{"id":29631,"date":"2024-02-16T12:11:32","date_gmt":"2024-02-16T12:11:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=29631"},"modified":"2024-02-20T12:24:52","modified_gmt":"2024-02-20T12:24:52","slug":"rettur-til-rettargaeslumanns-thjona-skilyrdin-vilja-loggjafans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-19-no-1-2024\/new-article-double-blind-peer-review-volume-19-no-1-2024\/rettur-til-rettargaeslumanns-thjona-skilyrdin-vilja-loggjafans\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9ttur til r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. \u00dej\u00f3na skilyr\u00f0in vilja l\u00f6ggjafans?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9ttindi brota\u00feola hafa veri\u00f0 miki\u00f0 \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0unni og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum hvernig unnt er a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta st\u00f6\u00f0u og r\u00e9ttindi \u00feeirra. Miklar umb\u00e6tur hafa \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu brota\u00feola og vega \u00fear \u00feungt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i laga nr. 61\/2022 um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, nr. 88\/2008 (b\u00e6tt r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola, fatla\u00f0s f\u00f3lks og a\u00f0standenda). Me\u00f0 l\u00f6gunum var r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola b\u00e6tt til muna en skilyr\u00f0in fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli f\u00e1i tilnefndan e\u00f0a skipa\u00f0an r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann s\u00e9r til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar eru \u00f3breytt \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir auki\u00f0 v\u00e6gi r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanna. L\u00f6gin setja \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1fram s\u00f6mu skilyr\u00f0i fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanna. \u00de\u00f6rf er \u00e1 a\u00f0 endursko\u00f0a \u00feessi skilyr\u00f0i og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar \u00feolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum.<\/p>\n

Fjalla\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur um hverjir falla undir hugtaki\u00f0 brota\u00feoli og st\u00f6\u00f0u og hlutverk r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00ad\u00admanns. Ekki ver\u00f0ur fari\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega yfir r\u00e9ttindi brota\u00feola a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti en hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar r\u00e9tt \u00feeirra til r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. Jafnframt ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0eins fjalla\u00f0 um hlutverk r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti sem nau\u00f0synlegt er til a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi r\u00e9ttar brota\u00feola til \u00feess a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta li\u00f0sinnis r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. Ekki er \u00fev\u00ed um t\u00e6mandi talningu a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 r\u00e9ttindum brota\u00feola e\u00f0a hlutverki og r\u00e9ttindum r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 er efni \u00ed a\u00f0ra og umfangsmeiri grein. \u00c1herslan er \u00fev\u00ed l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 svara \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a skilyr\u00f0i brota\u00feolar \u00feurfa a\u00f0 uppfylla til a\u00f0 eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 li\u00f0sinni r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns.<\/p>\n

Varpa\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur lj\u00f3si \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 hverjir geta fengi\u00f0 tilnefndan e\u00f0a skipa\u00f0an r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ekki eiga allir brota\u00feolar m\u00f6guleika e\u00f0a r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna. Fari\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur yfir \u00feau skilyr\u00f0i sem brota\u00feolar \u00feurfa a\u00f0 uppfylla til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann, en skilyr\u00f0in eru mismunandi eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvers e\u00f0lis brot er og geta einnig veri\u00f0 mismunandi eftir aldri brota\u00feola. Fjalla\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur um \u00feau skilyr\u00f0i sem sett eru \u00ed l\u00f6gum var\u00f0andi tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns og svo d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md hva\u00f0 \u00feetta var\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa t\u00falka\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i laganna fyrir \u00feessum r\u00e9ttindum brota\u00feola. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ver\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e6st dregnar saman og lag\u00f0ar fram till\u00f6gur a\u00f0 \u00farb\u00f3tum \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu brota\u00feola og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum \u00feolenda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum.<\/p>\n

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  1. Brota\u00feoli<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Brota\u00feoli er s\u00e1 a\u00f0ili sem afbrot beinl\u00ednis bitnar \u00e1 e\u00f0a misgert er vi\u00f0.[1]<\/a> A\u00f0rir ver\u00f0a ekki taldir brota\u00feolar \u00ed skilningi laga en \u00feeir sem afbrot hefur beinl\u00ednis beinst a\u00f0. Brota\u00feoli v\u00edsar til \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi a\u00f0ili s\u00e9 \u00feolandi brots sem \u00feykir ekki alls kostar heppilegt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ekki er alltaf sta\u00f0fest a\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir misger\u00f0 af v\u00f6ldum brots.[2]<\/a> \u00cd raun er hugtaki\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kri merkingu \u00ed l\u00f6gum \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e6r ekki a\u00f0eins til \u00feeirra sem sanna\u00f0 \u00feykir a\u00f0 hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir broti heldur einnig til \u00feeirra sem telja sig hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir broti e\u00f0a eru af \u00f6\u00f0rum taldir hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir broti, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00f6nnur hafi veri\u00f0 f\u00e6r\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mi.[3]<\/a> Brota\u00feoli er \u00fev\u00ed nota\u00f0 j\u00f6fnum h\u00f6ndum yfir \u00fe\u00e1 sem lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir broti og \u00fe\u00e1 sem taldir eru hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir broti e\u00f0a kve\u00f0jast hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir broti og \u00fev\u00ed ekki r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 tala um meintan brota\u00feola \u00fear sem skilgreining hugtaksins n\u00e6r b\u00e6\u00f0i yfir sta\u00f0fest og \u00f3sta\u00f0fest brot.<\/p>\n

    Hugtaki\u00f0 brota\u00feoli var fyrst teki\u00f0 upp \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gildandi l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la nr.\u00a091\/1991.[4]<\/a> Hugtaki\u00f0 var \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0eins nota\u00f0 \u00e1 einum sta\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gunum en ekki skilgreint s\u00e9rstak\u00adlega. Me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999 um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 fr\u00e1 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, var r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola styrkt \u00feegar kafla um brota\u00feola og r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann var b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gin, en hugtaki\u00f0 brota\u00feoli var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki sk\u00fdrt e\u00f0a skilgreint s\u00e9rstaklega. H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur lag\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 til grundvallar a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli skv. l\u00f6gum nr. 91\/1991 v\u00e6ri s\u00e1 sem nyti refsiverndar samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum.[5]<\/a> Skilgrein\u00ading hugtaks\u00adins kom ekki fram \u00ed l\u00f6gum fyrr en vi\u00f0 gildist\u00f6ku laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008 (sml.). \u00dear sem r\u00edk r\u00e9ttar\u00e1hrif tengjast hugtakinu brota\u00feoli \u00fe\u00f3tti r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 skilgreina hugtaki\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gun\u00adum[6]<\/a> og er \u00fea\u00f0 gert \u00ed 1. mgr. 39. gr. laganna:<\/p>\n

    Brota\u00feoli er s\u00e1 ma\u00f0ur sem kve\u00f0st hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir misger\u00f0 af v\u00f6ldum afbrots. Enn fremur s\u00e1 ma\u00f0ur sem telur sig hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir fj\u00e1rhagslegu tj\u00f3ni af refsiver\u00f0ri h\u00e1ttsemi, enda hafi h\u00fan beinst a\u00f0 honum sj\u00e1lfum, e\u00f0a l\u00f6ga\u00f0ili sem sag\u00f0ur er hafa be\u00f0i\u00f0 sl\u00edkt tj\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

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    1. R\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumenn og hlutverk \u00feeirra<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      R\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur er m\u00e1lsvari brota\u00feola \u00ed sakam\u00e1li.[7]<\/sup><\/a> Heimild til tilnefningar og skipunar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns var fyrst l\u00f6gfest h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999, en brota\u00feolar \u00ed hinum nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndunum nutu \u00feegar \u00feessara r\u00e9ttinda og var \u00cdsland \u00fev\u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ast nor\u00f0urlandanna til a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta \u00feennan r\u00e9tt brota\u00feola til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar l\u00f6gmanns \u00e1 \u00e1byrg\u00f0 r\u00edkisins.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

      R\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur skal tilnefndur e\u00f0a skipa\u00f0ur \u00far h\u00f3pi l\u00f6gmanna skv. 44. gr. sml., sbr. 33. gr. s\u00f6mu laga. Hlutverk r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00ad\u00admanns er skv. 1. mgr. 45. gr. sml. a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna brota\u00feola og veita honum a\u00f0sto\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 setja fram einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fur fyrir hans h\u00f6nd. Frekar er ekki fjalla\u00f0 um hlutverk r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanna \u00ed l\u00f6gunum, enda \u00fe\u00f3tt hlutverk og r\u00e9ttindi r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanna v\u00e6ru aukin me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 61\/2022, um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, nr. 88\/2008 (b\u00e6tt r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola, fatla\u00f0s f\u00f3lks og a\u00f0standenda).[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Fyrir gildist\u00f6ku laga nr. 61\/2022 haf\u00f0i r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur fyrst og fremst \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knarstigi a\u00f0 vera tengili\u00f0ur brota\u00feola vi\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu og li\u00f0sinna honum vi\u00f0 sk\u00fdrslu\u00adt\u00f6ku og \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu vegna ranns\u00f3knar m\u00e1lsins. \u00de\u00e1 var r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00adma\u00f0\u00adur jafnframt m\u00e1lsvari brota\u00feola vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn m\u00e1ls og s\u00e1, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 nefnt, um framsetningu einkar\u00e9ttarkrafna fyrir h\u00f6nd brota\u00feola. \u00de\u00e1 veitti r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur brota\u00feola li\u00f0sinni vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 k\u00e6ra \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir l\u00f6greglu e\u00f0a \u00e1k\u00e6ruvalds, s.s. um a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta ranns\u00f3kn m\u00e1ls e\u00f0a ni\u00f0urfellingu m\u00e1ls a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti, sbr. 6. mgr. 52. gr. sml. Fyrir d\u00f3mi var hlutverk r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanns fyrst og fremst a\u00f0 fylgja eftir b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu brota\u00ad\u00feola, ef sl\u00edk krafa l\u00e1 fyrir \u00ed m\u00e1linu, og g\u00e6ta hagsmuna hans, t.d. var\u00f0andi kr\u00f6fu um a\u00f0 \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i viki \u00e1 me\u00f0an brota\u00feoli g\u00e6fi sk\u00fdrslu fyrir d\u00f3mi e\u00f0a kr\u00f6fu um a\u00f0 \u00feingh\u00f6ld v\u00e6ru loku\u00f0 og g\u00e6ta \u00fe\u00e1 hagsmuna brota\u00feola \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim tilfellum haf\u00f0i brota\u00feoli ekki r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera vi\u00f0staddur \u00feingh\u00f6ld \u00fear sem hann er ekki a\u00f0ili m\u00e1ls. R\u00e9ttindi r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns voru bundin \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera vi\u00f0staddur \u00f6ll \u00feing\u00adh\u00f6ld \u00ed m\u00e1linu og tj\u00e1 sig um einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola, en ekki beina spurningum til \u00feeirra sem g\u00e1fu sk\u00fdrslu fyrir d\u00f3mi, \u00fe.e. annarra en \u00feess brota\u00feola er hann var skipa\u00f0ur fyrir. R\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur gat \u00fe\u00f3 beint \u00fev\u00ed til fulltr\u00faa \u00e1k\u00e6ruvalds a\u00f0 beina spurningum til \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a e\u00f0a vitna. R\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur gegndi \u00fev\u00ed eins konar aukahlutverki \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 fulltr\u00faa \u00e1k\u00e6ruvalds og verjanda.[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

      Eftir gildist\u00f6ku laga nr. 61\/2022 var brota\u00feolum veitt aukin a\u00f0koma a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum. \u00deeir \u00a0hafa enn st\u00f6\u00f0u vitnis og eru ekki a\u00f0ilar m\u00e1ls en hafa \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn sterkari st\u00f6\u00f0u en \u00f6nnur vitni. Brota\u00feolum er n\u00fa heimilt a\u00f0 vera vi\u00f0staddir loku\u00f0 \u00feingh\u00f6ld eftir a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafa gefi\u00f0 sk\u00fdrslu fyrir d\u00f3mi, skv. 3. mgr. 10. gr. sml., nema d\u00f3mari telji s\u00e9rstakar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur m\u00e6la gegn \u00fev\u00ed. Hluti af sterkari st\u00f6\u00f0u brota\u00feola og aukinni a\u00f0komu felst \u00ed auknu hlutverki og heimildum r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanna. \u00deannig eiga r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumenn n\u00fa sama r\u00e9tt til afhend\u00ading\u00adar gagna og verjendur, nema s\u00e9rstakar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur m\u00e6li gegn \u00fev\u00ed, en brota\u00feolar nj\u00f3ta sama r\u00e9ttar til a\u00f0gangs a\u00f0 g\u00f6gnum ef \u00feeir nj\u00f3ta ekki a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns, sbr. 47. gr. sml. \u00de\u00e1 getur r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00adma\u00f0ur beint \u00fev\u00ed til l\u00f6greglu a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli, sakborningur e\u00f0a vitni s\u00e9u spur\u00f0 um tiltekin atri\u00f0i \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knarstigi. Fyrir d\u00f3mi getur r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur lagt fyrir spurningar \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fur og jafnframt stuttar og gagnor\u00f0ar spurn\u00adingar fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem gefa sk\u00fdrslu fyrir d\u00f3mi um atri\u00f0i sem var\u00f0a anna\u00f0 en einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fur, sbr. 46. gr. sml. \u00deessi r\u00e9ttur er bundinn vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann e\u00f0a l\u00f6gmann brota\u00feola og hefur brota\u00feoli sj\u00e1lfur \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00feennan r\u00e9tt.[11]<\/a> Me\u00f0 sterkari st\u00f6\u00f0u og r\u00e9ttindum brota\u00feola til a\u00f0komu a\u00f0 m\u00e1li vegna brota gegn \u00feeim m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 brota\u00feolar hafi jafnframt r\u00edkari \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir l\u00f6gl\u00e6r\u00f0an m\u00e1lsvara til a\u00f0 li\u00f0sinna \u00feeim vi\u00f0 rekstur m\u00e1lsins, en skilyr\u00f0um fyrir tilnefningu e\u00f0a skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns var ekki breytt, nema a\u00f0eins hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar r\u00e9tt til \u00feess a\u00f0 f\u00e1 skipa\u00f0an r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admann fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ri d\u00f3mi, sbr. 2. og 3. mgr. 42. gr. sml.<\/p>\n

      Brota\u00feoli geti \u00fe\u00f3 r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 sinn kostna\u00f0 l\u00f6gmann til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna og hefur s\u00e1 l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur s\u00f6mu r\u00e9ttindi og skyldur og r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 \u00e1, sbr. 43. gr. sml. Kostna\u00f0ur vegna vinnu r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns fellur undir sakarkostna\u00f0 og munar \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed miklu fyrir fj\u00e1rhagslega \u00e1h\u00e6ttu brota\u00feola hvort hann f\u00e6r tilnefndan e\u00f0a skipa\u00f0an r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann e\u00f0a hvort hann \u00fearf a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a l\u00f6gmann \u00e1 eigin kostna\u00f0 en lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 ekki hafa allir brota\u00feolar efni \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a s\u00e9r l\u00f6gmann \u00e1 eigin kostna\u00f0.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Skilyr\u00f0i fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Brota\u00feolar geta \u00e1tt r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann s\u00e9r til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar. \u00dea\u00f0 eiga \u00fe\u00f3 ekki allir brota\u00feolar r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta li\u00f0sinnis r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0in skilyr\u00f0i eru fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns, sbr. 41. og 42. gr. sml.<\/p>\n

        3.1. \u00der\u00f3un skilyr\u00f0a fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Me\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0urnefndum l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999, var l\u00f6gfestur r\u00e9ttur brota\u00feola til \u00feess a\u00f0 f\u00e1 tilnefnd\u00adan e\u00f0a skipa\u00f0an r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann til a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a brota\u00feola og g\u00e6ta hagsmuna hans \u00ed m\u00e1li vegna brots e\u00f0a brota gagnvart honum, a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num skilyr\u00f0um uppfyllt\u00adum.[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

        \u00cd frumvarpi \u00fev\u00ed sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999 var upphaflega m\u00e6lt fyrir um skyldu l\u00f6greglu til a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann ef ranns\u00f3kn m\u00e1ls beindist a\u00f0 broti gegn XXII. kafla almennra hegningar\u00adlaga og brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i ekki n\u00e1\u00f0 18 \u00e1ra aldri vi\u00f0 upphaf rann\u00ads\u00f3kn\u00adar. \u00de\u00e1 var jafnframt m\u00e6lt fyrir um skyldu l\u00f6greglu til a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admann ef ranns\u00f3kn beindist a\u00f0 broti \u00e1 XXII., XXIII. e\u00f0a XXIV. kafla almennra hegningarlaga e\u00f0a 251.-253. gr. laganna og brota\u00feoli e\u00f0a l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0ama\u00f0ur hans \u00f3ska\u00f0i \u00feess og ef \u00e6tla m\u00e6tti a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i af v\u00f6ldum brotsins og hef\u00f0i a\u00f0 mati l\u00f6greglu \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns til \u00feess a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna \u00ed m\u00e1linu. \u00de\u00e1 var l\u00f6greglu jafnframt heimila\u00f0 a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann \u00e1n bei\u00f0nar brota\u00feola e\u00f0a l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0amanns ef skilyr\u00f0i voru fyrir tilnefningu og brota\u00feoli v\u00e6ri s\u00e9rstaklega slj\u00f3r e\u00f0a skilningsl\u00edtill. \u00de\u00e1 var jafnframt m\u00e6lt fyrir um a\u00f0 ef l\u00f6gregla l\u00e9ti hj\u00e1 l\u00ed\u00f0a a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann g\u00e6ti hann e\u00f0a l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0a\u00adma\u00f0ur hans leita\u00f0 atbeina d\u00f3mara og \u00f3ska\u00f0 skipunar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns. \u00deegar skilyr\u00f0i v\u00e6ru til \u00feess a\u00f0 tilnefna r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admann skyldi d\u00f3mari skipa brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admann \u00feegar m\u00e1l hefur veri\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

        \u00deegar frumvarpi\u00f0 var lagt fram haf\u00f0i Ney\u00f0arm\u00f3ttaka vegna nau\u00f0gunar veitt \u00feolendum sem \u00feanga\u00f0 leitu\u00f0u kost \u00e1 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 l\u00f6gmanns \u00e1n endur\u00adgjalds.[14]<\/a> Sl\u00edk \u00fej\u00f3nusta haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 veri\u00f0 \u00ed bo\u00f0i \u00ed fimm \u00e1r og t\u00f6ldu l\u00f6gmenn sem \u00fear st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u vi\u00f0 hagsmunag\u00e6slu fyrir \u00feolend\u00adur nau\u00f0syn\u00adlegt a\u00f0 tryggja \u00f6llum \u00feolendum kynfer\u00f0isbrota, annarra en blyg\u00f0\u00adunar\u00adsemisbrota, sk\u00fdlausan r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns. L\u00f6gmennirnir bentu \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed ums\u00f6gn sinni um frumvarpi\u00f0 a\u00f0 erfitt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 koma auga \u00e1 \u00feau tilvik sem ekki uppfylltu skilyr\u00f0i um a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulega tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i og \u00feyrfti s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00feegar um v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00e1 194.-199. gr. almennra hegning\u00adar\u00adlaga og l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed fram till\u00f6gu a\u00f0 breytingu \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i frumvarpsins, sem veitti \u00feolendum \u00feeirra brota sk\u00fdlausan r\u00e9tt til r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns ef \u00feolandi \u00f3ska\u00f0i \u00feess.[15]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 velti Barna\u00adverndarstofa \u00fev\u00ed upp hvort ekki v\u00e6ri r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 skyldan til skipunar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns fyrir \u00feolendur n\u00e6\u00f0i til allra barna sem v\u00e6ru \u00feolendur ofbeldisbrota, en ekki a\u00f0eins \u00feolenda kynfer\u00f0isbrota.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 frumvarpsins \u00ed \u00feinginu lag\u00f0i allsherjarnefnd til \u00ed nefndar\u00e1liti s\u00ednu a\u00f0 tekin yr\u00f0u af \u00f6ll tv\u00edm\u00e6li um a\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu v\u00e6ri \u00e1vallt skylt a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admann ef brota\u00feoli \u00f3ska\u00f0i \u00feess og ranns\u00f3kn beindist a\u00f0 kynfer\u00f0isbroti.[17]<\/a> Nefndin lag\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed fram till\u00f6gu a\u00f0 breytingu \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i frum\u00advarps\u00ad\u00adins hva\u00f0 \u00feetta var\u00f0ar.[18]<\/a> S\u00fa breyting var tekin upp \u00ed frumvarpi\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0ra umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed \u00feinginu[19]<\/a> og var \u00fea\u00f0 sam\u00feykkt \u00e1 Al\u00feingi 10. mars 1999.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Skilyr\u00f0i fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns voru \u00f3breytt fram a\u00f0 gildist\u00f6ku laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008 sem t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 af l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la nr. 19\/1991. \u00cd upphaflegu frumvarpi a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 88\/2008 var ekki gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir breytingum \u00e1 skilyr\u00f0um fyrir tilnefningu e\u00f0a skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns.[21]<\/sup><\/a> Ger\u00f0ar voru athugasemdir vi\u00f0 \u00feetta \u00ed ums\u00f6gn\u00adum um frumvarpi\u00f0 og benti Barnaverndarstofa \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e6skilegt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00f6ll b\u00f6rn sem v\u00e6ru \u00feolendur ofbeldisbrota \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 eiga r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns.[22]<\/a> Ekki var liti\u00f0 til \u00feessarar athugasemdar, en allsherjarnefnd lag\u00f0i til a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0um fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns yr\u00f0i breytt til a\u00f0 styrkja enn frekar r\u00e9ttarst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feolenda heimilis\u00adofbeldis, en skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna \u00ed m\u00e1linu var \u00fe\u00f3 jafnframt \u00e1r\u00e9tta\u00f0 \u00ed nefndar\u00e1liti me\u00f0 breytingar\u00adtill\u00f6gunni. Nefndin lag\u00f0i til a\u00f0 b\u00e6tt yr\u00f0i vi\u00f0 tilvikum \u00fear sem brot er frami\u00f0 af a\u00f0ila sem er n\u00e1kominn brota\u00feola vi\u00f0 upptalningu \u00e1 \u00feeim tilfellum sem skylt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann.[23]<\/a> Nefndin lag\u00f0i til eftirfarandi breytingu \u00e1 2. mgr. 41. gr. frumvarpsins:<\/p>\n

        Skylt er l\u00f6greglu endran\u00e6r eftir \u00f3sk brota\u00feola a\u00f0 tilnefna honum r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00ad\u00admann ef ranns\u00f3kn beinist a\u00f0 broti \u00e1 XXIII. e\u00f0a XXIV. kafla almennra hegningar\u00adlaga e\u00f0a 251.-253. gr. laganna og \u00e6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i af v\u00f6ldum brotsins e\u00f0a a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 gegn honum af einhverj\u00adum sem er honum n\u00e1kominn. \u00dea\u00f0 er skilyr\u00f0i fyrir tilnefningu r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessari m\u00e1lsgrein a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi a\u00f0 mati l\u00f6greglu \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns til \u00feess a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna \u00ed m\u00e1linu.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Breytingartillagan var tekin upp \u00ed frumvarpi\u00f0 eftir 2. umr\u00e6\u00f0u,[25]<\/a> og var \u00fea\u00f0 sam\u00feykkt \u00e1 Al\u00feingi 30. ma\u00ed 2008.[26]<\/sup><\/a> Skilyr\u00f0in hafa veri\u00f0 \u00f3breytt fr\u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed undan\u00adskildu a\u00f0 me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 61\/2022 b\u00e6ttist vi\u00f0 heimild til a\u00f0 tilnefna fyrirsvarsmanni l\u00e1tins einstaklings r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann.[27]<\/a> \u00de\u00e1 var r\u00e9ttur brota\u00ad\u00feola til skipunar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir \u00e6\u00f0ri d\u00f3mi styrkt me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 auka vi\u00f0 heimildir til skipunar r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort d\u00f3mur hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 lag\u00f0ur \u00e1 einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola[28]<\/a> og er \u00fea\u00f0 vel, en skilyr\u00f0um fyrir tilnefningu e\u00f0a skipun var ekki breytt a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti.<\/p>\n

        Enginn umsagnara\u00f0ila m\u00e1lsins benti \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 breyta grunnskilyr\u00f0um fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 s\u00fa a\u00f0 grunninn a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 61\/2022 m\u00e1 rekja annars vegar til greinarger\u00f0ar Hildar Fj\u00f3lu Antons\u00add\u00f3ttur,\u00a0R\u00e9ttl\u00e1t m\u00e1ls\u00adme\u00f0\u00ad\u00adfer\u00f0 me\u00f0 tilliti til \u00feolenda kynfer\u00f0isbrota<\/em>, og hins vegar til\u00a0Sk\u00fdrslu starfsh\u00f3ps um me\u00f0\u00adfer\u00f0 kynfer\u00f0isbrotam\u00e1la \u00feegar um fatla\u00f0a sakborninga og\/e\u00f0a brota\u00feola er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a<\/em>.[29]<\/a> B\u00e1\u00f0ar \u00feessar sk\u00fdrslur fjalla um \u00feolendur kynfer\u00f0is\u00adbrota, en r\u00e9ttur \u00feeirra til r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanns er vel trygg\u00f0ur \u00ed l\u00f6gum. \u00dea\u00f0 er sta\u00f0a \u00feolenda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum hins vegar ekki. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 setningu laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008 hafi skilyr\u00f0unum veri\u00f0 breytt til a\u00f0 styrkja st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feessara brota\u00feola.<\/p>\n

        3.2. T\u00falkun d\u00f3mst\u00f3la \u00e1 skilyr\u00f0um fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns <\/strong><\/p>\n

        R\u00e9ttur \u00feolenda kynfer\u00f0isbrota til r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns er sk\u00fdr skv. 1. mgr. 41. sml. hvort sem um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a fullor\u00f0na e\u00f0a b\u00f6rn og hefur \u00fev\u00ed ekki leiki\u00f0 vafi \u00e1 um r\u00e9tt til tilnefningar e\u00f0a skipunar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00ed \u00feeim tilfellum. \u00dea\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist hins vegar nokku\u00f0 matskennt hvernig d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar meta skilyr\u00f0i fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanns skv. 2. mgr. 41. gr. sml.<\/p>\n

        Skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um a\u00f0 um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00e1 XXIII. e\u00f0a XXIV. kafla almennra hegningarlaga e\u00f0a 251.\u2013253. gr. laganna er sk\u00fdrt. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur s\u00e9st \u00ed d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa \u00ed einhverjum tilfellum skipa\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumenn \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki uppfyllt.[30]<\/a> Skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 er ekki matskennt og \u00feykir \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 fjalla um \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega. Hin tv\u00f6 skilyr\u00f0in, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 \u00e6tla megi a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i af v\u00f6ldum brotsins e\u00f0a a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 gegn honum af einhverjum sem er honum n\u00e1kominn og a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns til \u00feess a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna \u00ed m\u00e1linu, eru \u00fe\u00f3 matskennd og hefur helst reynt \u00e1 \u00feau \u00ed d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Alla jafna eru ger\u00f0ar r\u00edkar kr\u00f6fur til \u00feess a\u00f0 tj\u00f3n \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i s\u00e9 sanna\u00f0 og er algengt a\u00f0 skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns s\u00e9 hafna\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00feetta skilyr\u00f0i \u00feykir ekki uppfyllt. Vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvort skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 teljist uppfyllt er e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 l\u00edta til \u00feess hvort \u00e1verkar s\u00e9u meiri h\u00e1ttar. \u00deannig a\u00f0 ef um l\u00edkams\u00e1r\u00e1s er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 \u00e1r\u00e1sin \u00feurfi a\u00f0 minnsta kosti a\u00f0 falla undir 218. gr. almennra hegningarlaga. Erfi\u00f0ara er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 leggja mat \u00e1 alvarleika tj\u00f3ns \u00e1 andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i en \u00fea\u00f0 dugir a\u00f0 um anna\u00f0 hvort s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, \u00fe.e. verulegt tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i.[32]<\/sup><\/a> \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e9st vel \u00e1 \u00feeim \u00farskur\u00f0um sem eru a\u00f0gengilegir \u00ed d\u00f3masafni hversu strangar kr\u00f6fur eru ger\u00f0ar hva\u00f0 \u00feetta var\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd L 22. mars 2019 (205\/2019) var ekki fallist \u00e1 skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns. Um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a meiri h\u00e1ttar l\u00edkams\u00e1r\u00e1s og bygg\u00f0i brota\u00feoli kr\u00f6fu s\u00edna um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir alvarlegum \u00e1verkum og b\u00e6ri auk \u00feess andleg mein eftir \u00e1r\u00e1sina og hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 metinn 10% \u00f6ryrki. \u00de\u00e1 v\u00e6ri hann jafnframt \u00ed vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mri st\u00f6\u00f0u. H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mur kva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed \u00farskur\u00f0i s\u00ednum a\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt g\u00f6gn\u00adum m\u00e1lsins v\u00e6ri lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edk\u00adama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i; \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00fer\u00f6ngt og brota\u00feoli yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 hafa \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna \u00ed m\u00e1linu. H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mari taldi hvorugt skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 uppfyllt og hafna\u00f0i kr\u00f6fu um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. Landsr\u00e9ttur sta\u00f0festi \u00fe\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til \u00feess a\u00f0 fyrirliggjandi l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg g\u00f6gn b\u00e6ru ekki me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir svo verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i v\u00e6ru fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns.<\/p>\n

        Samb\u00e6rileg ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a var \u00ed L 11. apr\u00edl 2018 (337\/2018) \u00fear sem Landsr\u00e9ttur hafna\u00f0i kr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvelli a\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg g\u00f6gn b\u00e6ru ekki me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir svo verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i a\u00f0 skylt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 tilnefna vi\u00f0komandi r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann. \u00cd m\u00e1linu l\u00e1gu \u00fe\u00f3 fyrir tv\u00f6 l\u00e6kn\u00adis\u00advottor\u00f0, anna\u00f0 fr\u00e1 slysa- og br\u00e1\u00f0adeild \u00fear sem fram kom a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00e1r\u00e1sina m.a. fengi\u00f0 heilamar \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0i vinstra heilahvels og hitt fr\u00e1 l\u00e6kni \u00fear sem fari\u00f0 var yfir fylgikvilla \u00e1r\u00e1sarinnar sem f\u00f3lust \u00ed andlegri vanl\u00ed\u00f0an, vanda me\u00f0 skammt\u00edmaminni, verkjum, skertu langt\u00edmaminni o.fl. Broti\u00f0 var heimf\u00e6rt undir 2.\u00a0mgr. 218. gr. hgl. [33]<\/a><\/sup>, \u00fe.e. meiri\u00ad h\u00e1tt\u00adar l\u00edkams\u00e1r\u00e1s. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00feetta t\u00f6ldu d\u00f3marar, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i og Landsr\u00e9tti, a\u00f0 ekki l\u00e6gju fyrir g\u00f6gn sem b\u00e6ru me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir svo verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i v\u00e6ru fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Lj\u00f3st er samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1\u00f0urgreindum d\u00f3mum a\u00f0 verulega strangar kr\u00f6fur eru ger\u00f0ar. D\u00e6mi eru \u00fe\u00f3 um anna\u00f0. \u00cd H 10. febr\u00faar 2014 (74\/2014) lag\u00f0i H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mara a\u00f0 skipa brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann \u00fear sem s\u00fa h\u00e1ttsemi \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast me\u00f0 ofbeldi a\u00f0 brota\u00feola me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka um h\u00f6fu\u00f0 hans, maka og tro\u00f0a saur \u00ed andlit hans og munn og \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e6st sl\u00e1 hann tvisvar til \u00ferisvar \u00ed h\u00f6fu\u00f0 og l\u00edkama \u00fe\u00f3tti til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 valda verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i brota\u00feola. \u00cd m\u00e1linu l\u00e1gu fyrir tv\u00f6 l\u00e6knisvottor\u00f0 \u00fear sem fram kom a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i eftir l\u00fdst atvik veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00e1verka \u00e1 efri v\u00f6r sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 b\u00f3lgin, verki \u00ed brj\u00f3stkassa og tognun \u00ed h\u00e6gri \u00f6xl, en engin g\u00f6gn l\u00e1gu fyrir um a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir andlegu tj\u00f3ni af v\u00f6ldum \u00feeirrar h\u00e1ttsemi sem \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a var gefin a\u00f0 s\u00f6k. H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur mat \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 svo a\u00f0 brotin v\u00e6ru til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 valda verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i brota\u00feola og skilyr\u00f0i v\u00e6ru \u00fev\u00ed til \u00feess a\u00f0 skipa brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann.<\/p>\n

        \u00dea\u00f0 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar meta skilyr\u00f0in me\u00f0 misj\u00f6fnum h\u00e6tti \u00fear sem heilaska\u00f0i og minnis\u00adtruflanir \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar meiri h\u00e1ttar l\u00edkams\u00e1r\u00e1sar, sem hvort tveggja er sta\u00f0fest me\u00f0 vott\u00ador\u00f0\u00ad\u00adum tveggja l\u00e6kna, \u00fe\u00f3tti ekki uppfylla skilyr\u00f0i um verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn \u00fe\u00f3tti minni h\u00e1ttar \u00e1r\u00e1s uppfylla skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fear sem H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur mat \u00fea\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 \u00e1r\u00e1sin v\u00e6ri til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 valda tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i, \u00fe\u00f3 engin l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg g\u00f6gn l\u00e6gju til grundvallar um andlega heilsu brota\u00ad\u00feola \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00e1r\u00e1sarinnar.<\/p>\n

        Eftir gildist\u00f6ku sml. \u00fearf ekki a\u00f0 uppfylla skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 andlegu e\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegu heilbrig\u00f0i ef brot er frami\u00f0 af einhverjum sem er n\u00e1kominn brota\u00feola. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 ef gerandi er n\u00e1kominn brota\u00feola \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fearf brota\u00feoli ekki a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 hann hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 andlegu e\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegu heilbrig\u00f0i til a\u00f0 uppfylla skilyr\u00f0i fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. \u00deessari breytingu var, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 nefnt, \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 styrkja st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feolenda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum. Nokkur d\u00e6mi eru um a\u00f0 brota\u00feola s\u00e9 neita\u00f0 um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00feegar um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvelli a\u00f0 ekki liggi fyrir a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i. S\u00e1 m\u00f6guleiki er \u00fe\u00f3 fyrir hendi a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar v\u00edsi til \u00feess a\u00f0 ekki liggi fyrir a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i til a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns, en \u00fea\u00f0 kemur \u00fe\u00f3 ekki sk\u00fdrt fram.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd H 8. j\u00fal\u00ed 2014 (468\/2014) var kr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns hafna\u00f0. \u00cd forsendum var v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 ekki l\u00e6gju fyrir l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00adleg g\u00f6gn er s\u00fdndu fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i, samb\u00fa\u00f0 a\u00f0ila hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 loki\u00f0 \u00feegar meint brot \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 og b\u00f3takrafa l\u00e6gi fyrir \u00ed m\u00e1linu og brota\u00feoli nyti li\u00f0sinnis l\u00f6gmanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylgja \u00feeirri kr\u00f6fu eftir og \u00fev\u00ed hef\u00f0i hann ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. Lj\u00f3st er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 ef a\u00f0ilar eru n\u00e1komnir er ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 andlegu e\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegu heilbrig\u00f0i. \u00de\u00f3 svo a\u00f0 samb\u00fa\u00f0 a\u00f0ila hafi veri\u00f0 loki\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur en meint brot \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 telja a\u00f0ila n\u00e1komna, en \u00e6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 n\u00e1kominn skv. 2. mgr. 41. gr. sml. n\u00e1i \u00fear yfir s\u00f6mu a\u00f0ila og eru taldir upp \u00ed 218. gr. b hgl., en \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i tekur til n\u00faverandi sem og fyrrverandi maka e\u00f0a samb\u00fa\u00f0ar\u00ada\u00f0ila.[35]<\/a> \u00dev\u00ed \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 ekki reynir \u00e1 skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um a\u00f0 \u00e6tla megi a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i, en eftir stendur a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli \u00fe\u00f3tti ekki hafa \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd L 24. jan\u00faar 2019 (49\/2019) hafna\u00f0i h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mur kr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slumanns \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 lj\u00f3st v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli og \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i v\u00e6ru n\u00e1komin, \u00fear sem ekki hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns og brota\u00feoli nyti \u00feegar li\u00f0sinnis l\u00f6gmanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu sinni. Landsr\u00e9ttur hafna\u00f0i kr\u00f6funni \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvelli a\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg g\u00f6gn er l\u00e6gju fyrir \u00ed m\u00e1linu b\u00e6ru ekki me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir svo verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i af v\u00f6ldum meints brots a\u00f0 skylt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admann og me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til \u00feess og a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti til forsendna hins k\u00e6r\u00f0a \u00farskur\u00f0ar var kr\u00f6funni hafna\u00f0. \u00deessi vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar\u00adr\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur Landsr\u00e9ttar vekur upp spurningar um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort Landsr\u00e9ttur taldi a\u00f0ila ekki n\u00e1komna e\u00f0a hvort Landsr\u00e9ttur liti svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 a\u00f0ilar v\u00e6ru n\u00e1komnir \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feyrfti skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i jafnframt a\u00f0 vera uppfyllt.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd d\u00f3masafni er a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 finna \u00ferj\u00e1 d\u00f3ma \u00fear sem fallist er \u00e1 skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns fyrir \u00feolanda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi, \u00fear af f\u00e9ll einn \u00feeirra fyrir gildist\u00f6ku sml. en \u00fea\u00f0 er H 2005:1795 (287\/2005). \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1li haf\u00f0i l\u00f6gregla neita\u00f0 a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00ad\u00admann og leita\u00f0i brota\u00feoli \u00fe\u00e1 atbeina d\u00f3mst\u00f3la og \u00f3ska\u00f0i eftir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00e9r yr\u00f0i skip\u00ada\u00f0ur r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur. H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mur hafna\u00f0i kr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvelli a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 m\u00e1lsatvik bentu til \u00feess a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kn m\u00e1lsins \u00fe\u00e1 yr\u00f0i ekki s\u00e9\u00f0 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i af v\u00f6ldum brotsins og \u00fev\u00ed v\u00e6ru ekki skilyr\u00f0i fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00fear sem uppfylla \u00feyrfti b\u00e6\u00f0i skilyr\u00f0in. H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur komst a\u00f0 annarri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u og taldi a\u00f0 s\u00edendurteki\u00f0 ofbeldi \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi v\u00e6ri til \u00feess falli\u00f0 a\u00f0 valda \u00feeim sem fyrir \u00fev\u00ed yr\u00f0i verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i og taldi \u00fear me\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i skilyr\u00f0in uppfyllt og lag\u00f0i fyrir h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mara a\u00f0 skipa brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd L 10. j\u00fan\u00ed 2021 (377\/2021) haf\u00f0i h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mur hafna\u00f0 kr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. L\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg g\u00f6gn m\u00e1lsins b\u00e1ru me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 brota\u00ad\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu heilsutj\u00f3ni. \u00de\u00e1 l\u00e1 jafnframt fyrir a\u00f0 ein hinna \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00ed m\u00e1linu var barnsm\u00f3\u00f0ir brota\u00feola. H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mur taldi \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 s\u00fdnt v\u00e6ri fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i s\u00e9rstaka \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00fear sem ekki h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 l\u00f6g\u00f0 fram g\u00f6gn e\u00f0a vottor\u00f0 um \u00e1stand brota\u00feola, sem s\u00fdndi fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanns. Auk \u00feess nyti brota\u00feoli \u00feegar li\u00f0sinnis l\u00f6gmanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi b\u00f3ta\u00adkr\u00f6fu sinni og \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi v\u00e6ru skilyr\u00f0i ekki uppfyllt. Landsr\u00e9ttur taldi brota\u00feola hins vegar hafa \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til vottor\u00f0s ge\u00f0l\u00e6knis brota\u00feola.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd L 29. mars. 2022 (165\/2022) var \u00e1k\u00e6rt fyrir brot \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi. \u00c1k\u00e6r\u00f0a var gefi\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00f6k a\u00f0 hafa ru\u00f0st inn \u00e1 heimili barnsm\u00f3\u00f0ur sinnar og r\u00e1\u00f0ist a\u00f0 henni \u00fear sem h\u00fan h\u00e9lt \u00e1 t\u00e6plega m\u00e1na\u00f0arg\u00f6mlu barni \u00feeirra, og k\u00fdlt hana \u00edtreka\u00f0 \u00ed andliti\u00f0 uns h\u00fan datt fram fyrir sig me\u00f0 barni\u00f0 \u00ed fanginu og sleppti \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00f6kum \u00e1 barninu og \u00fdtti \u00fev\u00ed til \u00e1 g\u00f3lfinu undan \u00e1r\u00e1s \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a sem h\u00e9lt \u00e1fram a\u00f0 k\u00fdla og sparka \u00ed hana. H\u00e1ttsemin var heimf\u00e6r\u00f0 undir 218. gr. b hgl. Krafist var skipunar r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slumann fyrir b\u00e1\u00f0a brota\u00feola, \u00fe.e. m\u00f3\u00f0ur og barn. Fallist var \u00e1 skipun r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanns fyrir barni\u00f0 en h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mur taldi ekki skilyr\u00f0i fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns fyrir m\u00f3\u00f0urina \u00fear sem ekkert l\u00e6gi fyrir \u00ed m\u00e1linu um a\u00f0 h\u00fan hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns og ekki yr\u00f0i hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed liti\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00fan nyti \u00feegar a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar l\u00f6gmanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu sinni \u00ed m\u00e1linu. S\u00fa ni\u00f0ur\u00adsta\u00f0a var borin undir Landsr\u00e9tt sem lag\u00f0i fyrir h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3m a\u00f0 skipa brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admann \u00fear sem Landsr\u00e9ttur taldi brota\u00feola hafa \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess a\u00f0 meint brot v\u00e6ri alvarlegt og beindist a\u00f0 brota\u00feola \u00feegar sem h\u00fan h\u00e9lt \u00e1 barnungri d\u00f3ttur sinni. \u00de\u00e1 v\u00e6ri \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 218. gr. b s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 aukinni vernd fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem v\u00e6ru \u00ed veikri st\u00f6\u00f0u gagnvart \u00feeim sem ofbeldinu beitti vegna n\u00e1inna tengsla og hef\u00f0u \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0.[36]<\/a> \u00cd \u00feessum \u00farskur\u00f0i er veik sta\u00f0a \u00feolenda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum vi\u00f0urkennd og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00feeirra fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns.<\/p>\n

        \u00dea\u00f0 dregur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00far v\u00e6gi \u00feessa \u00farskur\u00f0ar sem ford\u00e6mis a\u00f0 einn d\u00f3mari af \u00feremur skila\u00f0i s\u00e9ratkv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear sem hann taldi ekki forsendur til \u00feess a\u00f0 skipa brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann \u00fear sem hvorki l\u00e6gju fyrir g\u00f6gn sem v\u00edsu\u00f0u til \u00feess a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00ad\u00admanns n\u00e9 g\u00f6gn um a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir svo verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i a\u00f0 skylt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 tilnefna brota\u00feola r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slumann og v\u00edsa\u00f0i \u00fear til ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar 15. ma\u00ed 2017 (292\/2017) og Lands\u00adr\u00e9ttar 24. jan\u00faar 2019 (49\/2019) og benti jafnframt \u00e1 a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli nyti \u00feegar a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar l\u00f6g\u00admanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylgja b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu sinni eftir.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd \u00feeim \u00farskur\u00f0um og d\u00f3mum sem a\u00f0gengilegir eru \u00ed d\u00f3masafni er ekki a\u00f0 finna ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fear sem fallist er \u00e1 skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun til \u00e1\u00f0urgreinds \u00farskur\u00f0ar Landsr\u00e9ttar fr\u00e1 29. mars 2022. H\u00f6fundur hefur v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00e1\u00f0urgreinds ford\u00e6mis til r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings kr\u00f6fu um skipun sem r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur \u00feolanda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi og tv\u00edvegis hefur veri\u00f0 fallist \u00e1 skipun h\u00f6fundar sem r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00feolanda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til \u00e1\u00f0urgreindrar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u Landsr\u00e9ttar til stu\u00f0nings \u00feeirrar \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unar.[37]<\/a> Kr\u00f6fum h\u00f6fundar fyrir h\u00f6nd brota\u00feola um skipan r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns hefur einnig veri\u00f0 hafna\u00f0 me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6mdar og \u00fe\u00e1 veri\u00f0 liti\u00f0 framhj\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u LRD165\/2022 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi.[38]<\/a> \u00deessir \u00farskur\u00f0ir eru \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0gengilegir \u00ed d\u00f3masafni og \u00fev\u00ed erfitt a\u00f0 meta hvert gildi \u00e1\u00f0urgreinds \u00farskur\u00f0ar Landsr\u00e9ttar er \u00ed raun, \u00fear sem svo f\u00e1ir \u00farskur\u00f0ir var\u00f0andi skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns eru birtir.<\/p>\n

        Kr\u00f6fum brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns er oft hafna\u00f0 \u00e1 grundvelli \u00feess a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hags\u00admuna sinna. Ekki kemur fram \u00ed l\u00f6gum hva\u00f0 \u00fearf til a\u00f0 \u00feetta skilyr\u00f0i s\u00e9 uppfyllt, en \u00ed l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringarg\u00f6gnum er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 finna v\u00edsbendingu um \u00fea\u00f0. \u00cd greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpi sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999 segir um skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 ef \u00f6nnur skilyr\u00f0i fyrir tilnefningu r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns s\u00e9u uppfyllt ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 telja l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli \u00feurfi \u00e1 s\u00e9rstakri a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns a\u00f0 halda, nema \u00ed undantekningartilvikum, s.s. ef \u00f3v\u00edst er hver framdi broti\u00f0 sem er til ranns\u00f3knar og \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi ekki unnt a\u00f0 setja fram einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fu e\u00f0a ef m\u00e1lsatvik eru tilt\u00f6lulega einf\u00f6ld og brota\u00feoli er f\u00e6r um a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna sj\u00e1lfur, nema sta\u00f0a hans s\u00e9 b\u00e1g, t.d. vegna ungs aldurs e\u00f0a b\u00e1grar f\u00e9lagslegrar st\u00f6\u00f0u, e\u00f0a hann s\u00e9rstaklega slj\u00f3r e\u00f0a skilningsl\u00edtill.[39]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

        Af d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md m\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0a a\u00f0 ef a\u00f0ilar eru ekki n\u00e1komnir er algengast a\u00f0 kr\u00f6fum um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann s\u00e9 hafna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvelli a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i s\u00e9 ekki uppfyllt.[40]<\/a> Ef a\u00f0ilar eru n\u00e1komnir er hins vegar algengast a\u00f0 kr\u00f6fu um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns s\u00e9 hafna\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvelli a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns,[41]<\/a> sem er \u00ed raun \u00ed andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 afst\u00f6\u00f0u l\u00f6ggjafans sem taldi a\u00f0 ef \u00f6nnur skilyr\u00f0i v\u00e6ru uppfyllt hef\u00f0i brota\u00feoli alla jafna \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0a r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. \u00de\u00f3 m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessi afsta\u00f0a l\u00f6ggjafans kemur fram \u00ed frumvarpi sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999, \u00fe.e. \u00e1\u00f0ur en skilyr\u00f0i\u00f0 um verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 andlegu e\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegu heilbrig\u00f0i var undan\u00feegi\u00f0 ef a\u00f0ilar v\u00e6ru n\u00e1komn\u00adir. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e6tti \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00fear sem brot \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi eru almennt til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 valda verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 andlegu e\u00f0a l\u00edkamlegu heilbrig\u00f0i \u00feess sem fyrir ver\u00f0ur, eins og var ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed H 2005:1795 (287\/2005).<\/p>\n

        Eins og hefur komi\u00f0 fram er \u00fer\u00f6skuldurinn var\u00f0andi verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 andlegu og l\u00edkam\u00adlegu heilbrig\u00f0i mj\u00f6g h\u00e1r a\u00f0 undanskildu mati H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed H 10. febr\u00faar 2014 (74\/2014). \u00de\u00e1 er ekki liti\u00f0 til aukins hlutverks r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar gildist\u00f6ku laga nr.\u00a061\/2022 e\u00f0a \u00feeirra r\u00e9ttinda brota\u00feola sem fara forg\u00f6r\u00f0um ef brota\u00feoli n\u00fdtur ekki li\u00f0sinnis r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns e\u00f0a l\u00f6gmanns \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00feegar meti\u00f0 er hvort brota\u00feoli hafi \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. \u00dev\u00ed \u00fe\u00f3 svo a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi brota\u00feola hafi veri\u00f0 aukin me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 61\/2022 var skilyr\u00f0um fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1ls \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0i ekki breytt.<\/p>\n

        \u00cd ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um d\u00f3mst\u00f3la var\u00f0andi synjun um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns er algengt a\u00f0 einnig s\u00e9 v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli nj\u00f3ti \u00feegar li\u00f0sinnis l\u00f6gmanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylgja eftir b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu sinni \u00ed m\u00e1linu.[42]<\/a> \u00deessi r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur hefur ekki veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0ur einn og s\u00e9r til \u00feess a\u00f0 hafna kr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns en honum hefur veri\u00f0 beitt samhli\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00f6kum og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum \u00feeim a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i um a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns s\u00e9 ekki uppfyllt. Af \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1 draga \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 dragi \u00far \u00fe\u00f6rf brota\u00feola fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns ef brota\u00feoli n\u00fdtur \u00feegar li\u00f0sinnis l\u00f6g\u00admanns. Ef \u00fea\u00f0 er raunin \u00fe\u00e1 sk\u00edtur \u00fea\u00f0 sk\u00f6kku vi\u00f0 \u00fear sem s\u00e1 l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 er til a\u00f0 li\u00f0sinni brota\u00feola vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylgja eftir b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu er alla jafna l\u00f6gma\u00f0urinn sem var tilnefndur sem r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00adma\u00f0ur fyrir brota\u00feola \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knar\u00adstigi og a\u00f0sto\u00f0a\u00f0i vi\u00f0 framsetningu b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu. St\u00f6rf r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knar\u00adstigi felast a\u00f0eins \u00ed a\u00f0 setja fram b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu fyrir h\u00f6nd brota\u00feola, en ekki fylgja henni eftir fyrir d\u00f3mi. \u00deannig a\u00f0 ef brota\u00feola er synja\u00f0 um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur brota\u00feoli a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a l\u00f6gmann \u00e1 eigin kostna\u00f0 hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 er sami l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur og sinnti r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu fyrir brota\u00feola \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knarstigi e\u00f0a annar, nema brota\u00feoli treysti s\u00e9r til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda sj\u00e1lfur uppi b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu sinni fyrir d\u00f3mi.<\/p>\n

        \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki sj\u00e1lfgefi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 svo a\u00f0 einkar\u00e9ttarkrafa liggi fyrir \u00ed m\u00e1linu a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli nj\u00f3ti li\u00f0sinnis l\u00f6gmanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi kr\u00f6fu enda eru \u00e1 \u00feessu stigi m\u00e1ls a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur a\u00f0rar en \u00ed upphafi ef skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns er ekki sam\u00feykkt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 ber brota\u00feoli sj\u00e1lfur \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 kostna\u00f0i vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi b\u00f3takr\u00f6funni fyrir d\u00f3mi. Ef \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i er sakfelldur og brota\u00feola d\u00e6mdar b\u00e6tur er \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i alla jafna d\u00e6mdur til \u00feess a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a kostna\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda kr\u00f6funni uppi fyrir d\u00f3mi. Ef \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i er hins vegar s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur e\u00f0a brota\u00feola ekki d\u00e6mdar b\u00e6tur \u00fe\u00e1 ber brota\u00feoli sj\u00e1lfur \u00e1byrg\u00f0ina \u00e1 kostna\u00f0i vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda kr\u00f6funni uppi fyrir d\u00f3mi. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1h\u00e6tta sem ekki allir brota\u00feolar eru tilb\u00fanir til a\u00f0 taka, en sta\u00f0a brota\u00feola er oft b\u00e1g og \u00feeir hafa ekki allir efni \u00e1 a\u00f0 taka sl\u00edka \u00e1h\u00e6ttu e\u00f0a treysta s\u00e9r til a\u00f0 halda kr\u00f6funni til streitu \u00e1n a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar l\u00f6gmanns.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Samantekt og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>A\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns er mikilv\u00e6g r\u00e9ttarb\u00f3t fyrir brota\u00feola. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e1r\u00ed\u00f0andi a\u00f0 \u00feolend\u00adum alvar\u00adlegra brota, eins og kynfer\u00f0isbrota og brota \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum, standi til bo\u00f0a a\u00f0sto\u00f0 s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ings til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna \u00feeirra vegna me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar m\u00e1ls er var\u00f0ar brot gagnvart \u00feeim, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feolendur \u00feurfi a\u00f0 bera af \u00fev\u00ed kostna\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er mikilv\u00e6gt r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tism\u00e1l \u00ed velfer\u00f0arr\u00edki a\u00f0 \u00feolendur f\u00e1i \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 er \u00feeir \u00feurfa \u00e1n endur\u00adgjalds, enda ekki r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt a\u00f0 \u00feolendur alvarlegra brota beri kostna\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna vegna brota gagnvart \u00feeim.<\/p>\n

        \u00deessi a\u00f0sto\u00f0 er \u00ed bo\u00f0i fyrir alla \u00feolendur kynfer\u00f0isbrota \u00e1n bei\u00f0ni ef \u00feolandi er undir 18 \u00e1ra aldri \u00feegar ranns\u00f3kn hefst og fyrir \u00feolendur eldri en 18 \u00e1ra ef \u00feeir \u00f3ska \u00feess e\u00f0a ef l\u00f6gregla e\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar telja brota\u00feola ekki h\u00e6fan til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna sem skyldi. Rekja m\u00e1 \u00feennan sk\u00fdlausa r\u00e9tt \u00feolenda kynfer\u00f0isbrota til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns til umsagnar l\u00f6gmanna \u00e1 Ney\u00f0arm\u00f3tt\u00f6ku vegna nau\u00f0gunar \u00fear sem bent var \u00e1 a\u00f0 erfitt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 koma auga \u00e1 \u00feau tilvik \u00fear sem \u00feolandi kynfer\u00f0isbrots skv. 194.-199. gr. hgl. hef\u00f0i ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i og \u00feyrfti \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. \u00dea\u00f0 sama m\u00e1 segja um \u00feolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num sam\u00adb\u00f6nd\u00ad\u00adum, \u00fe.e. erfitt er a\u00f0 koma auga \u00e1 \u00feau tilvik \u00fear sem \u00feolandi endurtekins e\u00f0a alvarlegs ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi hefur ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heil\u00adbrig\u00f0i og \u00fearf af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. Sta\u00f0a \u00feolenda endur\u00adtekins e\u00f0a alvar\u00adlegs ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi er oftar en ekki mj\u00f6g sl\u00e6m. \u00deolandinn hefur \u00ed m\u00f6rgum tilvikum b\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0 kerfis\u00adbundi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urbrot og er me\u00f0 brotna sj\u00e1lfsmynd. Gerandi hefur jafnvel einangra\u00f0 \u00feolandann f\u00e9lagslega og fleira til a\u00f0 gera honum erfi\u00f0ara um vik a\u00f0 standa \u00e1 eigin f\u00f3tum.<\/p>\n

        \u00deegar \u00feolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum st\u00edga fram og tilkynna a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeim eru \u00feeir oft ekki a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 tilkynna broti\u00f0 heldur er gerandinn n\u00e1kominn \u00feeim og \u00feeir eru jafnvel samhli\u00f0a a\u00f0 sl\u00edta sambandi vi\u00f0 gerandann. \u00deetta getur \u00fe\u00fdtt a\u00f0 \u00feoland\u00adinn eigi ekki \u00ed nein h\u00fas a\u00f0 venda \u00fear sem hann getur ekki fari\u00f0 aftur heim til gerandans. \u00deolandinn \u00fearf \u00fev\u00ed m\u00f6gulega a\u00f0 koma undir sig f\u00f3tunum samhli\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ganga \u00ed gegnum m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00e9ttarv\u00f6rslukerfinu sem eitt og s\u00e9r getur veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g erfitt. \u00de\u00e1 getur \u00feolandi jafnframt \u00feurft a\u00f0 \u00feola \u00e1reiti, h\u00f3tanir e\u00f0a \u00fer\u00fdsting fr\u00e1 geranda um a\u00f0 draga k\u00e6ru til baka. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed miki\u00f0 \u00e1lag \u00e1 \u00feolendum. \u00deolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum eru \u00ed mj\u00f6g veikri st\u00f6\u00f0u og hafa \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns eins og H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur komst a\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u um \u00ed H 2005:1795 (287\/2005) og Landsr\u00e9ttur ger\u00f0i \u00ed L 29. mars. 2022 (165\/2022) en klofna\u00f0i a\u00f0 v\u00edsu \u00ed afst\u00f6\u00f0u sinni.<\/p>\n

        H\u00f6fundur telur \u00fe\u00f3 meiri hluta Landsr\u00e9ttar hafa komist a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u sem er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 a\u00f0 styrkja st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feolenda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6nd\u00adum. \u00de\u00e1 ber a\u00f0 athuga a\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00e9ratkv\u00e6\u00f0inu er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 ekki liggi fyrir a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi \u201eor\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir svo verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i af v\u00f6ldum \u00e6tla\u00f0s brots a\u00f0 skylt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 tilnefna henni r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann\u201c. Eins og fari\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 yfir \u00fearf ekki a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i ef um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi. \u00de\u00e1 er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 \u00e1r\u00e9tta a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00adma\u00f0ur er skipa\u00f0ur fyrir d\u00f3mi en tilnefndur af h\u00e1lfu l\u00f6greglu og \u00fev\u00ed reyndi ekki \u00e1 tilnefningu heldur skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns. H\u00f6fundur telur jafnframt a\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun til ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar 15. ma\u00ed 2017 (292\/2017) eigi ekki vi\u00f0 \u00fear sem skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns var hafna\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1li \u00fear sem ekki var s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 verulegt tj\u00f3n \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i og a\u00f0ilar virtust ekki \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi og s\u00fa ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a er \u00fev\u00ed ekki ford\u00e6misgefandi \u00ed m\u00e1li Landsr\u00e9ttar. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed ekki r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 synja \u00feolanda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00e1 \u00feessum grundvelli. Erfi\u00f0ara er a\u00f0 hrekja r\u00f6k d\u00f3marans um synjun um skipun r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00e1 grundvelli \u00feess a\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns og tilv\u00edsun d\u00f3marans til ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u Landsr\u00e9ttar 24. jan\u00faar 2019 (49\/2019) \u00fear sem stu\u00f0st er vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mafram\u00adkv\u00e6md. H\u00f6fundur telur d\u00f3mst\u00f3la t\u00falka of \u00fer\u00f6ngt hven\u00e6r brota\u00feoli hafi \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns.<\/p>\n

        A\u00f0 \u00f3breyttu telur h\u00f6fundur litlar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6nd\u00adum f\u00e1i skipa\u00f0an r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feessi a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa \u00edtreka\u00f0 hafna\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni \u00feess efnis. \u00c6tlun l\u00f6ggjafans um a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feolenda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum hefur \u00fev\u00ed ekki n\u00e1\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 ganga nema a\u00f0 verulega takm\u00f6rku\u00f0u leyti. D\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafna a\u00f0 v\u00edsu ekki lengur kr\u00f6fu um r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi ekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir verulegu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 l\u00edkamlegu e\u00f0a andlegu heilbrig\u00f0i heldur vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir s\u00e9rstaka a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns. \u00dev\u00ed til stu\u00f0nings er algengt a\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 s\u00e9 til \u00feess a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli nj\u00f3ti \u00feegar a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar l\u00f6gmanns vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 halda uppi b\u00f3takr\u00f6fu fyrir d\u00f3mi. Me\u00f0 \u00feessum r\u00f6kum v\u00e6ri unnt a\u00f0 synja \u00f6llum um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00fear sem allir \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 geta fundi\u00f0 l\u00f6gmann s\u00e9r til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

        T\u00edmab\u00e6rt er a\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafinn taki \u00ed taumana og tryggi r\u00e9ttindi umr\u00e6ddra \u00feolenda til a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns, ef \u00feeir \u00f3ska \u00feess, l\u00edkt og gert var gagnvart \u00feolend\u00adum kyn\u00adfer\u00f0is\u00adbrota me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999. \u00dea\u00f0 er br\u00fdnt a\u00f0 endursko\u00f0a \u00feau skilyr\u00f0i sem sett eru fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns fyrir \u00feolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum og tryggja \u00feeim r\u00e9tt til samr\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 r\u00e9tt \u00feolenda kynfer\u00f0isbrota. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 \u00feessi vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mi h\u00f3pur f\u00e1i nau\u00f0synlega a\u00f0sto\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna, enda \u00f3t\u00e6kt a\u00f0 \u00e6tla \u00feeim a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a l\u00f6gmann \u00e1 eigin kostna\u00f0 \u00ed sl\u00edkum m\u00e1lum.<\/p>\n

        Hafa ver\u00f0ur \u00ed huga a\u00f0 hlutverk r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns er anna\u00f0 og meira en a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 setja fram einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fur, en me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 61\/2022 var sta\u00f0a \u00feolenda b\u00e6tt til muna, en hluti \u00feeirra r\u00e9ttinda sem fengust me\u00f0 l\u00f6ggj\u00f6finni eru h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hafi r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admann e\u00f0a l\u00f6gmann s\u00e9r til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

        \u00de\u00e1 er \u00f6r\u00f0ugt fyrir brota\u00feola a\u00f0 krefjast \u00feess upp \u00e1 eigin sp\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00feinghald s\u00e9 loka\u00f0 og a\u00f0 \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i v\u00edki \u00far d\u00f3msal \u00e1 me\u00f0an brota\u00feoli gefur sk\u00fdrslu. Auk \u00feess vita brota\u00feolar alla jafna ekki af \u00feessum m\u00f6guleika nema \u00feeir nj\u00f3ti a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ings sem lei\u00f0beinir \u00feeim og uppl\u00fdsir \u00fe\u00e1 um r\u00e9ttindi s\u00edn. Enn fremur hafa brota\u00feolar ekki r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00e1 vitnisbur\u00f0 \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a og g\u00e6ti \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f6ryggi \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vita a\u00f0 \u00feeirra fulltr\u00fai s\u00e9 \u00fe\u00e1 vi\u00f0staddur \u00fe\u00e1 sk\u00fdrslugj\u00f6f og g\u00e6ti a\u00f0 hagsmunum \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

        Einnig er tilefni til \u00feess a\u00f0 skerpa \u00e1 laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um var\u00f0andi skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns fyrir b\u00f6rn undir 18 \u00e1ra aldri, sem eru \u00feolendur ofbeldis og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum heimilis\u00adofbeldis, vegna veikrar st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra. Barnaverndarstofa benti \u00e1 \u00feetta \u00ed ums\u00f6gn sinni um frumvarp sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 36\/1999 og aftur \u00ed ums\u00f6gn um frumvarp sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008 og lag\u00f0i \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum til a\u00f0 skyldan til a\u00f0 tilnefna b\u00f6rnum r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumann n\u00e6\u00f0i til allra ofbeldisbrota. \u00deessar till\u00f6gur Barna\u00adverndar\u00adstofu n\u00e1\u00f0u ekki fram a\u00f0 ganga. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 reynsla h\u00f6fundar a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6skuldurinn fyrir skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns s\u00e9 l\u00e6gri \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnum en fullor\u00f0num, sem m\u00e1 a\u00f0 nokkru leyti sj\u00e1 \u00ed \u00farskur\u00f0i h\u00e9ra\u00f0s\u00add\u00f3ms \u00ed L 29. mars 2022 (165\/2022) \u00fear sem fallist var \u00e1 skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns fyrir h\u00f6nd barnsins en ekki m\u00f3\u00f0urinnar \u00fe\u00f3 svo a\u00f0 ofbeldi\u00f0 hef\u00f0i a\u00f0allega beinst a\u00f0 m\u00f3\u00f0ur\u00adinni.<\/p>\n

        H\u00f6fundur telur nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 taka skilyr\u00f0i fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns til gagngerrar endursko\u00f0unar, einkum hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar b\u00f6rn og \u00feolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum. \u00dear sem r\u00e9ttindi \u00feessara brota\u00feola til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 r\u00e9ttar\u00adg\u00e6slu\u00admann s\u00e9r til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar eru ekki n\u00e6gilega trygg\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gum \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir vilja l\u00f6ggjafans. Breg\u00f0ast ver\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skerpa \u00e1 skilyr\u00f0unum \u00ed l\u00f6gum og tryggja a\u00f0 \u00feolendur ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6nd\u00adum f\u00e1i \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0sto\u00f0 sem \u00feeim er nau\u00f0synleg og \u00feeim var \u00e6tlu\u00f0 af l\u00f6ggjafanum.<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Heimildaskr\u00e1 <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson. \u201eR\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur brota\u00feola\u201c \u00ed Gu\u00f0r\u00fanarb\u00f3k, afm\u00e6lisriti til hei\u00f0urs Gu\u00f0r\u00fanu Erlendsd\u00f3ttur, (Hi\u00f0 \u00edslenska b\u00f3kmenntaf\u00e9lag 2006), bls. 179-200.<\/p>\n

        Kolbr\u00fan S\u00e6varsd\u00f3ttir. \u201cR\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola\u201d \u00ed Bifr\u00f6st, rit Lagadeildar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1 Bifr\u00f6st, (H\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00e1 Bifr\u00f6st 2006), bls. 329-363.<\/p>\n

        P\u00e1ll Sigur\u00f0sson: L\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ior\u00f0ab\u00f3k me\u00f0 sk\u00fdringum. <\/em>(B\u00f3ka\u00fatg\u00e1fan CODEX \u2013 Lagastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands 2008).<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        L\u00f6g og \u00feingskj\u00f6l<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Al\u00feingist\u00ed\u00f0indi 1998-1999, 123. l\u00f6ggjafar\u00feing. A.<\/p>\n

        Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, \u00feingskjal 482.<\/p>\n

        Nefndar\u00e1lit allsherjarnefndar, dags. 2. mars 1999, \u00feingskjal 969.<\/p>\n

        Breytingartillaga, \u00feingskjal 970.<\/p>\n

        Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, \u00feingskjal 1026.<\/p>\n

        Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, \u00feingskjal 1145.<\/p>\n

        Al\u00feingist\u00ed\u00f0indi 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6ggjafar\u00feing. A.<\/p>\n

        Frumvarp til laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, \u00feingskjal 252.<\/p>\n

        Nefndar\u00e1lit allsherjarnefndar, dags. 26. ma\u00ed 2008, \u00feingskjal 1153.<\/p>\n

        Breytingartillaga, \u00feingskjal 1154.<\/p>\n

        Frumvarp til laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, \u00feingskjal 1287.<\/p>\n

        Al\u00feingist\u00ed\u00f0indi, vef\u00fatg\u00e1fa.<\/p>\n

        Frumvarp til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum um fullnustu refsinga (b\u00e6tt r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola, fatla\u00f0s f\u00f3lks og a\u00f0standenda), 518. m\u00e1l, \u00feingskjal 741 \u00e1 152. l\u00f6ggjafar\u00feingi 2021-2022. Vef\u00fatg\u00e1fa Al\u00feingis\u00adt\u00ed\u00f0inda, S\u00f3tt 27.5.2023 af https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/152\/s\/0741.html<\/a><\/p>\n

        L\u00f6g nr. 91\/1991um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la. (brottfallin)<\/p>\n

        L\u00f6g nr. 36\/1999 um breytingar \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la nr. 91\/1991. (brottfallin)<\/p>\n

        L\u00f6g nr. 88\/2008 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la.<\/p>\n

        L\u00f6g nr. 61\/2022 um breytingar \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum um fullnustu refsinga.<\/p>\n

        Ums\u00f6gn l\u00f6gmanna er starfa \u00e1 Ney\u00f0arm\u00f3tt\u00f6ku vegna nau\u00f0gunar. (1999) M\u00e1l nr. 354 \u00e1 123. l\u00f6ggjafar\u00feingi 1998-1999, dags. 16. febr\u00faar 1999, dagb\u00f3karn\u00famer 1031. S\u00f3tt 27.5.2023 af https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/123\/123-1031.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

        Ums\u00f6gn Barnaverndarstofu. (1999) M\u00e1l nr. 354 \u00e1 123. l\u00f6ggjafar\u00feingi 1998-1999, dags. 19. febr\u00faar 1999, dagb\u00f3karn\u00famer 1033. S\u00f3tt 27.5.2023 af https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/123\/123-1033.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

        Ums\u00f6gn Sifjar Konr\u00e1\u00f0sd\u00f3ttur hdl. (1999) M\u00e1l nr. 354 \u00e1 123. l\u00f6ggjafar\u00feingi 1998-1999, dags. 19. febr\u00faar 1999, dagb\u00f3karn\u00famer 1034. S\u00f3tt 27.5.2023 af https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/123\/123-1034.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

        Ums\u00f6gn Barnaverndarstofu. (2008) M\u00e1l nr. 233 \u00e1 135. l\u00f6ggjafar\u00feingi 2007-2008, dags. 22. jan\u00faar 2008, dagb\u00f3karn\u00famer 1241. S\u00f3tt 28.5.2023 af \u00a0https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/135\/135-1241.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 287\/2005, H 2005:1795.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 411\/2010, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 28. j\u00fan\u00ed 2010.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 74\/2014, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 10. febr\u00faar 2014.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 468\/2014, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 8. j\u00fal\u00ed 2014.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 68\/2017, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 7. febr\u00faar 2017.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 227\/2017, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 10. apr\u00edl 2017.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 292\/2017, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 15. ma\u00ed 2017.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur Landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 337\/2018, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 11. apr\u00edl 2018.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur Landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 49\/2019, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 24. jan\u00faar 2019.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur Landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 205\/2019, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 22. mars. 2019.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur Landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 377\/2021, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 10. j\u00fan\u00ed 2021.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur Landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 165\/2022, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 29. mars 2022.<\/p>\n

        D\u00f3mur Landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 792\/2022, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 16. desember 2022.<\/p>\n

        \u00darskur\u00f0ur H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Nor\u00f0urlands eystra \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-38\/2022, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 4. ma\u00ed 2022.<\/p>\n

        \u00darskur\u00f0ur H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Nor\u00f0urlands eystra \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-65\/2023, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 15. apr\u00edl 2023.<\/p>\n

        \u00darskur\u00f0ur H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Reykjaness \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-1240\/2023, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp \u00feann 29. September 2023.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Aftanm\u00e1lsgreinar<\/strong><\/p>\n

        [1]<\/a> P\u00e1ll Sigur\u00f0sson: L\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ior\u00f0ab\u00f3k me\u00f0 sk\u00fdringum<\/em>, bls. 66.<\/p>\n

        [2]<\/a> Frv. til laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, \u00feskj. 252. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 1423-1424.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [3]<\/a> Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: \u201eR\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur brota\u00feola\u201c bls. 180.<\/p>\n

        [4]<\/a> L\u00f6gin voru felld \u00far gildi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008, sbr. 233. gr. laganna<\/p>\n

        [5]<\/a> Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: \u201eR\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur brota\u00feola\u201c, bls. 179 og 181.<\/p>\n

        [6]<\/a> Frv. til laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, \u00feskj. 252. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 1398.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [7]<\/a> P\u00e1ll Sigur\u00f0sson: L\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ior\u00f0ab\u00f3k me\u00f0 sk\u00fdringum<\/em>, bls. 344.<\/p>\n

        [8]<\/a> Kolbr\u00fan S\u00e6varsd\u00f3ttir: \u201eR\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola\u201c bls. 340<\/p>\n

        [9]<\/a> H\u00e9r eftir a\u00f0eins v\u00edsa\u00f0 til laga nr. 61\/2022.<\/p>\n

        [10]<\/a> Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: \u201eR\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur brota\u00feola\u201c, bls. 192-195.<\/p>\n

        [11]<\/a> Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum um fullnustu refsinga (b\u00e6tt r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola, fatla\u00f0s f\u00f3lks og a\u00f0standenda), 518. m\u00e1l, \u00feskj. 741 \u00e1 152. l\u00f6g\u00fe. 2021-2022.<\/p>\n

        [12]<\/a> Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: \u201eR\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur brota\u00feola\u201c, bls. 179.<\/p>\n

        [13]<\/a> Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, \u00feskj. 482. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1998-1999, 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 2309.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [14]<\/a> Ums\u00f6gn Sifjar Konr\u00e1\u00f0sd\u00f3ttur hdl. (1999) M\u00e1l nr. 354 \u00e1 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. 1998-1999, dags. 19. febr\u00faar 1999, dbnr. 1034. Sl\u00f3\u00f0: https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/123\/123-1034.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

        [15]<\/a> Ums\u00f6gn Ney\u00f0arm\u00f3tt\u00f6ku vegna nau\u00f0gunar. (1999) M\u00e1l nr. 354 \u00e1 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. 1998-1999, dags. 16. febr\u00faar 1999, dbnr. 1031. S\u00f3tt af https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/123\/123-1031.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

        [16]<\/a> Ums\u00f6gn Barnaverndarstofu. (1999) M\u00e1l nr. 354 \u00e1 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. 1998-1999, dags. 19. febr\u00faar 1999, dbnr. 1033. Sl\u00f3\u00f0: https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/123\/123-1033.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

        [17]<\/a> Nefndar\u00e1lit allsherjarnefndar, dags. 2. mars 1999, \u00feskj. 969. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1998-1999, 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: bls. 3905.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [18]<\/a> Breytingartillaga, \u00feingskjal 970. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1998-1999, 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 3906.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [19]<\/a> Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, \u00feskj. 1026. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1998-1999, 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 4064.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [20]<\/a> Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, \u00feskj. 1145. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1998-1999, 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 4443.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [21]<\/a> Frv. til laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, \u00feskj. 252. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 1424.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [22]<\/a> Ums\u00f6gn Barnaverndarstofu. (2008) M\u00e1l nr. 233 \u00e1 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. 2007-2008, dags. 22. jan\u00faar 2008, dbnr. 41. Sl\u00f3\u00f0: https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/altext\/erindi\/135\/135-1241.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

        [23]<\/a> Nefndar\u00e1lit allsherjarnefndar, dags. 26. ma\u00ed 2008, \u00feskj. 1153. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 6020.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [24]<\/a> Breytingartillaga, \u00feskj. 1154. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 6026.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [25]<\/a> Frv. til laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, \u00feskj. 1287. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 6418.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [26]<\/a> Frv. til laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, \u00feskj. 1287. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 2007-2008, 135. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 6509.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [27]<\/a> 4. mgr. 41. gr. laga um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008.<\/p>\n

        [28]<\/a> Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum um fullnustu refsinga (b\u00e6tt r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola, fatla\u00f0s f\u00f3lks og a\u00f0standenda), 518. m\u00e1l, \u00feskj. 741 \u00e1 152. l\u00f6g\u00fe. 2021-2022.<\/p>\n

        [29]<\/a> Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la og l\u00f6gum um fullnustu refsinga (b\u00e6tt r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a brota\u00feola, fatla\u00f0s f\u00f3lks og a\u00f0standenda), 518. m\u00e1l, \u00feskj. 741 \u00e1 152. l\u00f6g\u00fe. 2021-2022.<\/p>\n

        [30]<\/a> Sbr. t.d. H 9. desember 2004 (326\/2004) og H 13. ma\u00ed 2020 (11\/2020).<\/p>\n

        [31]<\/a> Me\u00f0 d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md er annars vegar \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00farskur\u00f0i sem gengi\u00f0 hafa um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns og eru greinar\u00adh\u00f6fundi a\u00f0gengilegir \u00ed d\u00f3masafni og hins vegar \u00farskur\u00f0i sem eru greinarh\u00f6fundi a\u00f0gengilegir vegna l\u00f6gmannsstarfa h\u00f6fundar. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 ekki er alltaf \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega um skipun og jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3 svo a\u00f0 \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0 s\u00e9 um skipun \u00fe\u00e1 er a\u00f0eins brot af \u00farskur\u00f0unum birt \u00ed d\u00f3masafni. \u00deeir \u00farskur\u00f0ir sem birtir eru teljast endurspegla r\u00edkjandi d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md.<\/p>\n

        [32]<\/a> Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson: \u201eR\u00e9ttarg\u00e6sluma\u00f0ur brota\u00feola\u201c, bls. 187.<\/p>\n

        [33]<\/a> Almenn hegningarl\u00f6g nr. 19\/1940.<\/p>\n

        [34]<\/a> Landsr\u00e9ttur v\u00edsa\u00f0i jafnframt til H 15. ma\u00ed 2017 (292\/2017) til stu\u00f0nings ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u sinni, en \u00fear haf\u00f0i H\u00e6sti\u00adr\u00e9ttur sta\u00f0fest \u00farskur\u00f0 h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms um a\u00f0 hafna kr\u00f6fu brota\u00feola um skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00fear sem hvorki \u00e1verkar n\u00e9 sta\u00f0a brota\u00feola g\u00e6fi til kynna a\u00f0 brota\u00feoli hef\u00f0i s\u00e9rstaka \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admanns \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 l\u00edkams\u00ad\u00e1r\u00e1sin hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 alvarleg.<\/p>\n

        [35]<\/a> \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 218. gr. b haf\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 l\u00f6gfest \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma, en \u00ed 3. mgr. 70. gr. hgl. er einnig v\u00edsa\u00f0 til n\u00e1kominna, en \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i t\u00f3k gildi 2006 og v\u00edsar \u00fea\u00f0 skv. l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringarg\u00f6gnum til b\u00e6\u00f0i n\u00faverandi og fyrrverandi maka.<\/p>\n

        [36]<\/a> L 165\/2022, 6. mgr.<\/p>\n

        [37]<\/a> \u00cd \u00farskur\u00f0i h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Nor\u00f0urlands eystra \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-38\/2022, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp \u00feann 4. ma\u00ed 2022 og \u00ed \u00farskur\u00f0i H\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3ms Reykjaness \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-1240\/2023, sem kve\u00f0inn var upp \u00feann 29. september 2023, var fallist \u00e1 skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns \u00feolanda ofbeldis \u00ed n\u00e1nu sambandi og v\u00edsa\u00f0 til Lrd. 165\/2022 til stu\u00f0nings \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n

        [38]<\/a> \u00cd L 16. desember 2022 (792\/2022) og \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. S-65\/2022, var skipun hafna\u00f0, en \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um tilvikum voru brota\u00feolar n\u00e1komnir \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

        [39]<\/a> Frv. til laga um breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinberra m\u00e1la, nr. 19 26. mars 1991, me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ari breytingum, \u00feskj. 482. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1998-1999, 123. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 2309.<\/em><\/p>\n

        [40]<\/a> Sbr. H 28. j\u00fan\u00ed 2010 (411\/2010), H 7. febr\u00faar 2017 (68\/2017), H 10. apr\u00edl 2017 (227\/2017), H 15. ma\u00ed 2017 (292\/2017), L 11. apr\u00edl 2018 (337\/2018) og L 22. mars. 2019 (205\/2019).<\/p>\n

        [41]<\/a> Sbr. H 8. j\u00fal\u00ed 2014 (468\/2014), L 24. jan\u00faar 2019 (49\/2019) og L 16. desember 2022 (792\/2022).<\/p>\n

        [42]<\/a> Sbr. H 8. j\u00fal\u00ed 2014 (468\/2014), H 7. febr\u00faar 2017 (68\/2017), H 15. ma\u00ed 2017 (292\/2017), L 11. apr\u00edl 2018 (337\/2018), L 24. jan\u00faar 2019 (49\/2019), L22. mars. 2019 (205\/2019) og L 16. desember 2022 (792\/2022).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        R\u00e9ttindi brota\u00feola eru m\u00f6rgum hugleikin um \u00feessar mundir. Grein \u00feessi fjallar um r\u00e9tt brota\u00ad\u00feola til \u00feess a\u00f0 f\u00e1 tilnefndan e\u00f0a skipa\u00f0an r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slu\u00admann til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hags\u00admuna \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 m\u00e1la er var\u00f0a brot gegn \u00feeim. \u00de\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feau skilyr\u00f0i sem l\u00f6g setja fyrir tilnefningu og skipun r\u00e9ttarg\u00e6slumanns og hvernig d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa t\u00falka\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0in \u00ed framkv\u00e6md og hvers vegna nau\u00f0synlegt er a\u00f0 breyta skilyr\u00f0unum til a\u00f0 tryggja betur hagsmuni brota\u00feola og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum \u00feeirra sem voru beittir ofbeldi \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6nd\u00adum.<\/p>\n

        Victims’ rights are in the spotlight these days. This article deals with victims of crime and their right to have a designated or appointed legal aid to protect their interests during the handling of a case concerning a crime against them. It will discuss the conditions set by law for the nomination and appointment of a legal aid and how the courts have interpreted the conditions in case law and why it is necessary to change the conditions to better ensure the interests of victims of crime and especially victims of domestic violence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":678,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2411],"tags":[2505,1570,1546,2506,2508,2507],"coauthors":[2432],"class_list":["post-29631","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-new-article-double-blind-peer-review-volume-19-no-1-2024","tag-brotatholi","tag-crime","tag-domestic-violence","tag-rettargaeslumadur","tag-victims-lawyer","tag-tholendur-ofbeldis-i-nanum-sambondum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29631","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/678"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29631"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29631\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29634,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29631\/revisions\/29634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29631"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29631"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29631"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=29631"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}