglunni um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0. Meginreglan um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er jafnframt forsenda millili\u00f0alausrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 sami d\u00f3mari fari me\u00f0 m\u00e1l fr\u00e1 upphafi til \u00farlausnar \u00feess sem er mikilv\u00e6g meginregla \u00ed r\u00e9ttarfari, sbr. d\u00f3m H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 252\/1994 \u00fear sem me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1ls var talin fara \u201e…\u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 meginreglu r\u00e9ttarfars um munnlegan og millili\u00f0alausan m\u00e1lflutning.\u201c.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Um kosti munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings er og mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur hefur ekki eing\u00f6ngu \u00feann tilgang a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na forminu heldur einnig a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 hra\u00f0ri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 svo m\u00e1l dragist ekki \u00e1 langinn. \u00d3l\u00edkt skriflegum flutningi m\u00e1ls fer flutningur m\u00e1ls til a\u00f0 mynda fram \u00ed einni lotu vi\u00f0 a\u00f0alme\u00f0fer\u00f0, \u00fe.e. sk\u00fdrslutaka og munnlegur flutningur, sbr. 3. mgr. 103. gr. eml. S\u00f3kn m\u00e1ls fer hins vegar ekki fram \u00ed skriflega fluttu m\u00e1li fyrr en a\u00f0 loknum sk\u00fdrslut\u00f6kum og a\u00f0 \u00feeim loknum er m\u00e1li fresta\u00f0 til a\u00f0 stefndi leggi fram v\u00f6rn, sbr. 4. mgr. 103. gr. eml.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>Munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur og \u00edslenskur r\u00e9ttur<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00edslensku r\u00e9ttarfari gildir meginreglan um a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur fyrir d\u00f3mi skuli vera munnlegur. H\u00fan var fyrst l\u00f6gfest h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar m\u00e1lflutning fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 22\/1919 um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt \u00feegar \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3msvald fluttist til landsins me\u00f0 Sambandsl\u00f6gunum. Meginreglan um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i var l\u00f6gfest nokkru s\u00ed\u00f0ar e\u00f0a \u00feegar fyrstu heildst\u00e6\u00f0u l\u00f6gin um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i voru sett me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 85\/1936. Fram a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed haf\u00f0i m\u00e1lflutningur fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum veri\u00f0 skriflegur.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

Um\u00a0 mikilv\u00e6gi munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed athugasemdum me\u00f0 frumvarpi \u00fev\u00ed sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 85\/1936 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i. \u00dear kemur m.a. fram a\u00f0 gallarnir sem fylgi skriflegri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem t\u00ed\u00f0kast hafi s\u00e9u tilfinnanlegir. \u00deannig hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 mikill og \u00f3\u00fearfur dr\u00e1ttur \u00e1 m\u00e1lum auk \u00feess sem almenningur eigi \u00feess \u201e…engan kost a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 d\u00f3mg\u00e6slunni \u00e1 m\u00f3ts vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ef m\u00e1lflutningur er munnlegur.\u201c \u00de\u00e1 sk\u00fdrist m\u00e1l illa me\u00f0 skriflegum m\u00e1lflutningi.[14]<\/a> Til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta \u00far \u00feessu var horft til \u00fer\u00f3unar \u00ed n\u00e1grannal\u00f6ndunum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00fear sem m.a. hafi veri\u00f0 horfi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 skriflegum m\u00e1lflutningi til munnlegs til \u00feess a\u00f0 veita d\u00f3mara meira vald til a\u00f0 st\u00fdra gangi m\u00e1ls. Fram a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkt laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 1936 haf\u00f0i m\u00e1lflutningur byggst \u00ed a\u00f0alatri\u00f0um \u00e1 d\u00f6nskum og norskum lagafyrirm\u00e6lum sem raunar h\u00f6f\u00f0u ekki veri\u00f0 l\u00f6gbo\u00f0in h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi.<\/p>\n

Einar Arn\u00f3rsson fjallar \u00ed riti s\u00ednu \u201eAlmenn me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i\u201c sem \u00fat kom \u00e1ri\u00f0 1941 um \u00feau t\u00edmam\u00f3t er meginreglan um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning var l\u00f6gfest \u00ed \u00edslensku r\u00e9ttarfari og getur \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i hafi jafnan veri\u00f0 skriflegur \u00feanga\u00f0 til n\u00fdju l\u00f6gin um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i komu til framkv\u00e6mdar.[15]<\/a> \u00dev\u00ed n\u00e6st \u00fatsk\u00fdrir hann n\u00e1nar hva\u00f0 \u00e1tt er vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 skriflegum m\u00e1lflutningi sem er a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eitt s\u00e9 teki\u00f0 til greina \u201e… sem fram er komi\u00f0 \u00ed skj\u00f6lum m\u00e1ls (qod non est in notis soriptis, non est in mundo<\/em>).\u201c \u00cd munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 v\u00edsu a\u00f0 leggja grundv\u00f6llinn a\u00f0 m\u00e1li skriflega me\u00f0 s\u00e1ttak\u00e6ru, stefnu og greinarger\u00f0 helstu m\u00e1lsatvika, og s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gn (vitnask\u00fdrslur, a\u00f0iljask\u00fdrslur, skj\u00f6l, matsger\u00f0ir og sko\u00f0unar) hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 koma skjalfestar fyrir d\u00f3m. Bendir Einar \u00e1 a\u00f0 kostir munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings yfirgn\u00e6fi kosti skriflegs m\u00e1lflutnings, s\u00e9rstaklega eins og honum hafi veri\u00f0 haga\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson fv. h\u00e6star\u00e9ttard\u00f3mari bendir \u00e1 \u00fdmsa kosti munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings, til a\u00f0 mynda stu\u00f0li hann a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi \u00fear sem \u00fe\u00e1tttaka d\u00f3mara er virkari \u00ed m\u00e1lflutningi. \u00de\u00e1 bendir H\u00e1kon \u00c1rnason \u00e1 a\u00f0 a\u00f0alkosturinn vi\u00f0 munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning s\u00e9 s\u00e1 a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 \u201eliprari en skriflegur m\u00e1lflutningur\u201c og l\u00e9ttara s\u00e9 a\u00f0 reifa m\u00e1l og koma m\u00e1lsefni til skila \u00ed t\u00f6lu\u00f0u m\u00e1li en skriflegu.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 grein Einars Arn\u00f3rssonar s\u00e9 ritu\u00f0 fyrir um \u00e1ttat\u00edu \u00e1rum m\u00e1 fullyr\u00f0a a\u00f0 or\u00f0 hans s\u00e9u enn \u00ed fullu gildi.\u00a0 Bendir Einar \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn l\u00edkt og Munch Petersen h\u00f6f\u00f0u rita\u00f0 a\u00f0 munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur taki skemmri t\u00edma, veiti d\u00f3mara f\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 \u00fdmislegt betur sk\u00fdrt, geri meiri kr\u00f6fur til sk\u00fdrleiks m\u00e1lflytjenda og \u201ehi\u00f0 lifandi or\u00f0\u201c munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings veiti d\u00f3mara gleggri mynd af m\u00e1lav\u00f6xtum en hinn \u201edau\u00f0i b\u00f3kstafur\u201c hins skriflega. Koma fram \u00feau s\u00f6mu meginsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar kosti og galla munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings og skriflegs m\u00e1lflutnings og rakin eru \u00ed riti Munch Petersen.[17]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 g\u00e6ti almenningur fylgst me\u00f0 munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi en ekki skriflegum, m\u00e1lshra\u00f0i s\u00e9 meiri auk \u00feess sem betra t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri gefist til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra fl\u00f3kin atri\u00f0i \u00feegar m\u00e1lflutningur er munnlegur.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a>Munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum \u2013 forsagan<\/u><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feeirri umfj\u00f6llun sem fer h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur sj\u00f3num fyrst og fremst beint a\u00f0 munnlegri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1la fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum. \u00cd n\u00fagildandi r\u00e9ttarfarsl\u00f6ggj\u00f6f er \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum a\u00f0 finna v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la nr. 91\/1991.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi \u00ed \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gum eiga s\u00e9r lengri s\u00f6gu en l\u00f6gfesting meginreglunnar um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir h\u00e9ra\u00f0i. Sambandsl\u00f6gin fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1918 f\u00f3lu m.a. \u00ed s\u00e9r heimild til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar skipu\u00f0u \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3msvald \u00ed landinu.\u00a0 Undirb\u00faningur a\u00f0 flutningi \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3ls aftur inn \u00ed landi\u00f0 h\u00f3fst \u00fev\u00ed strax \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1skilna\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gunum \u00fear um en H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur Danmerkur var \u00e6\u00f0sti d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll \u00cdslands fram til \u00e1rsins 1920 er H\u00e6star\u00e9tti \u00cdslands var komi\u00f0 \u00e1 f\u00f3t. Sumari\u00f0 1919 var lagt fram frumvarp fyrir Al\u00feingi \u201e..til laga um h\u00e6starjett.\u201c Frumvarpi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i a\u00f0 geyma \u00ferj\u00fa \u201e…r\u00e9ttarfarsleg h\u00f6fu\u00f0n\u00fdm\u00e6li\u201c eins og l\u00fdst er \u00ed riti Bj\u00f6rns \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arsonar: \u201eLandsyfird\u00f3murinn 1800-1919\u201c sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1947. Auk \u00feess a\u00f0 leggja ni\u00f0ur landsyfirr\u00e9ttinn f\u00f3lu \u00feau \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00farslitavald \u00ed \u00edslenskum m\u00e1lum skyldi vera innanlands og a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningurinn fyrir \u00feessum d\u00f3mst\u00f3li skyldi vera munnlegur.[20]<\/a> Me\u00f0 stofnun H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar, sem t\u00f3k formlega til starfa 16. febr\u00faar 1920 var, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir, \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3msvald \u00ed flutt til landsins en \u00fea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru landi allt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed er J\u00e1rns\u00ed\u00f0a var l\u00f6gtekin h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1271-1273, eins og fram kemur \u00ed athugasemdum me\u00f0 frumvarpinu. [21]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nokkur umr\u00e6\u00f0a skapa\u00f0ist um hvort h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 innlei\u00f0a \u00feegar \u00ed sta\u00f0 munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir \u00feessum n\u00fdja \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3li. Pr\u00f3fessor Einar Arn\u00f3rsson var fenginn til a\u00f0 semja frumvarp til laga sem var lagt fyrir \u00feingi\u00f0 sumari\u00f0 1919. Efri deild \u00feingsins kaus s\u00ed\u00f0an nefnd sem \u00f3ska\u00f0i eftir ums\u00f6gnum yfird\u00f3msins[22]<\/a> um frumvarpi\u00f0 og r\u00e6ddu yfird\u00f3mararnir m\u00e1lin \u00e1samt me\u00f0 L\u00e1rusi H. Bjarnasyni og \u00d3lafi L\u00e1russyni sem voru b\u00e1\u00f0ir pr\u00f3fessorar og varad\u00f3marar vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttinn. Umr\u00e6\u00f0an endurspeglar jafnframt sko\u00f0anir um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings fyrir \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3li n\u00fa fullvalda \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar. \u00dear v\u00f3gust \u00e1 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 yfird\u00f3menda um a\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u201e..me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1lanna vi\u00f0 h\u00e6star\u00e9tt ver\u00f0i skrifleg fyrst um sinn.\u201c R\u00f6kin fyrir \u00fev\u00ed voru m.a. \u00feau a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6mileg aflei\u00f0ing af munnlegri m\u00e1lf\u00e6rslu a\u00f0 d\u00f3ma yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a upp flj\u00f3tlega eftir a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningi v\u00e6ri loki\u00f0 og a\u00f0 t\u00edmi yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 gefast til a\u00f0 forsendur v\u00e6ru hvort tveggja \u00ed senn, \u00fdtarlegar og r\u00e9ttar.[23]<\/a> Ennfremur v\u00edsu\u00f0u \u00feeir til \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur v\u00e6ru a\u00f0rar \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn \u00fear sem H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur[24]<\/a> geti byggt \u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i d\u00f3mum, m\u00e1l s\u00e9u r\u00e6kilega undirb\u00fain auk \u00feess sem \u00fear s\u00e9 miki\u00f0 \u00farval af m\u00e1lflutningsm\u00f6nnum sem s\u00e9u mikilh\u00e6fir menn \u201e…b\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 viturleik, laga\u00feekkingu og vandvirkni.\u201c H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi s\u00e9u ekki til sta\u00f0ar \u00feau skilyr\u00f0i fyrir munnlegri m\u00e1laf\u00e6rslu sem \u00fear. L\u00f6g\u00f0u yfird\u00f3mararnir til a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur yr\u00f0i fyrst um sinn skriflegur. L\u00e1rus H. Bjarnason var \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li og l\u00fdsti \u00feeirri sko\u00f0un sinni a\u00f0 hann leg\u00f0i svo miki\u00f0 upp \u00far munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi a\u00f0 honum \u00fe\u00e6tti fulllangt gengi\u00f0 \u00ed breytingartill\u00f6gum yfird\u00f3maranna. B\u00e6tti hann vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00d3lafur L\u00e1russon liti m\u00e1li\u00f0 s\u00f6mu augum og hann.[25]<\/a> Svo f\u00f3r a\u00f0 Al\u00feingi sam\u00feykkti frumvarpi\u00f0 sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 22\/1919 um h\u00e6starjett, eins og \u00fea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 lagt fram \u00fear sem meginreglan um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir n\u00fdjum H\u00e6star\u00e9tti var sta\u00f0fest \u00ed 38. gr. laganna sem var n\u00fdlunda h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi.<\/p>\n

Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson benti \u00e1 \u00ed \u00e1\u00f0urnefndu riti s\u00ednu a\u00f0 hef\u00f0i sko\u00f0un \u00feeirra yfird\u00f3menda vi\u00f0 landsyfirr\u00e9tt sem l\u00e9tu \u00ed t\u00e9 \u00e1lit sitt \u00e1 frumvarpinu or\u00f0i\u00f0 ofan \u00e1 hef\u00f0i breytingin fyrst og fremst or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 forminu til. D\u00f3msvald H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 numi\u00f0 \u00far \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gum, tveimur d\u00f3mendum b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 yfird\u00f3minn, h\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur komi\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 yfirr\u00e9ttar og nafni\u00f0 h\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur einungis or\u00f0i\u00f0 form eitt og nafnabreyting. A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn Bj\u00f6rns haf\u00f0i munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00e1rum hj\u00e1 fr\u00e6nd\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um ekki n\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gildi sem hann haf\u00f0i \u00feegar \u00feetta var skrifa\u00f0, \u00fe.e. \u00e1ri\u00f0 1947.[26]<\/a> L\u00f6gin um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt fr\u00e1 1919 voru \u00fev\u00ed frams\u00e6kin\u00a0 a\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti og b\u00e1ru vott um \u00e1r\u00e6\u00f0ni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar me\u00f0 n\u00fdfengi\u00f0 fullveldi sem taldi \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3l sinn ekki eiga a\u00f0 l\u00fata \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00f6gm\u00e1lum um m\u00e1lflutning fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi en H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur Danmerkur.<\/p>\n

\u00cd l\u00f6gunum um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt fr\u00e1 1919 var a\u00f0 finna s\u00e9rstakan kafla um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1la. Fyrir landsyfirr\u00e9tti haf\u00f0i skriflegur m\u00e1lflutningur t\u00ed\u00f0kast en l\u00f6gin kv\u00e1\u00f0u afdr\u00e1ttarlaust \u00e1 um a\u00f0 munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur skyldi ver\u00f0a a\u00f0alreglan. S\u00e9rstaklega var teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur skyldi fara fram \u00e1 \u00edslensku en \u00fear sag\u00f0i \u00ed 1. mgr. 38. gr. laganna a\u00f0 s\u00f3kn \u201e\u2026m\u00e1ls hvers og v\u00f6rn fyrir h\u00e6starjetti\u201c skyldi vera munnleg, \u00e1 \u00edslensku og \u00ed heyranda hlj\u00f3\u00f0i. Undantekningar fr\u00e1 meginreglunni um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u a\u00f0 m\u00e1l skyldi flytja skriflega ef stefndi s\u00e6kti eigi \u00feing og annan sta\u00f0 ef b\u00e1\u00f0ir a\u00f0ilar e\u00f0a umbo\u00f0smenn \u00feeirra \u00f3sku\u00f0u \u00feess, enda teldi d\u00f3marinn s\u00e9rstaka \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til \u00feess sakir \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1l v\u00e6ri svo margbroti\u00f0.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd athugasemdum vi\u00f0 38. gr. \u00ed frumvarpi \u00fev\u00ed sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt[28]<\/a> kemur fram a\u00f0 s\u00fa lei\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 farin a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta meginregluna um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning en um lei\u00f0 \u00e1r\u00e9tta a\u00f0 starf m\u00e1lflytjenda og d\u00f3mara yr\u00f0i vandasamara en \u00feegar m\u00e1lflutningur v\u00e6ri skriflegur. Sag\u00f0i svo a\u00f0 \u201e…alls sta\u00f0ar erlendis hneig\u00f0ust menn a\u00f0 munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi svo sem vi\u00f0 v\u00e6ri komi\u00f0, s\u00e9rstaklega fyrir \u00e6\u00f0stu d\u00f3mst\u00f3lunum.\u201c [29]<\/a> \u00dear v\u00f3gu \u00feungt sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 um a\u00f0 almenningur fengi me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kost \u00e1 a\u00f0 kynnast betur st\u00f6rfum d\u00f3menda og m\u00e1lflytjenda vi\u00f0 munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur \u00fev\u00ed veri\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt og \u00e1n efa haft t\u00e1knr\u00e6nt gildi a\u00f0 v\u00edkja fr\u00e1 hinni skriflegu m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem haf\u00f0i t\u00ed\u00f0kast h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi fram a\u00f0 fullveldinu og taka upp munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir hinum n\u00fdja \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3li. Um lei\u00f0 einfalda\u00f0ist m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0in og m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0art\u00edminn styttist en \u00fea\u00f0 var \u00f3l\u00edkt \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00cdslendingar \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 venjast.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis \u00feekkst a\u00f0 d\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar Danmerkur f\u00e9ll ekki fyrr en a\u00f0 li\u00f0num fimm til sex \u00e1rum og jafnvel allt a\u00f0 t\u00edu \u00e1rum fr\u00e1 d\u00f3mi landsyfirr\u00e9ttar.[30]<\/a> Me\u00f0 l\u00f6gfestingu \u00e1 meginreglunni um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3li landsins sem t\u00f3k br\u00e1tt til starfa var \u00fev\u00ed liti\u00f0 \u00e1 skriflegan m\u00e1lflutning sem undantekningu fr\u00e1 meginreglunni.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a>Laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um munnle<\/u>ga me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1la<\/u> fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi<\/u><\/p>\n

Meginreglan um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti sem l\u00f6gfest var me\u00f0 stofnun H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar hefur a\u00f0 efni til a\u00f0 mestu veri\u00f0 \u00f3breytt \u00ed l\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1. N\u00fagildandi l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la f\u00f3l \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1 breytingu fr\u00e1 eldri l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeim voru l\u00f6gfest \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um m\u00e1lskot og a\u00f0 nokkru leyti \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti.[31]<\/a> Sk\u00f6mmu eftir a\u00f0 n\u00fagildandi eml. \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust gildi voru ger\u00f0ar breytingar me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 38\/1994 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 veru a\u00f0 hluti \u00fe\u00e1gildandi laga um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt var felldur brott, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in sem sn\u00faa a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0inni. \u00cd sta\u00f0 \u00feess kom n\u00fd grein inn \u00ed l\u00f6g um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti. Skyldi a\u00f0alreglan, sem fyrr, vera s\u00fa a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur v\u00e6ri munnlegur ef stefndi skila\u00f0i greinarger\u00f0 en a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum kosti skyldi m\u00e1lflutningur vera skriflegur og liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 hann kref\u00f0ist sta\u00f0festingar h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms. L\u00edkt og \u00e1\u00f0ur kve\u00f0i H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur upp d\u00f3m \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00e1 grundvelli fyrirliggjandi gagna \u00e1n munnlegs flutnings l\u00edkt og \u00feegar l\u00f6gin um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt voru sett \u00ed \u00f6ndver\u00f0u. Einnig a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur geti \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00e1l ver\u00f0i skriflega flutt ef s\u00e9rstakar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur m\u00e6la me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed og a\u00f0 hann geti teki\u00f0 til greina samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a \u00f3skir a\u00f0ila um a\u00f0 m\u00e1l ver\u00f0i d\u00f3mteki\u00f0 \u00e1n s\u00e9rstaks m\u00e1lflutnings skv. 3. mgr. 15. gr. laga nr. 38\/1994, n\u00fa 3. mgr. 185. gr.<\/p>\n

Fram kemur \u00ed athugasemdum me\u00f0 frumvarpi \u00fev\u00ed sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 38\/1994 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feessum reglum v\u00e6ri ekki stefnt a\u00f0 breytingum fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00fe\u00e1 gilti en \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in v\u00e6ru a\u00f0 nokkru samb\u00e6rileg \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed 1. mgr. 40. gr. laga nr. 75\/1973 (l\u00f6g um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt \u00cdslands) um tilvik \u00fear sem stefndi s\u00e6kti ekki d\u00f3m\u00feing vi\u00f0 \u00feingfestingu m\u00e1ls. Var \u00feetta \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00f3breytt uns l\u00f6g nr. 18\/2019 um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la voru sam\u00feykkt og s\u00ed\u00f0ar ver\u00f0ur viki\u00f0 a\u00f0.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>K\u00e6ra og \u00e1fr\u00fdjun til Landsr\u00e9ttar og H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar<\/em><\/p>\n

Me\u00f0 breyttri d\u00f3mst\u00f3laskipan og stofnun millid\u00f3mstigs \u00e1ri\u00f0 2018 \u00feegar n\u00fd l\u00f6g um d\u00f3mst\u00f3la nr. 50\/2016 \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust gildi og Landsr\u00e9ttur t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af H\u00e6star\u00e9tti sem \u00e1fr\u00fdjunard\u00f3mst\u00f3ll, voru ger\u00f0ar margs konar breytingar \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la. Reglur um munnlegan og skriflegan m\u00e1lflutning t\u00f3ku hins vegar ekki breytingum. M\u00e1lflutningur \u00ed k\u00e6rum\u00e1lum var sem fyrr skriflegur en munnlegur \u00ed \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarm\u00e1lum eins og s\u00ed\u00f0ar ver\u00f0ur viki\u00f0 a\u00f0. Meginreglan er s\u00fa a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed k\u00e6rum\u00e1li til Landsr\u00e9ttar og H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar er a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i skrifleg en ekki munnleg.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

Um \u00e1fr\u00fdjun til Landsr\u00e9ttar og H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed XXV. og XXVII. eml. \u00dear er meginreglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 or\u00f0u\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 hafi stefndi skila\u00f0 greinarger\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1li \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur \u00fea\u00f0 flutt munnlega fyrir Landsr\u00e9tti skv. 3. mgr. 161. gr. Hafi hann hins vegar ekki gert \u00fea\u00f0 kve\u00f0ur Landsr\u00e9ttur upp d\u00f3m \u00e1 grundvelli fyrirliggjandi gagna og a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i \u00e1n munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings skv. 3. mgr. 158. gr. Sams konar \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i er svo a\u00f0 finna var\u00f0andi \u00e1fr\u00fdjun til H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar en skv. 3. mgr. 185. gr. ver\u00f0ur m\u00e1l flutt munnlega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti ef stefndi hefur skila\u00f0 greinarger\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1li. H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur getur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00e1l ver\u00f0i skriflega flutt ef s\u00e9rstakar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur m\u00e6la me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed. Eins og fyrr segir getur H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur einnig teki\u00f0 til greina samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a \u00f3skir a\u00f0ila um a\u00f0 m\u00e1li\u00f0 ver\u00f0i d\u00f3mteki\u00f0 \u00e1n s\u00e9rstaks m\u00e1lflutnings samkv\u00e6mt 3. mgr. 185. gr. H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mari hefur s\u00f6mu heimild skv. 1. mgr. 101. gr. eml. Nokku\u00f0 f\u00e1t\u00edtt var a\u00f0 m\u00e1l v\u00e6ru flutt skriflega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti fyrir stofnun Landsr\u00e9ttar \u00e1 grundvelli \u00fe\u00e1gildandi 3. mgr. 158. gr. eml.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>M\u00e1l S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund gegn \u00cdslandi<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a>M\u00e1lavextir<\/em><\/p>\n

Hinn 6. desember 2007 kva\u00f0 Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu upp d\u00f3m \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund<\/em> gegn \u00cdslandi<\/em>.[35]<\/a> \u00dear var tekist \u00e1 um hvort \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 hef\u00f0i gerst brotlegt vi\u00f0 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 k\u00e6randi, SRW, hef\u00f0i ekki fengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l sitt munnlega og skriflega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti. Tilefni k\u00e6runnar var d\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar fr\u00e1 3. j\u00fan\u00ed 2004, nr. 214\/2003<\/em>. \u00fear sem SRW var d\u00e6md til grei\u00f0slu ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta vegna fasteignar sem h\u00fan seldi. M\u00e1lavextir voru \u00feeir a\u00f0 nokkru eftir a\u00f0 kaupandi, (G), haf\u00f0i fengi\u00f0 hina seldu fasteign afhenta kom upp leki sem hann taldi a\u00f0 rekja m\u00e6tti til galla \u00e1 \u00feaki fasteignarinnar og h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0i hann m\u00e1l \u00e1 hendur SRW til grei\u00f0slu ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta.[36]<\/a> Fyrir h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mi var SRW d\u00e6md til grei\u00f0slu ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta. H\u00fan \u00e1fr\u00fdja\u00f0i d\u00f3mi h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms til H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar og f\u00f3r \u00feess jafnframt \u00e1 leit vi\u00f0 h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3m a\u00f0 d\u00f3mkvaddur yr\u00f0i matsma\u00f0ur. Einnig a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur veitti henni frest til gagna\u00f6flunar og a\u00f0 hann t\u00e6ki vitnasky\u0301rslur af mo\u0308nnum sem unni\u00f0 hef\u00f0u a\u00f0 vi\u00f0ger\u00f0um og endurny\u0301jun fyrir G.[37]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd br\u00e9fi til H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar hinn 14. n\u00f3vember 2003 mo\u0301tm\u00e6lti lo\u0308gma\u00f0ur SRW tu\u0301lkun r\u00e9ttarins a\u0301 3. mgr. 153. gr. eml sem var\u00f0a\u00f0i \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarfrest. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 f\u00e6li i\u0301 se\u0301r o\u0301h\u00e6filega takmo\u0308rkun a\u0301 mo\u0308guleikum hennar til a\u00f0 flytja ma\u0301l sitt skriflega og munnlega. Hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 i\u0301 fo\u0308r me\u00f0 se\u0301r a\u00f0 ma\u0301lsgo\u0308gn he\u0301ra\u00f0sdo\u0301ms og a\u0301fry\u0301junarskjo\u0308l hennar yr\u00f0u ein lo\u0308g\u00f0 til grundvallar do\u0301mi H\u00e6stare\u0301ttar. Var \u00feess \u00fev\u00ed fari\u00f0 a\u0301 leit a\u00f0 H\u00e6stire\u0301ttur veitti SRW leyfi til a\u00f0 flytja ma\u0301l sitt a\u00f0 minnsta kosti skriflega. \u00de\u00e1 framsendi l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur \u00e1fr\u00fdjanda H\u00e6stare\u0301tti mat se\u0301rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingsins B me\u00f0 bre\u0301fi hinn 30. no\u0301vember 2003 \u00e1samt fleiri g\u00f6gnum. Hinn 3. ju\u0301ni\u0301 2004 d\u00e6mdi H\u00e6stire\u0301ttur ma\u0301li\u00f0 a\u0301 grundvelli hinna skriflegu ma\u0301lsgagna og sta\u00f0festi do\u0301m he\u0301ra\u00f0sdo\u0301ms. Ekki var fallist \u00e1 munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess m.a. a\u00f0 stefndi haf\u00f0i ekki skila\u00f0 inn greinarger\u00f0.[38]<\/a><\/p>\n

SRW k\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 til Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu og taldi a\u00f0 \u00fera\u0301tt fyrir \u00fea\u0301 miklu hagsmuni sem voru \u00ed h\u00fafi fyrir hana hafi H\u00e6stire\u0301ttur neita\u00f0 henni um a\u00f0 fa\u0301 a\u00f0 flytja ma\u0301l sitt skriflega e\u00f0a munnlega \u00ed opnu r\u00e9ttarhaldi, og \u00feannig broti\u00f0 gegn 1. mgr. 6. gr. samningsins. Hva\u00f0 hina skriflegu ma\u0301lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 var\u00f0a\u00f0i h\u00e9lt h\u00fan \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00feo\u0301tt i\u0301 ljo\u0301s hef\u00f0i komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 H\u00e6stire\u0301ttur hef\u00f0i engu a\u00f0 si\u0301\u00f0ur teki\u00f0 vi\u00f0 greinarger\u00f0 hennar framlag\u00f0ri 30. no\u0301vember, v\u00e6ri o\u0301ljo\u0301st a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki re\u0301tturinn haf\u00f0i kynnt se\u0301r \u00feau skjo\u0308l. Greinarger\u00f0inni fylgdi hin n\u00fdja matsger\u00f0 auk athugasemda vi\u00f0 hana \u00e1samt \u00f6\u00f0rum skj\u00f6lum. Ekki hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 settar fram endanlegar athugasemdir, heldur a\u00f0eins a\u0301grip af helstu ma\u0301lsatvikum. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0a\u00f0i hina munnlegu m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 he\u0301lt SRW \u00fevi\u0301 fram a\u00f0 \u00e6tlun hennar, sem H\u00e6stare\u0301tti hef\u00f0i a\u0301tt a\u00f0 vera ljo\u0301s af greinarger\u00f0 lo\u0308gmanns hennar fra\u0301 30. no\u0301vember 2003, hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 afla vitnasky\u0301rslna fra\u0301 \u00feeim sem sto\u0308rfu\u00f0u vi\u00f0 vi\u00f0ger\u00f0ir og endurb\u00e6tur a\u0301 hu\u0301sinu sumari\u00f0 1999. Benti h\u00fan m.a. \u00e1 a\u00f0 tilgangur \u00feessa hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 upply\u0301sa H\u00e6stare\u0301tt um a\u00f0 kaupandinn hef\u00f0i vita\u00f0 um a\u0301stand hu\u0301ssins vi\u00f0 kaup \u00feess, \u00fear sem hann hef\u00f0i sja\u0301lfur sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00feaki\u00f0. MDE kva\u00f0 upp d\u00f3m sinn 6. desember 2007 og taldi \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 hafa gerst brotlegt vi\u00f0 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE.<\/p>\n

<\/a>R\u00e9ttur til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar og opinberrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar skv. 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE og m\u00e1l S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund<\/em><\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 t\u00falkun d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u00e1 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE og \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 telst vera r\u00e9ttl\u00e1t og opinber m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed skilningi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins. Vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hefur d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00ed d\u00f3mum s\u00ednum lagt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feurfi heildst\u00e6tt hvort m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 hafi fari\u00f0 fram \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 kr\u00f6fur \u00fear um og hefur gefi\u00f0 \u00fat lei\u00f0beiningarreglur um \u00fea\u00f0. [39]<\/a> A\u00f0ilar \u00feurfa a\u00f0 eiga raunverulegan r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9 hl\u00fdtt og a\u00f0 \u00feeir geti kynnt \u00fe\u00e6r athugasemdir og sta\u00f0h\u00e6fingar sem \u00feeir telja a\u00f0 skipti m\u00e1li. Til a\u00f0 svo s\u00e9 \u00fearf s\u00e1 d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll sem fer me\u00f0 m\u00e1li\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e6r til athugunar og l\u00e1ta fara fram tilhl\u00fd\u00f0ilega k\u00f6nnun \u00e1 \u00feeim g\u00f6gnum og r\u00f6kum sem a\u00f0ilar f\u00e6ra fram, \u00feannig a\u00f0 um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a raunverulega \u201e\u00e1heyrn.\u201c[40]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 \u00fearf s\u00e1 sem \u00e1fr\u00fdjar m\u00e1li a\u00f0 f\u00e1 n\u00e6gilegan t\u00edma til a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 framf\u00e6ri frekari r\u00f6kum og s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gnum.[41]<\/a> Ennfremur, l\u00edkt og kom fram \u00ed d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW, er \u00fea\u00f0 grundv\u00f6llur re\u0301ttla\u0301trar ma\u0301lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar i\u0301 skilningi 1. mgr. 6. gr. \u201e…a\u00f0 ma\u0301l se\u0301 so\u0301tt og vari\u00f0; i\u0301 meginatri\u00f0um ver\u00f0i hvor a\u00f0ili ekki a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 eiga f\u00e6ri a\u0301 a\u00f0 kynna do\u0301minum \u00feau so\u0308nnunargo\u0308gn sem kunna a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja kro\u0308fur hans, heldur einnig a\u0301 hann a\u00f0 o\u0308\u00f0last vitneskju um og gera athugasemdir vi\u00f0 hver \u00feau so\u0308nnunargo\u0308gn e\u00f0a umm\u00e6li sem gagna\u00f0ilinn leggur fram i\u0301 \u00fevi\u0301 skyni a\u00f0 hafa a\u0301hrif a\u0301 ni\u00f0ursto\u0308\u00f0u do\u0301msins.\u201c[42]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 hefur MDE liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00e9ttinum til opinberrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar felist r\u00e9tturinn til munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings hi\u00f0 minnsta \u00e1 einu d\u00f3mstigi skv. 1. mgr. 6. gr.[43]<\/a> H\u00e6gt kunni a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta a\u00f0 munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur eigi s\u00e9r ekki sta\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru e\u00f0a \u00feri\u00f0ja d\u00f3mstigi hafi hann \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00e1 fyrsta d\u00f3mstigi.[44]<\/a> D\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00feegar um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a hrein lagaleg \u00e1litaefni e\u00f0a mj\u00f6g t\u00e6knileg \u00e1litaefni.[45]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 kunni munnleg m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera nau\u00f0synleg til d\u00e6mis \u00feegar um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a lagaleg \u00e1litaefni e\u00f0a mikilv\u00e6gar sta\u00f0reyndir, og \u00fear sem a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur krefjast \u00feess a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar kynnist \u00e1fr\u00fdjanda e\u00f0a til a\u00f0 gefa honum kost \u00e1 a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna.[46]<\/a> Einn \u00fe\u00e1ttur r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar s\u00e9 jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0ila, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 hvor a\u00f0ili fyrir sig f\u00e1i sanngjarnt t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l sitt vi\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sem eru ekki merkjanlega \u00f3hagst\u00e6\u00f0ari en gagna\u00f0ilanum eru b\u00fanar. Einnig s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttur r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00ed skilningi 1. mgr. 6. gr. a\u00f0 tryggja jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0ila, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al a\u00f0 kynna d\u00f3mi \u00feau s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gn sem kunna a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja kr\u00f6fur hans. [47]<\/a><\/p>\n

Um r\u00e9tt SRW til opinberrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar, e\u00f0a munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings, og \u00fea\u00f0 sem h\u00fan h\u00e9lt fram um a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hef\u00f0i ekki sinnt \u00f3sk hennar um a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00e1 vitnisbur\u00f0i sem h\u00fan taldi a\u00f0 g\u00e6tu uppl\u00fdst um \u00e1stand fasteignarinnar og hef\u00f0u unni\u00f0 fyrir G, tilt\u00f3k MDE a\u00f0 opinber m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 hef\u00f0i fari\u00f0 fram \u00e1 fyrsta d\u00f3mstigi. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarstigi, kunni \u00fea\u00f0 \u201e…a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tast af s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum e\u00f0lisatri\u00f0um\u201c a\u00f0 opinber m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki fari\u00f0 fram. V\u00edsa\u00f0i d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn til \u00feess sem \u00e1\u00f0ur hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sagt um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 kunni a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja kr\u00f6fum 6. gr., \u00feegar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0in sn\u00fdst eing\u00f6ngu um lagaatri\u00f0i en ekki m\u00e1lsatvik, \u00fe\u00f3 SRW hef\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfri \u201e…ekki veri\u00f0 veitt t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa \u00e1fr\u00fdjunard\u00f3mst\u00f3linn.\u201c.[48]<\/a><\/p>\n

Taldi d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW a\u00f0 vi\u00f0eigandi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 3. mgr. 158. gr. eml. f\u00e6lu \u00ed s\u00e9r hindrun \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 k\u00e6randi g\u00e6ti flutt m\u00e1l sitt munnlega og opinberlega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti og \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u201e…bein og sj\u00e1lfkrafa aflei\u00f0ing \u00feess a\u00f0 gagna\u00f0ili kaus a\u00f0 taka ekki \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed m\u00e1laferlunum.\u201c Me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um hef\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e6r r\u00e9ttarreglur veitt \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0ilanum, \u201e…varnara\u00f0ila \u00ed \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarm\u00e1li, f\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a einhli\u00f0a a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hl\u00fdddi ekki \u00e1 munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning, og gera \u00feannig r\u00e9ttinum a\u00f0 leysa \u00far m\u00e1linu \u00e1 grundvelli m\u00e1lsgagnanna \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00e9tturinn \u00e6tti kost \u00e1 a\u00f0 meta \u00e1 eigin vegum hvort \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a v\u00e6ri til munnlegs flutnings m\u00e1lsins \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00feess.\u201c [49]<\/a> T\u00f3k d\u00f3mst\u00f3linn fram a\u00f0 \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess m.a. a\u00f0 k\u00e6randi hef\u00f0i bori\u00f0 brig\u00f0ur \u00e1 t\u00falkun H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar\u00a0 \u00e1 l\u00fdsingu eignarinnar og a\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar um a\u00f0 G (kaupanda) hafi veri\u00f0 \u00f3kunnugt um \u00e1stand \u00feaksins hafi \u00fea\u00f0 veri\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6g m\u00e1ls\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a.\u00a0 Einnig a\u00f0 h\u00fan hafi be\u00f0i\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt um a\u00f0 yfirheyra vitni sem unnu fyrir G vi\u00f0 h\u00fasi\u00f0.[50]<\/a><\/p>\n

Taldi MDE \u00fev\u00ed annars vegar a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft \u00ed eml. hef\u00f0i sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed vegi fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 hef\u00f0i geta\u00f0 veri\u00f0 munnleg og hins vegar a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hef\u00f0i fyrir viki\u00f0 ekki geta\u00f0 meti\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt hvort \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 til munnlegs flutnings m\u00e1lsins \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar.\u00a0 \u00cd \u00feessu m\u00e1li virtist \u00fea\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6g m\u00e1ls\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a a\u00f0 h\u00fan hef\u00f0i be\u00f0i\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt, eins og h\u00fan haf\u00f0i \u00e1rangurslaust gert \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i, a\u00f0 yfirheyra vitni sem unnu vi\u00f0 h\u00fasi\u00f0 fyrir G (kaupanda). \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed lj\u00f3si og me\u00f0 tilliti til \u00feess sem var \u00ed h\u00fafi fyrir SRW taldi d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hef\u00f0i ekki \u00ed r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 geta kve\u00f0i\u00f0 upp \u00far um b\u00f3taskylduna \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 meta millili\u00f0alaust \u00fea\u00f0 sem a\u00f0ilar g\u00e1tu sj\u00e1lfir f\u00e6rt fram til s\u00f6nnunar. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins var \u00fev\u00ed s\u00fa a\u00f0 a\u00f0 loknu heildst\u00e6\u00f0u mati \u00e1 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0inni og me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af ford\u00e6mum r\u00e9ttarins hafi m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0in ekki veri\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e1t \u00ed skilningi 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE.[51]<\/a> Af \u00feessari ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u m\u00e1 lei\u00f0a a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn l\u00edtur svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttur til opinberrar og munnlegrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarstigi s\u00e9 meginreglan nema h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta undan\u00fe\u00e1gu fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed svo sem \u00e1\u00f0ur er sagt.[52]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Skrifleg m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/u><\/p>\n

Hva\u00f0 var\u00f0a\u00f0i s\u00e9rstaklega kr\u00f6fu SRW um skriflegan m\u00e1lflutning og \u00fev\u00ed sem h\u00fan h\u00e9lt fram um a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1 r\u00e9tti hennar til skriflegs m\u00e1lflutnings taldi d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn a\u00f0 \u00fear sem H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur\u00a0 hef\u00f0i fallist \u00e1 a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0b\u00f3targreinarger\u00f0 hennar fr\u00e1 30. n\u00f3vember 2003 \u00e1samt athugasemdum vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsskj\u00f6lin og taka tillit til \u00feess vi\u00f0 \u00farlausn s\u00edna hef\u00f0i r\u00e9tturinn \u201e…ekki sannf\u00e6rst um a\u00f0 afskiptaleysi G af ma\u0301laferlunum fyrir H\u00e6stare\u0301tti hafi komi\u00f0 i\u0301 veg fyrir a\u00f0 hu\u0301n g\u00e6ti f\u00e6rt fram ma\u0301l sitt skriflega e\u00f0a gert a\u00f0sto\u0308\u00f0u hennar verri en gagna\u00f0ilans a\u0301 hinu skriflega stigi ma\u0301laferlanna.\u201c [53]<\/a> Me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um hef\u00f0i r\u00e9tturinn ekki hindra\u00f0 m\u00f6guleika hennar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leggja fram skrifleg g\u00f6gn \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00feannig a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 gegn r\u00e9tti hennar til skriflegs m\u00e1lflutnings.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/h2>\n

\u00c1hrif \u00e1 \u00edslenskan r\u00e9tt -vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mi MDE <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nokkur t\u00edmi lei\u00f0 uns \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld brug\u00f0ust vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW. Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur hefur komi\u00f0 fram var MDE afdr\u00e1ttarlaus um a\u00f0 vegna 3. mgr. 158. gr.\u00a0 hef\u00f0i H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur ekki geta\u00f0 meti\u00f0 hvort m\u00e1li\u00f0 skyldi flutt munnlega og \u00fev\u00ed hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 broti\u00f0 gegn r\u00e9tti hennar til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar. D\u00f3mur MDE kalla\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00cdsland breytti r\u00e9ttarfarsl\u00f6ggj\u00f6f sinni svo h\u00fan samr\u00e6mdist kr\u00f6fum um r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 hva\u00f0 \u00feetta var\u00f0a\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Breyting \u00e1 eml<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cd jan\u00faar 2019 var lagt var fram frumvarp til laga \u00e1 Al\u00feingi um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la,[54]<\/a> n\u00e1nar tilteki\u00f0 3. mgr. 158. gr. og 3. mgr. 182. gr. eml. \u00cd greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpinu er raki\u00f0 a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 gegn r\u00e9tti SRW til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar skv. 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu \u00fear sem 3. mgr. 158. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la hafi alfari\u00f0 girt fyrir a\u00f0 \u00e1fr\u00fdjandi g\u00e6ti flutt m\u00e1l sitt munnlega fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mstigi t\u00e6ki stefndi ekki \u00fear til varna. Frumvarpi\u00f0 var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum \u00ed mars sama \u00e1r.<\/p>\n

Um tilefni og nau\u00f0syn breytingarinnar segir \u00ed greinarger\u00f0inni a\u00f0 d\u00f3mur MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW hafi veri\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdndur h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u201e..og \u00e1h\u00f6ld hafi veri\u00f0 uppi um hvort hann kalli \u00e1 breytingar \u00e1 \u00edslenskri r\u00e9ttarfarsl\u00f6ggj\u00f6f \u201c en fullnustudeild Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins hafi \u00fer\u00fdst mj\u00f6g \u00e1 um \u00feess h\u00e1ttar breytingar.[<\/a>55<\/a>]<\/a><\/p>\n

S\u00fa breyting sem l\u00f6g\u00f0 var til og s\u00ed\u00f0ar sam\u00feykkt f\u00f3l \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 gert yr\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00feeim m\u00f6guleika a\u00f0 einkam\u00e1l yr\u00f0i flutt munnlega fyrir Landsr\u00e9tti og H\u00e6star\u00e9tti \u00feegar stefndi tekur ekki til varna. Me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um ver\u00f0i meginreglan \u00e1fram s\u00fa a\u00f0 m\u00e1l ver\u00f0i skriflega flutt en \u00ed undantekningartilvikum munnlega en \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpinu segir a\u00f0 \u201e… s\u00fa \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0a meginregla gildi aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti a\u00f0 sl\u00edku m\u00e1li ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i loki\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess.\u201c \u00dev\u00ed var or\u00f0unum \u201e…og a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i\u201c b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 3. mgr. 158. gr.[56]<\/a> sem hlj\u00f3\u00f0ar svo, vi\u00f0b\u00f3t sk\u00e1letru\u00f0:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Berist Landsr\u00e9tti\u00a0ekki tilkynning skv. 1. mgr. e\u00f0a skili stefndi ekki greinarger\u00f0 innan \u00feess frests sem honum hefur veri\u00f0 settur skal liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 hann krefjist sta\u00f0festingar h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms. Skal m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 d\u00f3mteki\u00f0, en fyrst m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 veita \u00e1fr\u00fdjanda skamman frest til a\u00f0 lj\u00faka gagna\u00f6flun sem hann hefur bo\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00ed greinarger\u00f0. Landsr\u00e9ttur\u00a0kve\u00f0ur upp d\u00f3m \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00e1 grundvelli fyrirliggjandi gagna og a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i<\/em>\u00e1n munnlegs flutnings.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sams konar breyting var ger\u00f0 \u00e1 3. mgr. 182. gr. eml a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar H\u00e6star\u00e9tt.<\/p>\n

    \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feess sem MDE hefur haldi\u00f0 fram um a\u00f0 munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur s\u00e9 meginreglan, nema h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta undan\u00fe\u00e1gur fr\u00e1 henni, m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 undantekningin fr\u00e1 meginreglunni um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning s\u00e9 ger\u00f0 a\u00f0 meginreglu fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur s\u00e9 a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i skriflegur skili stefndi ekki greinarger\u00f0. \u00cd m\u00e1li SRW taldi MDE a\u00f0 ekki hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 lagt mat \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 hagsmuni sem SRW haf\u00f0i af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l sitt munnlega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti. Me\u00f0 \u00feeim breytingum sem ger\u00f0ar voru til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mi MDE voru ekki l\u00f6gfest frekari vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 um hven\u00e6r skriflegur m\u00e1lflutningur eigi vi\u00f0, a\u00f0rar en \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 stefndi skili ekki greinarger\u00f0 en \u00ed d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW var um \u00fea\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hef\u00f0i ekki geta\u00f0 sinnt \u00fev\u00ed hlutverki s\u00ednu a\u00f0 leggja mat \u00e1 hvort hann skyldi fara fram vegna hindrunar \u00feeirrar sem f\u00f3lst \u00ed 3. mgr. 158. gr.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 voru ekki l\u00f6gfest \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um hvernig fari\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur me\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni \u00e1fr\u00fdjanda um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning \u00feegar stefndi skilar ekki greinarger\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt n\u00fagildandi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i, hvort heldur er \u00ed Landsr\u00e9tti e\u00f0a H\u00e6star\u00e9tti, \u00fe\u00f3 \u00f3raunh\u00e6ft kunni a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 sl\u00edk bei\u00f0ni komi til kasta H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

    Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir hefur MDE \u00ed d\u00f3mum s\u00ednum sett vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 um hven\u00e6r h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 v\u00edkja fr\u00e1 meginreglunni um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning \u00e1 2. e\u00f0a 3. d\u00f3mstigi en ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur hans eru ekki bindandi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti, sbr. 2. gr. laga nr. 62\/1994, um mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu. Hins vegar m\u00e1 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafi ford\u00e6mi d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins til lei\u00f0sagnar \u00feegar reynir \u00e1 t\u00falkun \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a laganna, eins og fram kemur \u00ed greinarger\u00f0[57]<\/a> me\u00f0 frumvarpi til laga um mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu. \u00de\u00e1 hefur H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur fjalla\u00f0 um \u00e1hrif d\u00f3ma MDE \u00e1 t\u00falkun \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans, sbr.\u00a0 Hrd. 22. september 2010 (371\/2010) \u00fear sem segir: \u201e\u00de\u00f3tt d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar l\u00edti til d\u00f3ma mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins vi\u00f0 sk\u00fdringu s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans \u00feegar reynir \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hans sem hluta af \u00edslenskum landsr\u00e9tti, lei\u00f0ir af \u00feessari skipan a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er verkefni l\u00f6ggjafans a\u00f0 gera nau\u00f0synlegar breytingar \u00e1 landsr\u00e9tti til a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a skuldbindingar \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins samkv\u00e6mt mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu.\u201c [58]<\/a>\u00a0 \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 d\u00f3maford\u00e6mi MDE s\u00e9u ekki bindandi a\u00f0 \u00edslenskum r\u00e9tti m\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 grundvelli \u00feessa gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar l\u00edti til d\u00f3ma MDE vi\u00f0 t\u00falkun \u00e1 hinu breytta \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i eml. er var\u00f0ar skriflegan m\u00e1lflutning \u00ed \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarm\u00e1li fyrir Landsr\u00e9tti og H\u00e6star\u00e9tti \u00fear sem stefndi skilar ekki greinarger\u00f0 . Til a\u00f0 ey\u00f0a \u00f3vissu um \u00feetta og til samr\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 hlutverk l\u00f6ggjafans skv. d\u00f3mnum hef\u00f0i hins vegar ekki veri\u00f0 \u00far vegi a\u00f0 l\u00f6gbinda vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 um hven\u00e6r m\u00e1lflutningur fer fram skriflega, e\u00f0a eftir atvikum munnlega, fyrir Landsr\u00e9tti og H\u00e6star\u00e9tti skv. 3. mgr. 158. gr og 3. mr. 182. gr. eml.\u00a0 Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed m\u00f3ti hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 tekinn af vafi um a\u00f0 meginreglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 gildi um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir Landsr\u00e9tti og H\u00e6star\u00e9tti \u00feegar stefndi tekur ekki til varna, eins og Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll hefur t\u00falka\u00f0 regluna.<\/p>\n

    <\/a><\/h2>\n

    Lokaor\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Meginreglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi var fyrst l\u00f6gfest h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1919 er \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3msvaldi\u00f0 fluttist til landsins. \u00dear var ger\u00f0 undantekning fr\u00e1 meginreglunni um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 ef stefndi s\u00e6kti ekki \u00feing e\u00f0a \u201e…ef b\u00e1\u00f0ir a\u00f0iljar e\u00f0a umbo\u00f0smenn \u00feeirra \u00f3sku\u00f0u \u00feess…\u201c enda teldi d\u00f3marinn s\u00e9rstaka \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til \u00feess sakir \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1l v\u00e6ri svo margbroti\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00deessi undan\u00fe\u00e1ga fr\u00e1 munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi var efnislega a\u00f0 mestu \u00f3breytt uns l\u00f6gum var breytt \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019.<\/p>\n

    \u00cd greininni var fjalla\u00f0 um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og hvernig MDE hefur t\u00falka\u00f0 hana \u00ed lj\u00f3si 1. mgr. 6. gr. MSE um r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00cd m\u00e1li SRW gegn \u00cdslandi taldi k\u00e6randi \u00e1 s\u00e9r broti\u00f0 \u00fear sem h\u00fan hef\u00f0i ekki fengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l sitt munnlega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti. D\u00f3mur MDE \u00ed m\u00e1linu varpar lj\u00f3si \u00e1 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu meginreglunnar \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess hvernig d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn hefur t\u00falka\u00f0 meginregluna um r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 en \u00ed r\u00e9tti til opinberrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar felst r\u00e9ttur til munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings.<\/p>\n

    \u00deau r\u00f6k sem hafa veri\u00f0 t\u00ednd til fyrir munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi m.a. vi\u00f0 undirb\u00faning a\u00f0 stofnun H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar eiga almennt vi\u00f0 n\u00fa: munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur taki skemmri t\u00edma,[lix]<\/a> d\u00f3mari geti fengi\u00f0 \u00fdmislegt betur sk\u00fdrt og f\u00e1i betri mynd af m\u00e1lav\u00f6xtum. Meginreglan um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 vegur einnig \u00feungt a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar r\u00e9ttinn til munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings eins og \u00e1r\u00e9tta\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00f3mum MDE.<\/p>\n

    MDE l\u00edtur svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00e9tturinn til munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings eigi vi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarstigi en geti s\u00e6tt takm\u00f6rkunum. Taldi d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00ed m\u00e1li SRW a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttur hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1 henni brotinn vegna \u00fe\u00e1gildandi 3. mgr. 158. gr. en samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu skyldi m\u00e1lflutningur vera skriflegur ef stefndi skila\u00f0i ekki greinarger\u00f0.\u00a0 Taldi MDE a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 meta a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur hverju sinni \u00e1 \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarstigi \u00feegar \u00e1litam\u00e1l er hvort svo skuli vera en vegna 3. mgr. 158. gr. eml hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 ekki veri\u00f0 gert. Me\u00f0 \u00feeirri breytingu sem ger\u00f0 var \u00e1 3. mgr. 158. gr. \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019 \u00feegar b\u00e6tt var vi\u00f0 or\u00f0unum \u201e… a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i\u201c, til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mi MDE, hef\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed veri\u00f0 til b\u00f3ta a\u00f0 setja fram vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 um hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 mat fer fram vi\u00f0 t\u00falkun \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins. \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feess sem fram kemur \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpinu um a\u00f0 skriflegur m\u00e1lflutningur ver\u00f0i \u00e1fram meginreglan, m\u00e1 hins vegar lei\u00f0a l\u00edkum a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r lagabreytingar sem ger\u00f0ar voru \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019 muni ekki hafa mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 fyrri framkv\u00e6md, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 m\u00e1l \u00fear sem stefndi skilar ekki greinarger\u00f0 ver\u00f0i skriflega flutt.<\/p>\n

    Heimildir<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Andrew Borkowski: Textbook on Roman law<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 5. \u00fatg\u00e1fa 2015.<\/p>\n

    Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen: Stj\u00f3rnskipunarr\u00e9ttur: mannr\u00e9ttindi.<\/em> (Codex 2008).<\/p>\n

    Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson: Landsyfird\u00f3murinn 1800-1919 \u2013 s\u00f6gulegt yfirlit<\/em>. Reykjav\u00edk, S\u00f6guf\u00e9lag 1947.<\/p>\n

    Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson: \u201eSta\u00f0a d\u00f3ma Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed \u00edslenskum landsr\u00e9tti.\u201c (2014), \u00a0T\u00edmarit L\u00f6gr\u00e9ttu, bls. 23-48.<\/p>\n

    Einar Arn\u00f3rsson og Theod\u00f3r B. L\u00edndal: R\u00e9ttarfar II: Meginreglur um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la.<\/em> Reykjav\u00edk 1968-1969.<\/p>\n

    Einar Arn\u00f3rsson: Almenn me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i, <\/em>Reykjav\u00edk 1941.<\/p>\n

    Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: \u201eR\u00e9ttur til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar\u201c \u00ed (ritstj. Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen o.fl.) Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu: Meginreglur, framkv\u00e6md og \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00edslenskan r\u00e9tt<\/em>. (B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex 2005), Mannr\u00e9ttindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og Lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk 1. \u00fatg., 196 \u2013 265.<\/p>\n

    Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson og Krist\u00ednu Benediktsd\u00f3ttur: \u201eR\u00e9ttur til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar\u201c \u00ed Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson o.fl. (ritstj.), Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu: meginreglur framkv\u00e6md og \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00edslenskan r\u00e9tt. <\/em>(B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex 2017) Mannr\u00e9ttindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og Lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk 2. \u00fatg., bls. 189-259.<\/p>\n

    Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: R\u00e9ttl\u00e1t m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mi: \u00edslensk l\u00f6g og lagaframkv\u00e6md \u00ed lj\u00f3si 1. og 3. mgr. 6. gr. Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu.<\/em> B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fa Orators, Reykjav\u00edk 1999.<\/p>\n

    Ernest Metzger: \u201cRoman Judges, Case Law, and Principles of Procedure.\u201d\u00a0\u00ed Law and History Review<\/em>, vol. 22, no. 2, American Society for Legal History, 2004, bls. 243-275.<\/p>\n

    Eva Smith: mundtlighed i Den store Danske<\/em> \u00e1 lex.dk, https:\/\/denstoredanske.lex.dk\/mundtlighed<\/a>, s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Right to a fair trial (civil limb). <\/em>Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0\/Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu, 2022,\u00a0 https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/guide_Art_6_eng<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson. \u00c1grip af \u00fer\u00f3un stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar<\/em>. Fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 2007.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.stjornarradid.is\/media\/forsaetisraduneyti-media\/media\/stjornarskra\/Afangaskyrsla_2007_agrip.pdf<\/a>, s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    H\u00e1kon \u00c1rnason: \u201eMunnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur fyrir d\u00f3mi og spurningar fr\u00e1 d\u00f3mendum\u201c. (2006) T\u00edmarit l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, 2. tbl., bls. 329-332.<\/p>\n

    J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson: \u201eR\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi og munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur\u201c. T\u00edmarit l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga 2006, 2. tbl. bls. 325-328.<\/p>\n

    J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson: Um m\u00e1lskot \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum<\/em>. Reykjav\u00edk: B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex, 2005.<\/p>\n

    Mark\u00fas Sigurbj\u00f6rnsson og Krist\u00edn Benediktsd\u00f3ttir: Einkam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttarfar<\/em>. Gefi\u00f0 \u00fat sem handrit til kennslu vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, \u00dalflj\u00f3tur, 4. \u00fatg\u00e1fa 2019.<\/p>\n

    Munch Petersen: Den danske Retspleje<\/em>, fyrsti \u00fe\u00e1ttur, G.E.C Gads Forlag, Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1923.<\/p>\n

    Sk\u00fdrsla vinnuh\u00f3ps um millid\u00f3msstig<\/em>. Innanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti 2011, \u00e1 https:\/\/www.stjornarradid.is\/media\/innanrikisraduneyti-media\/media\/frettir-2011\/Millidomstig-skyrsla-23.-6.-2011.rtf<\/a>, s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    Ums\u00f6gn um dr\u00f6g a\u00f0 frumvarpi til laga um d\u00f3mst\u00f3la og frumvarpi til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum nr. 91\/1991 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum nr. 88\/2008 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la. <\/em>(Laganefnd LMF\u00cd, 15. ma\u00ed 2015), https:\/\/www.stjornarradid.is\/media\/innanrikisraduneyti-media\/media\/frettir-2015\/umsogn-laganefndar—millidomstig.pdf<\/a>, s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    D\u00f3maskr\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

    D\u00f3mar H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar<\/span><\/p>\n

    Hrd. 2004, bls. 2567 (m\u00e1l nr. 124\/2003).<\/p>\n

    Hrd. 22. september 2010 (371\/2010).<\/p>\n

    D\u00f3mar Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Dombo Beheer B.V. <\/em>gegn Hollandi <\/em>\u00a0fr\u00e1 27. okt\u00f3ber 1993, nr. 14448\/88.<\/p>\n

    Ekbatani <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> fr\u00e1 26. ma\u00ed 1988, nr. 10563\/83.<\/p>\n

    Fischer <\/em>gegn Austurr\u00edki <\/em>\u00a0fr\u00e1 26. apr\u00edl 1995, nr. 37950\/97.<\/p>\n

    Helmers <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> fr\u00e1 29. okt\u00f3ber 1991, nr. 11826\/85.<\/p>\n

    Hentrich <\/em>gegn Frakklandi\u00a0 <\/em>fr\u00e1 22. september 1994, nr. 13616\/88.<\/p>\n

    Kerojarvi <\/em>gegn Finnlandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 19. j\u00fal\u00ed 1995, nr. 17506\/90.<\/p>\n

    Koottummel <\/em>gegn Austurr\u00edki <\/em>fr\u00e1 10. desember 2009, nr. 49616\/06.<\/p>\n

    Mantovanelli <\/em>gegn Frakklandi <\/em>fr\u00e1 18. mars 1997, nr. 21497\/93.<\/p>\n

    Miller <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 <\/em>fr\u00e1 8. febr\u00faar 2005, nr. 55853\/00.<\/p>\n

    Salomonsson <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> fr\u00e1 12. n\u00f3vember 2002, nr. 38977\/97.<\/p>\n

    Schuler-Zgraggen <\/em>gegn Sviss<\/em> fr\u00e1 24. j\u00fan\u00ed 1993, nr. 14518\/89.<\/p>\n

    Sigur\u00fe\u00f3r Arnarsson<\/em> gegn \u00cdslandi <\/em>fr\u00e1 15. j\u00fal\u00ed 2003, nr. 44671\/98.<\/p>\n

    R\u00f3s Westlund <\/em>gegn \u00cdslandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 6. desember 2007, nr. 42628\/04.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Aftanm\u00e1lsgreinar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> Mark\u00fas Sigurbj\u00f6rnsson og Krist\u00edn Benediktsd\u00f3ttir: Einkam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttarfar<\/em>. Gefi\u00f0 \u00fat sem handrit til kennslu vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. (\u00dalflj\u00f3tur 2019),\u00a0 4. \u00fatg\u00e1fa, bls 16.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Einar Arn\u00f3rsson og Theod\u00f3r B. L\u00edndal: R\u00e9ttarfar II: Meginreglur um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la.<\/em> (H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands 1968-1969), bls. 173. Einar Arn\u00f3rsson og The\u00f3d\u00f3r L\u00edndal skiptu meginreglum r\u00e9ttarfars \u00ed tvo flokka. S\u00e1 fyrri l\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarfari\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 meginstefnu \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsm\u00e1lum og seinni a\u00f0 skiptum a\u00f0ila hvors vi\u00f0 annan. Meginreglan um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og meginreglan um munnlegan m\u00e1lflutning eru me\u00f0al \u00feeirra meginreglna sem eru taldar falla undir fyrri flokkinn.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 einnig 14. gr. samnings S.\u00fe. um borgaraleg og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laleg r\u00e9ttindi. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttur til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar var\u00f0i einkum r\u00e9tt saka\u00f0ra manna \u00ed refsim\u00e1li tekur hann einnig til einkam\u00e1la, sbr. 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu en \u00ed 1. mlsl. 1. mgr. 6. gr. segir: \u201e\u00deegar kve\u00f0a skal \u00e1 um r\u00e9ttindi og skyldur manns a\u00f0 einkam\u00e1lar\u00e9tti e\u00f0a um s\u00f6k, sem hann er borinn um refsivert brot, skal hann eiga r\u00e9tt til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar og opinberrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar innan h\u00e6filegs t\u00edma fyrir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0um og \u00f3vilh\u00f6llum d\u00f3mst\u00f3li.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 einnig Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen: Stj\u00f3rnskipunarr\u00e9ttur: mannr\u00e9ttindi.<\/em> (Codex 2008), bls. 273. Sj\u00e1: Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Right to a fair trial (civil limb). <\/em>Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0\/Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu, 2022, 444. mgr. \u00a0https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/guide_Art_6_eng<\/em><\/a>, s\u00f3tt 10. febr\u00faar 2024. Sj\u00e1 einnig frv. til stj\u00f3rnarskipunarlaga, \u00feskj. 389. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1994, 118. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 2070, bls. 2098. Umfj\u00f6llun um 8. gr um mikilv\u00e6gi opinberrar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> Andrew Borkowski: Textbook on Roman law<\/em>. (Oxford University Press, 2015), 5. \u00fatg\u00e1fa, bls. 69. Sj\u00e1 einnig Ernest Metzger: \u201cRoman Judges, Case Law, and Principles of Procedure.\u201d\u00a0 (2004) Law and History Review<\/em>, vol. 22, no. 2, American Society for Legal History, bls. 24.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Einar Arn\u00f3rsson og Theod\u00f3r B. L\u00edndal: R\u00e9ttarfar II, bls. <\/em>170 og 172.<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> Einar Arn\u00f3rsson og Theod\u00f3r B. L\u00edndal: R\u00e9ttarfar II, bls.<\/em> 170. \u00c1 \u00cdslandi var \u00fer\u00f3unin h\u00e6g a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti til a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var fyrst \u00e1ri\u00f0 1936 sem l\u00f6g um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la komu til. \u00deau voru\u00a0 mj\u00f6g sni\u00f0in eftir norr\u00e6nni r\u00e9ttarfarsl\u00f6ggj\u00f6f. (Einar Arn\u00f3rsson og Theod\u00f3r B. L\u00edndal: R\u00e9ttarfar II<\/em>, 171- 172) L\u00f6g um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1919 h\u00f6f\u00f0u hins vegar veri\u00f0 \u00ed gildi um nokkurt skei\u00f0 en me\u00f0 \u00feeim voru l\u00f6gfestar \u00fdmsar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0arreglur fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al meginreglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0.<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> Eva Smith: \u201eMundtlighed\u201c. (Den store Danske \u00e1 lex.dk),<\/em> s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00farar 2024, https:\/\/denstoredanske.lex.dk\/mundtlighed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> Mark\u00fas Sigurbj\u00f6rnsson og Krist\u00edn Benediktsd\u00f3ttir: Einkam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttarfar<\/em>, bls. 14-15. \u00dear kemur jafnframt fram a\u00f0 skrifleg s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gn s\u00e9u \u00fe\u00e1 lesin upp fr\u00e1 or\u00f0i til or\u00f0s, \u201e…en liggja fyrir til \u00feess eins a\u00f0 d\u00f3marinn geti sta\u00f0reynt r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti fr\u00e1sagnar um efni \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> Einar Arn\u00f3rsson: Almenn me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i. <\/em>(Reykjav\u00edk 1941), bls. 144.<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> Munch Petersen: Den danske Retspleje.<\/em> (G.E.C Gads Forlag, Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1923), 1. hluti, bls. 152-153. S\u00f3tt af https:\/\/jura.ku.dk\/jurabog\/pdf\/juridiske-monografier\/munch-petersen_den_danske_retspleje_1-bind_1923.pdf<\/a>, 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Munch Petersen: Den danske Retspleje, <\/em>bls. 154 og 156.<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1935, A-deild: 926-927, \u00feskj. 448.<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1935, A-deild: 926. \u00feskj. 448.<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> Einar Arn\u00f3rsson: Almenn me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i, <\/em>bls.144.<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 einnig J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson: \u201eR\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi og munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur\u201c (2006). T\u00edmarit l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, 2006, 2. tbl., bls. 326-327. \u00dear reifar h\u00f6fundur kosti munnlegs m\u00e1lflutnings, m.a. a\u00f0 hann \u00fej\u00f3ni \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmikla hlutverki a\u00f0 gefa almenningi kost \u00e1 a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem fram fer en reglan um opinbera m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 teljist me\u00f0al meginreglna \u00ed \u00edslensku r\u00e9ttarfari. Einnig gefist d\u00f3mara me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kostur \u00e1 a\u00f0 spyrja\u00a0 um atri\u00f0i sem m\u00e1lflytjandi sleppir \u00ed r\u00e6\u00f0u sinni. Sj\u00e1 einnig H\u00e1kon \u00c1rnason: \u201eMunnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur fyrir d\u00f3mi og spurningar fr\u00e1 d\u00f3mendum\u201c. (2006), T\u00edmarit l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, 2. tbl., bls. 329-332.<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 Munch Petersen: Den danske Retspleje, <\/em>bls. 152-153.<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 og J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson: \u201eR\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi og munnlegur m\u00e1lflutningur\u201c, bls. 327 \u00fear sem h\u00f6fundur bendir \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tttaka d\u00f3mara \u00ed munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi stu\u00f0li a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi m.a. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 d\u00f3marar geti spurt spurninga og m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ilar f\u00e1i f\u00e6ri \u00e1 a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00feau atri\u00f0i m\u00e1ls sem d\u00f3mari vilji f\u00e1 sv\u00f6r um. Einar Arn\u00f3rsson: Almenn me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i, <\/em>bls. 144.<\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> D\u00e6mi um \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la, nr. 91\/1991 sem var\u00f0a skriflegan m\u00e1lflutning fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi (eml): 5. mgr. 10. gr., 4. mgr. 56. gr., IX kafli um matsger\u00f0ir \u2013 skriflegar matsger\u00f0ir, 2. mgr. 63. gr. og 1. mgr. 65. gr., 3. mgr. 161. gr. X kafli um s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gn, 1. mgr. 95. gr. og 3. mgr. 96. gr., XIV kafli um m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0, 2. mgr. 99. gr. og 3. mgr. 99. gr. um skriflega greinarger\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 er m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 enduruppt\u00f6kunefndar a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i skrifleg, sj\u00e1 2. mgr. 192. gr.<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson. \u00c1grip af \u00fer\u00f3un stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar<\/em>. Fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 2007, bls. 63.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.stjornarradid.is\/media\/forsaetisraduneyti-media\/media\/stjornarskra\/Afangaskyrsla_2007_agrip.pdf<\/a>, s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1919, A:-deild: 320, \u00feskj. 28.<\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> Landsyfirr\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson: Landsyfird\u00f3murinn 1800-1919 \u2013 s\u00f6gulegt yfirlit<\/em>. (S\u00f6guf\u00e9lag 1947), bls. 220-221.<\/p>\n

    [24]<\/a> H\u00e9r er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt Danmerkur.<\/p>\n

    [25]<\/a> Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson: Landsyfird\u00f3murinn 1800-1919 \u2013 s\u00f6gulegt yfirlit<\/em>, 221-223.<\/p>\n

    [26]<\/a> Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson: Landsyfird\u00f3murinn 1800-1919 \u2013 s\u00f6gulegt yfirlit<\/em>, 223.<\/p>\n

    [27]<\/a> S\u00fa mikilv\u00e6ga r\u00e9ttarb\u00f3t var\u00f0 og me\u00f0 tilkomu H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar a\u00f0 n\u00fa \u00feurfti ekki lengur a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru tungum\u00e1li eins og fram kom \u00ed athugasemdum vi\u00f0 frumvarpi\u00f0 en d\u00f3msger\u00f0ir var\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur m.a. a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a \u00e1 danska tungu. Tilviljun var ef d\u00f3mendur skildu \u00edslensku eins og fram kom \u00ed athugasemdum me\u00f0 frumvarpi \u00fev\u00ed sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt og me\u00f0 \u00feessu \u00e1vannst \u00fev\u00ed b\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 dregi\u00f0 var \u00far kostna\u00f0i og fyrirh\u00f6fn auk \u00feess sem r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggi var n\u00fa betur tryggt \u00fear sem \u00f3hentugt haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u201e…menn, sem \u00f3kunnugir eru \u00edslenskri tungu og \u00fev\u00ed \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gum \u00e1 frumm\u00e1linu og \u00edslenskum h\u00f6gum\u201c d\u00e6mdu \u00ed m\u00e1lum.\u201c\u00a0 \u00a0Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1919, A:-deild: 320, \u00feskj. 28.<\/p>\n

    [28]<\/a> Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1919, A:-deild: 326, \u00feskj. 28. Sj\u00e1 einnig Ums\u00f6gn um dr\u00f6g a\u00f0 frumvarpi til laga um d\u00f3mst\u00f3la og frumvarpi til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum nr. 91\/1991 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum nr. 88\/2008 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la. <\/em>(Laganefnd LMF\u00cd, 15. ma\u00ed 2015), https:\/\/www.stjornarradid.is\/media\/innanrikisraduneyti-media\/media\/frettir-2015\/umsogn-laganefndar—millidomstig.pdf<\/a>, s\u00f3tt 12. febr\u00faar 2024.<\/p>\n

    [29]<\/a> Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1919, A-deild: 326, \u00feskj. 28. \u201e\u00dear, sem munnlegur flutningur m\u00e1la er, \u00fear er almenningi veittur kostur \u00e1 a\u00f0 kynnast betur st\u00f6rfum d\u00f3menda og m\u00e1lflytjenda en \u00fear, sem m\u00e1l eru skriflega flutt. Hins vegar ver\u00f0ur \u00fevi ekki neita\u00f0, a\u00f0 starf m\u00e1lflytjenda og d\u00f3mara er vandasamara, ef m\u00e1l skal munnlega flytja, en \u00feegar m\u00e1lflutningur er skriflegur. En \u00fe\u00f3 hneigjast menn alsta\u00f0ar erlendis a\u00f0 munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi, svo sem vi\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur komi\u00f0, sjerstaklega fyrir \u00e6\u00f0stu d\u00f3mst\u00f3lunum. Undantekningar i 1. og 2. li\u00f0 eru samkv\u00e6mt \u00fev\u00ed, er annarssta\u00f0ar t\u00ed\u00f0kast, \u00fear sem munnlegur m\u00e1lllutningur er, og vir\u00f0ast e\u00f0lilegar.\u201c<\/p>\n

    [30]<\/a> Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson: Landsyfird\u00f3murinn 1800-1919 \u2013 s\u00f6gulegt yfirlit, <\/em>bls. 220.<\/p>\n

    [31]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1991, A-deild: 1061, \u00feskj. 72. Al\u00fet. 1993, A-deild: 1242-1243, \u00feskj. 220.\u00a0\u00a0Meginreglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 kemur fyrir \u00e1 fleiri en einum sta\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um laganna a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i, m.a. \u00ed 1. mgr. 101. gr. og 3. mgr. 103. gr.<\/p>\n

    [32]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1993, A-deild: 1264, \u00feskj. 220.<\/p>\n

    [33]<\/a> \u00cd XXIV. kafli\u00a0 laga nr. 50\/2016 um d\u00f3mst\u00f3la er fjalla\u00f0 um k\u00e6ru til Landsr\u00e9ttar, en skv. 1. mgr. 150. gr. kve\u00f0ur Landsr\u00e9ttur \u00ed k\u00e6rum\u00e1linu eftir skj\u00f6lum \u00feess og munnlegum flutningi ef \u00fev\u00ed er a\u00f0 skipta og skv. 1. mgr. 174. gr. kve\u00f0ur H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur upp d\u00f3m \u00ed k\u00e6rum\u00e1lum eftir skj\u00f6lum \u00feess og munnlegum flutningi ef \u00fev\u00ed er a\u00f0 skipta. Meginreglan er \u00fev\u00ed s\u00fa a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed k\u00e6rum\u00e1li til Landsr\u00e9ttar og H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar er a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i skrifleg en ekki munnleg eins og \u00ed \u00e1fr\u00fdjunarm\u00e1li og s\u00ed\u00f0ar ver\u00f0ur viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 athugasemdir me\u00f0 68. gr. Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la (millid\u00f3mstig). Al\u00fet. 1991, A-deild, \u00feskj. 1018.<\/p>\n

    [34]<\/a> J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson: Um m\u00e1lskot \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum<\/em>. (B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex, 2005), bls. 88-89.<\/p>\n

    [35]<\/a> D\u00f3mur Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund <\/em>gegn \u00cdslandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 6. desember 2007, nr. 42628\/04.)<\/p>\n

    [36]<\/a> \u00dear var eigninni me\u00f0al annars l\u00fdst me\u00f0 svohlj\u00f3\u00f0andi setningu: ,,N\u00fdr t\u00edgulsteinn \u00e1 \u00feaki.\u201d H\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0i kaupandi m\u00e1l \u00e1 hendur S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3s til grei\u00f0slu ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta og var h\u00fan d\u00e6md \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i til grei\u00f0slu b\u00f3ta. Hrd. 2004, bls 2567, nr. 214\/2003.<\/em><\/p>\n

    [37]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 einnig Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen: Stj\u00f3rnskipunarr\u00e9ttur: mannr\u00e9ttindi<\/em>, bls. 274.<\/p>\n

    [38]<\/a> Hrd. 2004, bls 2567, nr. 214\/2003 <\/em>og D\u00f3mur Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund <\/em>gegn \u00cdslandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 6. desember 2007, m\u00e1l nr. 42628\/04.<\/p>\n

    [39]<\/a> Sj\u00e1: Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Right to a fair trial (civil limb). <\/em>Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0\/Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu, 2022, 439. mgr. \u00a0https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/documents\/d\/echr\/guide_Art_6_eng<\/em><\/a>, s\u00f3tt 10. febr\u00faar 2024. \u00a0Sj\u00e1 einnig Eir\u00edk T\u00f3masson og Krist\u00ednu Benediktsd\u00f3ttur: \u201eR\u00e9ttur til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar\u201c \u00ed Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson o.fl. (ritstj.), Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu: meginreglur framkv\u00e6md og \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00edslenskan r\u00e9tt. <\/em>(B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan Codex 2017) Mannr\u00e9ttindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og Lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk 2. \u00fatg., bls. 209.<\/p>\n

    [40]<\/a> Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/em>, 328. mgr.<\/p>\n

    [41]<\/a> Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/em>, 329. mgr.<\/p>\n

    [42]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 33. m\u00e1lsgrein \u00ed d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund <\/em>gegn \u00cdslandi<\/em>. \u00dear v\u00edsa\u00f0i MDE m.a. til d\u00f3ma d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u00ed m\u00e1lum Mantovanelli <\/em>gegn Frakklandi <\/em>fr\u00e1 18. mars 1997, nr. 21497\/93, 33. mgr. og Kerojarvi <\/em>gegn Finnlandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 19. j\u00fal\u00ed 1995, nr. 17506\/90. \u00cd d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed Schuler-Zgraggen <\/em>gegn Sviss<\/em> fr\u00e1 24. j\u00fan\u00ed 1993, nr. 14518\/89, fjalla\u00f0i d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn um mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 krafa um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00f3v\u00e9fengjanlega sett fram einkum \u00feegar venjan s\u00e9 s\u00fa a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur s\u00e9 skriflegur. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1li taldi d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn jafnframt a\u00f0 \u00e1litaefni\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g t\u00e6knilegs e\u00f0lis. Var ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an s\u00fa a\u00f0 ekki hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 broti\u00f0 gegn 1. mgr. 6. gr. \u00cd d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li Koottummel <\/em>gegn Austurr\u00edki <\/em>fr\u00e1 10. desember 2009, nr. 49616\/06 var tekist \u00e1 um hvort k\u00e6randi hef\u00f0i \u00e1tt r\u00e9tt \u00e1 munnlegum m\u00e1lflutningi fyrir stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslud\u00f3mst\u00f3li sem var eini d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn sem gat teki\u00f0 m\u00e1l hans fyrir. Taldi MDE a\u00f0 hann \u00e6tti r\u00e9tt \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed nema \u00e1litam\u00e1li\u00f0 v\u00e6ri mj\u00f6g t\u00e6knilegt. Svo var ekki og \u00fev\u00ed var um brot a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a gegn 1. mgr. 6. gr.<\/p>\n

    [43]<\/a> Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/em>, 444. mgr. Um munnlegan m\u00e1flutning er m.a. v\u00edsa\u00f0 til d\u00f3ma MDE \u00ed m\u00e1lum Salomonsson <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> fr\u00e1 12. n\u00f3vember 2002, nr. 38977\/97 og Fischer <\/em>gegn Austurr\u00edki <\/em>\u00a0fr\u00e1 26. apr\u00edl 1995, nr. 37950\/97. Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: R\u00e9ttl\u00e1t m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mi:<\/em> \u00edslensk l\u00f6g og lagaframkv\u00e6md \u00ed lj\u00f3si 1. og 3. mgr. 6. gr. Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu.<\/em> (Orator 1999), bls. 94.<\/p>\n

    [44]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 m.a. Helmers <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> fr\u00e1 29. okt\u00f3ber 1991, nr. 11826\/85 og Salomonsson <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> fr\u00e1 12. n\u00f3vember 2002, nr. 38977\/97. \u00dar d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed Salomonsson <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em>: \u201eHowever, the absence of a hearing before a second or third instance may be justified by the special features of the proceedings at issue, provided a hearing has been held at first instance\u201c, 36. mgr.<\/p>\n

    [45]<\/a> Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/em>, 440 mgr. Sj\u00e1 einnig Koottummel <\/em>gegn Austurr\u00edki <\/em>fr\u00e1 10. desember 2009, nr. 49616\/06.<\/p>\n

    [46]<\/a> Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/em>, 451. mgr. Einnig Fischer <\/em>gegn Austurr\u00edki <\/em>\u00a0fr\u00e1 26. apr\u00edl 1995, nr. 37950\/97.<\/p>\n

    [47]<\/a> Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/em>,\u00a0 401. mgr. Sj\u00e1 einnig Jok\u0161as <\/em>gegn Lith\u00e1en<\/em>, 11. desember 2013, nr. 25330\/07, 56. mgr.<\/p>\n

    [48]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 34. m\u00e1lsgrein \u00ed d\u00f3mi MDE \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund <\/em>gegn \u00cdslandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 6. desember 2007, nr. 42628\/04.<\/p>\n

    [49]<\/a> Ibid, <\/em>40. mgr.<\/p>\n

    [50]<\/a> Ibid, <\/em>41. mgr.<\/p>\n

    [51]<\/a> Ibid, <\/em>41. og 42. mgr. Sj\u00e1 einnig Ekbatani <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> fr\u00e1 26. ma\u00ed 1988, nr. 10563\/83, og Sigur\u00fe\u00f3r Arnarsson<\/em> gegn \u00cdslandi <\/em>fr\u00e1 15. j\u00fal\u00ed 2003, nr. 44671\/98. \u00cd d\u00f3mi s\u00ednum v\u00edsa\u00f0i MDE m.a. til d\u00f3ma d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u00ed m\u00e1linu Hentrich <\/em>gegn Frakklandi\u00a0 <\/em>fr\u00e1 22. september 1994, nr. 13616\/88, en finna m\u00e1 \u00e1kve\u00f0na samsv\u00f6run \u00ed \u00feeim m\u00e1lum me\u00f0 m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar. \u00dear kvarta\u00f0i k\u00e6randi yfir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hef\u00f0u ekki vi\u00f0haft r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed skilningi 1. mgr. 6. gr. en m\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00e9rist um forkaupsr\u00e9tt og ver\u00f0mat \u00fear sem k\u00e6randi f\u00e9kk ekki a\u00f0 leggja fram s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gn sem s\u00fdndu a\u00f0 h\u00fan hef\u00f0i komi\u00f0 fram \u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0ri tr\u00fa og a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt ver\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 greitt fyrir eignina.\u00a0 Tali\u00f0 var a\u00f0 jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ila hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 g\u00e6tt. Einnig v\u00edsa\u00f0i d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins til d\u00f3ms \u00ed m\u00e1linu\u00a0 Dombo Beheer B.V. <\/em>gegn Hollandi <\/em>\u00a0fr\u00e1 27. okt\u00f3ber 1993, nr. 14448\/88, \u00fear sem tali\u00f0 var a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 gegn 1. mgr. 6. gr. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 k\u00e6randi hef\u00f0i ekki geta\u00f0 leitt vitni fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3linn en me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hef\u00f0u d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar ekki tryggt jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0ila og \u00fear me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed skilningi 1. mgr. 6. gr.<\/p>\n

    [52]<\/a> Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights<\/em>,\u00a0 400. mgr. og Miller <\/em>gegn Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 <\/em>fr\u00e1 8. febr\u00faar 2005, nr. 55853\/00. Sj\u00e1 einnig Eir\u00edk T\u00f3masson og Krist\u00ednu Benediktsd\u00f3ttur: \u201eR\u00e9ttur til r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar\u201c, bls. 209.<\/p>\n

    [53]<\/a> S\u00fasanna R\u00f3s Westlund <\/em>gegn \u00cdslandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 6. desember 2007, nr. 42628\/04, 37. mgr.<\/p>\n

    [54]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2018-2019, A-deild:3, \u00feskj. 812.<\/p>\n

    [55] <\/a>Al\u00fet. 2018-2019, A-deild:3, \u00feskj. 812. Stef\u00e1n M\u00e1r Stef\u00e1nsson hefur til a\u00f0 mynda gagnr\u00fdnt ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u d\u00f3msins \u00ed m\u00f6rgum atri\u00f0um. Beinist gagnr\u00fdni Stef\u00e1ns M\u00e1s fyrst og fremst a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 MDE hafi ekki g\u00e6tt a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarfarsatri\u00f0um og m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 heima fyrir og ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins s\u00e9 \u00fev\u00ed \u201e..vanhugsu\u00f0\u201c. H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur ekki s\u00e9rstaklega fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 heldur sj\u00f3num beint a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u MDE a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1gildandi 3. mgr. 158. gr. eml f\u00e6li \u00ed s\u00e9r hindrun \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 k\u00e6randi g\u00e6ti flutt m\u00e1l sitt munnlega og opinberlega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti. Sj\u00e1 Stef\u00e1n M\u00e1 Stef\u00e1nsson: \u201eAthugasemdir var\u00f0andi d\u00f3m Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 42628\/04, SRW gegn \u00cdslandi\u201c.\u00a0 (2009), T\u00edmarit l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, bls. 85-93.<\/p>\n

    [56]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 2018-2019, A-deild:5, \u00feskj. 812.<\/p>\n

    [57]<\/a> Al\u00fet. 1992, A-deild, \u00feskj. 812.<\/p>\n

    [58]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 einnig Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson: \u201eSta\u00f0a d\u00f3ma Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed \u00edslenskum landsr\u00e9tti.\u201c (2014), \u00a0T\u00edmarit L\u00f6gr\u00e9ttu, bls. 23-48.<\/p>\n

    [59]<\/a> Undantekningar geti veri\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, sbr. einkum k\u00e6rum\u00e1l til Landsr\u00e9ttar og H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar, um formsatri\u00f0i og rekstur m\u00e1ls, sbr. XXIV. og XXVI. kafli eml en afar f\u00e1tt\u00edtt er a\u00f0 \u00feau s\u00e9u flutt munnlega. J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson, um m\u00e1lskot \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum bls. 99 og 122.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Meginreglan um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er ein af grundvallarreglum r\u00e9ttarfars. Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu hefur \u00ed d\u00f3mum s\u00ednum fjalla\u00f0 um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og hva\u00f0 felist \u00ed r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi eiga s\u00e9r nokkra s\u00f6gu h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi og voru fyrst l\u00f6gfest me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum um H\u00e6star\u00e9tt nr. 22\/1919 \u00feegar \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3msvald fluttist til landsins me\u00f0 Sambandsl\u00f6gunum. \u00deann 6. desember 2007 kva\u00f0 Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu upp d\u00f3m \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund gegn \u00cdslandi \u00fear sem \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 var tali\u00f0 hafa gerst brotlegt vi\u00f0 1. mgr. 6. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu um r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fear sem k\u00e6randa haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 meina\u00f0 a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l sitt munnlega fyrir H\u00e6star\u00e9tti. Vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mnum var brug\u00f0ist me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 18\/2019 sem f\u00f3lu \u00ed s\u00e9r breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la nr. 91\/1991. H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um \u00edslenska l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f um munnlega m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mi \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum og t\u00falkun Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 felist \u00ed r\u00e9ttl\u00e1tri m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og hvort brug\u00f0ist hafi veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi h\u00e6tti vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mi d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u00ed m\u00e1li S\u00fas\u00f6nnu R\u00f3sar Westlund.<\/p>\n

    The principle of oral hearings is one of the fundamental principles of justice. The European Court of Human Rights has addressed oral hearings in its judgments regarding what constitutes a fair trial. Provisions on oral proceedings before higher courts in Iceland were first established by Act no. 22\/1919 when the highest judicial authority was transferred to the country with the Union Act. On December 6, 2007, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in the case of Susanna R\u00f3s Westlund v Iceland that the Icelandic state was found to have violated Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights regarding fair trial proceedings, as the applicant had been denied the opportunity to present her case orally before the Supreme Court. In response to the judgment, Act no. 18\/2019 was adopted, which included amendments to the Icelandic Law on Civil Procedural no. 91\/1991. This article discusses the Icelandic legislation on oral proceedings before higher courts in private law cases and the interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights regarding what constitutes fair proceedings, as well as whether Iceland has responded adequately to the ruling in Susanna R\u00f3s Westlund v Iceland.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":613,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2411],"tags":[2513,2517,2511,2514,2518,2510,2516,2509,2515,2512],"coauthors":[2150],"class_list":["post-29843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-new-article-double-blind-peer-review-volume-19-no-1-2024","tag-civil-procedural-law","tag-european-court-of-human-rights","tag-fair-trial","tag-log-um-medferd-einkamala","tag-mannrettindadomstoll-evropu","tag-munnlegur-malflutningur","tag-opinber-malsmedferd","tag-oral-hearing","tag-public-proceedings","tag-rettlat-malsmedferd"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29843","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/613"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29843"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29843\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29888,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29843\/revisions\/29888"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29843"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=29843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}