{"id":204,"date":"2012-12-10T17:36:26","date_gmt":"2012-12-10T17:36:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=204"},"modified":"2012-12-10T17:36:26","modified_gmt":"2012-12-10T17:36:26","slug":"leidharvisir-an-old-norse-itinerarium-a-proposal-for-a-new-partial-translation-and-some-notes-about-the-place-names","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/08-1\/c55-interviews-memoirs-and-other-contributions\/leidharvisir-an-old-norse-itinerarium-a-proposal-for-a-new-partial-translation-and-some-notes-about-the-place-names\/","title":{"rendered":"Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir, an Old Norse itinerarium: a proposal for a new partial translation and some notes about the place-names"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This matter, which arose during my Master\u2019s Degree in European Languages<\/span><\/span><\/em> and <\/span>Cultures, is relevant in Old Norse Literature because there is no acknowledgement in this genre. This work has now been reexamined and updated considering the remarkable contributions of the critics that, for the last few years, have been developing <\/span><\/span><\/em>the <\/span>various aspects of<\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir<\/i><\/span><\/span>. The present text is the result of this reassessment and therefore it is a contribution to this topic in general and, more specifically to the geographical part, except for the Italian passage, which has already been studied extensively by many researchers, and translated by Professor <\/span><\/span><\/em>Raschell\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/em>This piece is made up of a small introduction about the author and his work, a partial translation <\/span>of<\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir<\/i><\/span><\/span> and some <\/span>geographical notes.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Introduction<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

We <\/span><\/span>know very<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>little<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>about<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the author of <\/span><\/span>Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>and <\/span><\/span>his name is also uncertain<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>: <\/span><\/span><\/em>Nikul\u00e1s Bergsson<\/span><\/span><\/span> or <\/span><\/span>Berg\u00fe\u00f3rsson<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

He was a Benedictine monk, <\/span><\/span>who<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> is reported to have <\/span><\/span>returned<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> to Iceland in 1154 after a <\/span><\/span>pilgrimage to the Holy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Land; in 1155<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> he <\/span><\/span>was consecrated abbot of the monastery<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>Munka\u00fever<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00e1<\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>founded<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>in 1155 by the <\/span><\/span>bishop of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>H\u00f3lar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Bj<\/span><\/span><\/span>?<\/span><\/span><\/span>rn Gilsson <\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>Magn\u00fasson<\/span><\/span><\/span> 1898<\/span><\/span>:193).<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>Here he remained until his death, which<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>occurred around <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>1159<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>60. We have been handed down<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>three stanzas by <\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span><\/span>, that were part of a <\/span><\/span>dr\u00e1pa<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>in <\/span><\/span>honour<\/span><\/span><\/span> of the <\/span><\/span>Apostle John entitled <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>J\u00f3ansdr\u00e1pa postula <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>(see La <\/span><\/span>Farge<\/span><\/span><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>The author knew skaldic art: <\/span><\/span>close to<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>traditional<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>kenningar<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, adapted here to express Christian concepts, like God and<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the apostles, <\/span><\/span>new terms appear, used only by<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u2013 e.g. <\/span><\/span>s\u00e1rv\u00e6ginn<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201csin-<\/span><\/span>indulgent<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>\u201d \u2013 or attested in these stanzas for the first time \u2013 <\/span><\/span>go\u00f0d\u00f3mr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201c<\/span><\/span>godhead\u201d, <\/span><\/span>alm\u00e1ttr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/span>almighty\u201d<\/span><\/span>. <\/i><\/span><\/span>Another<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>dr\u00e1pa<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> by<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Kristsdr\u00e1pa<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>is s<\/span><\/span>o<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>much more interesting in this respect, because in it the poet brings together<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> images of the Old and the <\/span><\/span>New Testament<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The first part<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of this other <\/span><\/span>dr\u00e1pa<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>tells that<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>Israelite explorers<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> carried<\/span><\/span> the grapes hanging<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> from a long <\/span><\/span>pole <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>(Num. 13, 24); in the second part of the <\/span><\/span>dr\u00e1pa<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> it<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>is mentioned Christ hung on the cross.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This is one of oldest surviving examples of <\/span><\/span>skaldic poetry <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>concerning<\/span><\/span><\/span> Christian<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>topics and <\/span><\/span>themes and <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>it is <\/span><\/span>possible<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>that the initiator of this practice was<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s Bergsson<\/span><\/span><\/span>. His name is <\/span><\/span>mainly related<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> to the composition of <\/span><\/span>Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>itinerarium<\/i><\/span><\/span>),<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>the account<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of his<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/em>pilgrimage<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> from <\/span><\/span>Iceland<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>to Rome and to the <\/span><\/span>Holy Land<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>L<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>ei\u00f0arv\u00edsir <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>is not a literary work in the ordinary sense, but a medieval <\/span><\/span><\/span>Baedeker<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, a travel guide or <\/span><\/span><\/span>itinerarium<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> as this genre was called in medieval Latin.<\/span><\/span><\/span> The exact date of Nikul<\/span><\/span>\u00e1s\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>journey is unknown, however <\/span><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>chronological indications allow us<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> to collocate the journey in the years after <\/span><\/span>1150, between 1149 and 1154 (<\/span><\/span>Simek<\/span><\/span><\/span> 1990: 264-267) and it lasted three years between 1151 and 1154, while the compilation of the <\/span><\/span>itinerarium<\/i><\/span><\/span> necessarily had to take place between 1154 and 1158\/9 \u2013 the year of <\/span><\/span>his return to Iceland<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>\u2013 <\/span><\/span>and 1160, the <\/span><\/span>last term indicated in the sources as the year of his death (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Raschell\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span> 1985-6: 544)<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Indeed, <\/span><\/span>it is reported by the abbot <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s Bergsson<\/span><\/span> that he returned from a journey in 1154 and died<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>between 1158 and<\/span><\/span><\/span> 1160 (<\/span><\/span>Marani<\/span><\/span><\/span> 2006: 638). <\/span><\/span>Other considerations based on internal text analysis, like its linguistic form<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>showing characteristics<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/em>marked archaism, seem to confirm this dating.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The first critics (see <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Rafn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> 1852: 395; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Riant <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>1865: 80-81; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Solmi<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>1933: 1208)<\/span><\/span> have <\/span><\/span>argued that the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>was written by<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s S\u00e6mundarson, <\/span><\/span><\/span>who <\/span><\/span>was <\/span><\/span>consecrated abbot of the Monastery of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>\u00deingeyar<\/span><\/span><\/span> (Hill 1983: 176) in 1148 and died in 1158 (<\/span><\/span>Magn\u00fasson<\/span><\/span><\/span> 1898<\/span><\/span>:153), <\/span><\/span>but evidence of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the dates<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>disproves this assumption;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>after all,<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>it was not supported<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>by<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the <\/span><\/span>most critics (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>see K\u00e5lund, Magoun, Hill and Raschell\u00e0)<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nothing similar to the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>itinerarium<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>was <\/span><\/span>witnessed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>in the <\/span><\/span>field<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of Old <\/span><\/span>Norse literature<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>with as <\/span><\/span>direct and detailed form as in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

We find in this <\/span><\/span>travel account,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>in addition to the citation of several<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> mansiones<\/span><\/span><\/em> (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Stopani<\/span><\/span> 1990: 35<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>36)<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/em>located on the route<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> to the <\/span><\/span>Holy Land, the indications of the distance between them and the cities, described in all<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>their facets, very useful for those<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>who<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>undertook the same journey.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The journey begins from Iceland, <\/span><\/span>through stretch of sea to Norway<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> to <\/span><\/span>Denmark’s coasts, West Germany<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and, along the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/em>upper reaches<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of the Rhine<\/span><\/span>, <\/i><\/span><\/span>passing through Switzerland and Italy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>From here begins<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> a new <\/span><\/span>coastline itinerary that, touching in several points the coast<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of the<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Balkan Peninsula and the Greek Islands, leads to Asia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Minor and follows onto <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Turkey<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>and then<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>to Jerusalem.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>addition to the important religious, geographical, anthropological information and the road<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>conditions<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>that the abbot <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>gives us minutely,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>we often find<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>mythological-pagan references belonging to Germanic cultures (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Raschell\u00e0 1995: 258-259; <\/span><\/span>L\u00f6nnroth 1992: 37<\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The references to the sacred <\/span><\/span>religious legends<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and to the ancient <\/span><\/span>pagan ones, makes this<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> i<\/span><\/span><\/em>tinerarium<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> unique in its kind in the <\/span><\/span>Old <\/span><\/span>Norse Literature.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In fact, the legends referring <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>in<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>many ways<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>to<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Germanic culture <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>are set in clear<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>opposition<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>to<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Christian spirit of the time. The author puts these references<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>whenever<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>he is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>around<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>places to reminding<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the various mythological figures known<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in ancient <\/span><\/span>times<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Thus, this<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>pilgrim’s guide,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>permeated by<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>a<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>strong sense<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of devotion, <\/span><\/span>also provides the opportunity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> to know not only <\/span><\/span>geographical and religious notions of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Medieval Scandinavia but also the literary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>tradition of these peoples.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Translation<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span><\/span>full-text<\/span><\/span><\/span> English translation is based on a manuscript <\/span><\/span>that <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>is preserved in the <\/span><\/span>Arnamagn\u00e6an<\/span><\/span><\/span> Collection (Copenhagen) ms. AM 194, 8vo (dated 1387) and a single folio from another copy of the itinerary made ca. 1400 in AM 736 II, 4to that is placed in the <\/span><\/span><\/span>landafr\u00e6\u00f0i <\/i><\/span><\/span>section (pp. 12:26<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>23:21) in <\/span><\/span>Alfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00edslenzk<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/i><\/span><\/span>Islandsk encyklop\u00e6disk litteratur<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> I. Cod. mbr. AM 194, 8vo; edited by Kr. K\u00e5lund, K\u00f8benhavn 1908. The section concerning Italy is preserved in the manuscripts AM 544, 4to, (<\/span><\/span>Hauksb\u00f3k<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>early XIV<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>th century) <\/span><\/span>and AM 766 b, 4to, (AM 194, 8vo<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>manuscript transcription<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> performed by <\/span><\/span>\u00c1rni Magn\u00fasson<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>The variants of these two manuscripts are contained in the critical apparatus of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> the K\u00e5lund edition.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/em>The part concerning Italy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>is<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>dealt with by<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Raschell\u00e0 (1985<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>1986).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

It is said that it takes seven days to <\/span><\/span>circumnavigate Iceland if the wind is at your back; but the wind changes direction, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>which is natural, as the wind <\/span><\/span>cannot always blow in the same direction<\/span><\/span>. So, the journey between Iceland and Norway<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> (see Jackson, Podossinov<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>1997: 87) <\/span><\/span><\/span>takes that long. From Norway you go first to Aalborg in Denmark.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The pilgrims that go to Rome say that from Aalborg it takes two travelling days to reach Viborg.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>From there it takes a week to reach <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Hedeby. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Then it is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> a short distance for <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Schleswig, then a one-day journey to reach the river Eider.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Here meet<\/span><\/span> the following countries: Denmark and Holstein, Germany and Wend-land. Afterwards a one day trip you reach <\/span><\/span>Itzehoe in Holstein. Then you cross the river Elbe and enter <\/span><\/span>Stade. In Germany people are kinder and the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Scandinavian people have a lot to learn from them.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In Stade there is the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Bishop\u2019s Cathedral in the Church of Saint Mary. Then it takes two travelling days to reach Verden. Then, within a short distance, you reach<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Nienburg. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Successively there is Minden where there is the Bishop\u2019s Cathedral in the Church of Saint Peter. Now languages change. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Later a two-day trip you reach <\/span><\/span><\/span>Paderborn, where there is the Cathedral of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Saint Liborius, who is buried there. Then you travel for four days to reach Mainz, in between there is a village called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Horhausen, another one called <\/span><\/span><\/span>Kiliandr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup>, and there <\/span><\/span><\/span>is <\/span><\/span><\/span>Gnita-hei\u00f0r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>where Sigur\u00f0r killed F\u00e1fnir. There is another road that takes you from Stade to the east of Germany, to Harsefeld, from there to Walsrode, and then to Hannover, and to Hildesheim, there is a Cathedral in which Saint <\/span><\/span><\/span>Gotthard is buried<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Then you continue towards<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Gandersheim, then to Fritzlar and then to Arnsburg, a short distance away from Mainz which we saw earlier. The Scandinavians travel through these two main roads to reach Mainz; if you follow these roads, you will see that it is the path followed by a lot of people.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

There is another route <\/span><\/span><\/span>to take<\/span><\/span><\/span> from Norway to Rome: to Frisia, onto Deventer or to Utrecht, where the pilgrims get their bourdon, haversack and benediction for their pilgrimage to Rome. It takes six-day<\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup>journey from Utrecht to Cologne, where there is the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Archbishop\u2019s Cathedral in the Church of Saint Peter.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>The emperor is consecrated by the bishop of Cologne in the Church<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Aquisgrani. Then there is a three-day journey from Cologne going up the river Rhein to Mainz, where there is the Archbishop\u2019s Cathedral in the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. Then there is a one-day trip to Speyer, where there is the Cathedral in the Church of Saint Mary. Afterwards there is<\/span><\/span><\/span> a one-day journey to Seltz. Then there is another travelling day to Strasburg, where there is the Cathedral in the Church of Saint Mary. Then it is a three-day journey to Basel. Afterwards follows one day of travel that leads from the river Rhein to Solothurn. Then there is a one-day trip to Wiflisburg; the town was big before <\/span><\/span>Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k\u2019s sons destroyed it but now it is small. Then there is a one-day trip to <\/span><\/span><\/span>Vevey; it is located near the Lake of Geneva, where the paths of the <\/span><\/span>Franks, Flemish, Welsh, English, Germans, and Scandinavians,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> those men who go to the <\/span><\/span>Great Saint Bernard towards the south, meet. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Then there is a one-day trip to Saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Maurice d’Agaune, where the body of Saint Maurice lies with all his troop of six thousand six hundred and sixty-six men. Then, there is <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Bourg Saint<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Pierre. From<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Maurice d’Agaune it is a two-day trip to Saint Bernard\u2019s Hospice, which <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>is<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>situated on the top of the mountain. On the mountain pass there is the Hospice of Saint Peter (the o<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>ld <\/span><\/span>monastery of the village of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Bourg-Saint-Pierre fell into disuse after the opening<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of the famous<\/span><\/span> Great Saint Bernard Hospice, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>founded by<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Bernard<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>in the 11th century<\/span><\/span>. <\/i><\/span><\/span>See Stopani<\/span><\/span> 2003: 59); here you often find snow on the rocks and ice on the lake during Saint Olaf\u2019s Day (29th<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/em>July) in the summer.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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*** *** ***<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Not far from <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Durazzo there is Saint Mary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Kassiopi. Then there is Port Guiscard. Then there is Cape Malea. Following, there is a short distance to the island of Sapientza<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>or <\/span><\/span><\/span>Sikiley<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>; in this place there are volcanoes and hot water as in Iceland. Successively there is a city, called Martini, in the land of the Slavs. Then one has to sail to an island, called Kos, where <\/span><\/span><\/span>the routes from Apulia and from Constantinople <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>merge,<\/span><\/span><\/span> this island is to the north of Apulia and by sea you go to Crete. Off the coast of Kos there is an island called Rhodes. Then it is necessary to navigate to Greece and to <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Kastellorizon<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Then there is Patara.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>There<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>bishop Nicholas<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>was born<\/span><\/span><\/span> and his school is still there. Then there is the city of Myra, where he was bishop. Then there is a short distance to Cape Gelidonya in Turkey. Then there are two days by sea to Cyprus. There is <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>an<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>inlet<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>that the Scandinavians call<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Gulf of Antalya and the Greek call Gulf of Satalie. In Cyprus there is a city called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Paphos, where there is a garrison of Varangians and where <\/span><\/span><\/span>the king of the Danes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Eir\u00edkr<\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>son of Svein the brother of Canute the Holy, died. He left an endowment in Lucca, so that anyone speaking Nordic languages could <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>drink<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>fully<\/span><\/span><\/span> and<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>freely, and he built a hospice<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>eight miles<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>south of<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>Piacenza<\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>where they could refresh themselves. Canute was granted by Pope Paschal permission to move<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Archiepiscopal Seat from Germany to Denmark. From Cyprus there is a two-day journey by sea to Saint John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Acre, which is located<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>in the<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Holy Land. Then comes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Capharnaum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>which in ancient times was called<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00deolomaida<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Succeeding there is <\/span><\/span><\/span>Caesarea. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Then comes Joppa, Christianized by King Baldwin of Jerusalem and Sigur\u00f0r,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>son of Magn\u00fas, King of Norway. Then comes Ashkelon, which is located <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>in the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Land<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Saracens and is pagan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span>In the <\/span><\/span><\/span>east of the city of Saint John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Acre there is Tiro, then Sidon, then Tripoli and then Latakia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>There, there is an inlet,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>that we call<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>Gulf of Antiochia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Successively in the mainland<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> there is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Antakya, where <\/span><\/span>the Apostle Peter set his<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Patriarchal Seat.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>All<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>these cities are in Syria<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>The <\/span><\/span>Galilee Region is located<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>inland away from the city of Saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of <\/span><\/span>Acre. In this place there is a huge mountain called Tabor where the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>prophets<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Moses and Elias<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>appeared. Later there is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Nazareth, <\/span><\/span>where the <\/span><\/span>Archangel Gabriel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>met<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the Virgin <\/span><\/span>Mary and where<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Jesus <\/span><\/span>Christ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>lived<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>for <\/span><\/span>twenty<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>three years. There comes a town called Jenin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/em>Afterwards there is the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Fortress<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of <\/span><\/span>John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Nikul\u00e1s has <\/span><\/span><\/span>correctly identified this location<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, but it was not a castle but a<\/span><\/span><\/span> fortified city, today<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Sabastiya<\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, that in the past<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>was<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>called Samaria; there are<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Sanctuary<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Saint John the Baptist and<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Jacob’s well, where <\/span><\/span><\/span>Christ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>asked<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>woman to give him water to drink<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> Then comes the great city of Nablus. Then there is a city called <\/span><\/span><\/span>Casal<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Later there is <\/span><\/span><\/span>al-Bireh.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Then you <\/span><\/span><\/span>go up to Jerusalem, which is the most famous city in the world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, celebrated<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>everywhere in the Christian world<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, because there you can still see the m<\/span><\/span><\/span>iracles<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>of the Passion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Christ. There is the Church where Christ was buried<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and the place where<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the Cross<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of the <\/span><\/span>Lord was erected; you can clearly see<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>blood of Christ on a rock<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>as if it<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>were still fresh and it will remain this way forever until Judgment Day; here people see<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the light of Easter Day at sunset<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. It is<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>called the church of the Holy Sepulcher and it is open above the tomb (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>ceremony was <\/span><\/span>suppressed by Pope Gregory IX<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> on <\/span><\/span>1238<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/em> See <\/span><\/span>Hill 1983: 193)<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

This is the centre of the world, where the sun shines in equal measure during <\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>Feast Day<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. Here is the <\/span><\/span>Hospice of Saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>John the Baptist, the most imposing in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the world. Then there is the Tower of David. In Jerusalem there are also the Temple of God and the Temple of Salomon.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

South of the city of Jerusalem there is a mountain called Sion, where the Holy Spirit descended on the apostles and Christ dined on <\/span><\/span>the evening<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of <\/span><\/span>Holy Thursday and there is still the table where he dined.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Four miles south, one <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>finds Bethlehem, a small and pretty city, where Christ<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>was<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>born.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

From here there<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> is a short distance to the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Bethania Castle, where Christ rose Lazarus<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span>from the <\/span><\/span><\/span>dead.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span>In the southern area of Jerusalem there is the lake called Dead Sea, where God destroyed two cities, Sodoma and Gomorrha on each side of the sea, there the river Jordan flows and does not join the Dead Sea, because it is holy water.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>East of the city<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>there is a hill called Mount<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of Olives where Christ <\/span><\/span><\/span>ascended<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>to <\/span><\/span><\/span>heaven<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Between the Mount<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>of Olives<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and the city of Jerusalem there is a valley called the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Valley of Josaphat, where the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Tomb of Our Lady is.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Succeeding there is a long path to <\/span><\/span><\/span>Mount Quarantana, where Christ fasted and Satan tempted him.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In this place there is the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Rock of Abraham<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>There was<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>Jericho<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>Afterwards there is the plain of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>Abraham<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/em>It is only<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> a<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>short distance from there<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>to the river Jordan<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>where Christ<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>was baptized<\/span><\/span>; the Jordan <\/span><\/span>flows from north-east<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>to<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>south-west.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Then beyond the river there is Saudi Arabia, and on the other side there is the region of Jerusalem, <\/span><\/span>which they call Syria.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

On the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>banks of the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>river there is<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>a small Chapel, where Christ <\/span><\/span>took off his clothes: in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>later times the Chapel was built in order to testify this event.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

On the banks of the Jordan, if a man lies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>on his back on the ground and raises his knee and his fist then <\/span><\/span>pulls his thumb<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>up, over these<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>he can see the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>North Star, so high that nothing is higher.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Starting from the river Jordan, one has to make a five-day trip to Saint <\/span><\/span>John of Acre and<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>from there it takes fourteen days by sea to Apulia in order to cover <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>1800 miles; then a fourteen-<\/span><\/span>day journey<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>overland from Bari to Rome, then a short trip of six weeks<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>3<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/sup>from the south<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>to the Alps, and <\/span><\/span>three travelling days towards the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>north to <\/span><\/span>Hedeby.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Going along the eastern way, after a trip of nine weeks you will find the Saint-Gilles-du-Gard way.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

From Hedeby there is a seven-day journey to Viborg. Then <\/span><\/span>halfway between them<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> there is the river <\/span><\/span>Skodsborg<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> From Viborg there is a two-day trip to Aalborg. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

This guide and <\/span><\/span>placement of the cities<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>and all the information were written according to the account of Abbot Nicholas, who was wise and very popular, endowed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> with a <\/span><\/span>good memory and highly educated, prudent and truthful, and here ends this narration.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Toponyms Notes<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Aalborg, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00c1laborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>North Jutland, Denmark. (13<\/span><\/span><\/span>4-5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span><\/span>17<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>)<\/span><\/span><\/span>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Viborg, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>V\u00e9bi\u00f6rg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>) Jutland, Denmark. <\/span><\/span><\/span>This city has been mentioned<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>G\u00edsli S\u00farsson\u2019s Saga<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In chapter 5 of <\/span><\/span><\/span>G\u00edsla saga<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> S\u00farssonar reads: \u201cT<\/span><\/span><\/span>hey went south to Denmark, to the trading town called Vebj\u00f6rg (Viborg); they stayed there during the winter with Sigrhadd; they were three together there, Gisli, Vestein and Bjalfi; they were good friends and exchanged many gifts. At this time Christianity had come into<\/span><\/span><\/span> Denmark, and Gisli and his companions let themselves be prime-signed; it was a custom at that time much used by the men who were on trading journeys for they could then hold free intercourse with Christians\u201d (Boyer 1992: 65). (13<\/span><\/span>6 <\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span>16-17<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Hedeby<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, (<\/span><\/span>Heidab\u00e6r<\/i><\/span><\/span>) Jutland. Was an important trading settlement, it flourished from the 8th to the 11th centuries. Hedeby was abandoned after its destruction by a fire in 1066. (13<\/span><\/span>6<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span>14-15<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Schleswig, (Slesvik) <\/span><\/span>is one of the oldest <\/span><\/span>cities<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of the Baltic <\/span><\/span>region<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span>Schleswig-Holstein<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>is the northernmost of the 16 federal states<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Germany<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span><\/em>the Danish name is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Slesvig-Holsten. (13<\/span><\/span>7<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Eider, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00c6gisdyr <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201cEgdor[e])<\/span><\/span><\/span> is the longest river of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>German<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>state<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Schleswig-Holste<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>in. The river <\/span><\/span><\/span>starts <\/span><\/span>in the south of Kiel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, ending in the North Sea. During the <\/span><\/span><\/span>High Middle Ages<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> the Eider was the border between the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Saxons<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> and the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Danes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>, as reported by <\/span><\/span><\/span>Adam of Bremen<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> in 1076 (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Raschell\u00e0 1999: 145)<\/span><\/span>. For centuries it divided <\/span><\/span><\/span>Denmark<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> and the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Holy Roman Empire<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. (13<\/span><\/span><\/span>7<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Holstein: <\/span><\/span>Hollsetuland<\/i><\/span><\/span>, in the <\/span><\/span>account of the <\/span><\/span>journey and<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>historically this name refers to a larger region<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and South Jutland County <\/span><\/span>(13<\/span><\/span>8-10<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Wend-land<\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Vin[d]land<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Cleasby-Vigf<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00fa<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>sson 1969: 708; Zo\u00ebga 2004: 492).<\/span><\/span><\/span> We can assume that <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> lack of <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> –<\/span><\/span>D-<\/i><\/span><\/span> is due probably to a <\/span><\/span>copyist’s error.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>The Wends or Sorbs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/span><\/span> are a minority Slavic populations who lived in an area known as Lusatia in the eastern corner of Germany <\/span><\/span>bordering<\/span><\/span><\/span> the Czech Republic (<\/span><\/span>Fortson 2004: 430)<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>They<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>are<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the last of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>the<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Slavic people who<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>lived until the<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Early Middle<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Ages in <\/span><\/span>most of what is now East Germany<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (13<\/span><\/span>9<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Itzehoe, <\/span><\/span>Heitsinn[a]<\/i><\/span><\/span>, is the “district town” of the Steinburg and it is located on the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost land of the Federal Republic of Germany. (13<\/span><\/span>9-10<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Elbe River, (<\/span><\/span>Saxelfr<\/i><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span>It is <\/span><\/span>one of the longest rivers in Europe<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>In the <\/span><\/span>Middle Ages<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> it formed the eastern limit of the Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne (from AD <\/span><\/span>768 to 814)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (13<\/span><\/span>10<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Stade, (<\/span><\/span>St<\/i><\/span><\/span>?<\/i><\/span><\/span>duborg<\/i><\/span><\/span>),<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>adjacent town to the river Elbe<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (13<\/span><\/span>10-11-22<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Verden, (<\/span><\/span>Ferduborg<\/i><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span>is a small town situated <\/span><\/span>on the river Aller<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and <\/span><\/span><\/span>is on the <\/span><\/span><\/span>north<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>of Hannover. (13<\/span><\/span><\/span>14<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Nienburg: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nyioborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (13<\/span><\/span><\/span>14-15<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Minden: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Mundioborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (13<\/span><\/span><\/span>15<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Paderborn, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>P<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>?<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>ddubrunnar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span><\/span>city<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in <\/span><\/span><\/span>central Germany<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>historical city of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Westfalia, <\/span><\/span><\/span>chosen by Charlemagne for the Diets in 777 and in 799. In this city Charlemagne met Pope Leon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> III<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and signed the <\/span><\/span>alliance<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> between the C<\/span><\/span>hurch<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>and the Empire.<\/span><\/span> It became an Episcopal Seat in 805 and now is seat of a Roman Catholic <\/span><\/span>archbishop<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> (13<\/span><\/span>17<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Mainz: <\/span><\/span>Meginzoborg<\/i><\/span><\/span>, is a German city situated at the confluence of two extremely important rivers, the Rhein and the Main. (13<\/span><\/span>19<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 14<\/span><\/span>4-15<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Kiliandr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> and <\/span><\/span><\/span>Gnita-hei\u00f0r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: We focus on the first Germanic heroic legend told by the abbot. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Gnita-hei\u00f0r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, is the place where Dragon F\u00e1fnir \u2013 according to <\/span><\/span><\/span>the Nordic <\/span><\/span><\/span>version<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Nibelungenlied<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u2013 builds his hiding place to hide dwarf Andvari\u2019s gold. This legend <\/span><\/span><\/span>appears in <\/span><\/span><\/span>the heroic poems<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>of the Edda<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Reginsm\u00e1l<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span>The Lay of Regin\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span> and <\/span><\/span><\/span>F\u00e1fnism\u00e1l <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201cThe Lay of Fafnir\u201d: here it refers to <\/span><\/span><\/span>Sigurd and Regin\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>travel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> arrangements to Gnita-Heath<\/span><\/span><\/span>; <\/span><\/span><\/span>here they had <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>to kill the dragon and <\/span><\/span><\/span>steal<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>its <\/span><\/span><\/span>treasure<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Gnita-hei\u00f0r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>is also mentioned<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>V\u00f6lsunga saga<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201cThe Saga of the Volsungs<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d, chapter 18 where <\/span><\/span>Sigurd attacks and kills <\/span><\/span>F\u00e1fnir (<\/span><\/span>Finch 1965: 30<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>32).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Unfortunately<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Old <\/span><\/span>Norse sources<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>are not <\/span><\/span>precise <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>regarding the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> geographical<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>information<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>although<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>in<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>Reginsm\u00e1l<\/i><\/span><\/span> \u2013 it is said that Sigur\u00f0r <\/span><\/span>plunges<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>the sword into the Rhine<\/span><\/span> that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>Reginn forged for<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> him \u2013<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>it is <\/span><\/span>obvious to deduce<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> that the <\/span><\/span>event<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> took <\/span><\/span>place not far from the Rhine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> N<\/span><\/span>or it helps to compare the German sources<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> since in <\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>Nibelungenlied<\/span><\/span><\/em> (str. 89: 1<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>2) it is said that only \u201cHort der Nibelunges der was gar getragen \u00fbz einem holen berge\u201d<\/span><\/span>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/sup> (quoted from <\/span><\/span>Brackert 1992: 24).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

All hypotheses made on the identification of <\/span><\/span>Gnita-hei\u00f0r <\/i><\/span><\/span>as a town located along the path of abbot Nikul\u00e1s and in particular about the reason that <\/span><\/span>may have led the abbot<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>to the conclusion<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>that the hiding-place is in the place he indicated are <\/span><\/span>unsatisfactory (Raschell\u00e0 1995: 265)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Magoun has studied the matter, <\/span><\/span><\/span>hazarding<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> an <\/span><\/span><\/span>hypothesis (Magoun 1943: 217)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> considering <\/span><\/span><\/span>very likely that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span>Kiliandr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> could be <\/span><\/span><\/span>identified with<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Kilianst\u00e4dten, a <\/span><\/span><\/span>place located in the Hesse region<\/span><\/span><\/span> and <\/span><\/span><\/span>situated<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>in the <\/span><\/span><\/span>valley of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> River Nidd<\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>and so the final <\/span><\/span><\/span>stretch of the road that led from<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Padeborn to Mainz, he <\/span><\/span><\/span>supposes that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Gnita-hei\u00f0r<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> may be an Icelandic adaptation of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nitahe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, or <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nitehe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, a late medieval name of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nidd Valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> (actual Niddagau) (Magoun 1944: 323-324).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The abbot \u2013 who was passing <\/span><\/span>through<\/span><\/span><\/span> an area often associated to the legend \u2013 would have easily connected the name of <\/span><\/span>Nitahe <\/i><\/span><\/span>with that to him more congenial and familiar of <\/span><\/span>Gnita-hei\u00f0r<\/i><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>The other hypothesis<\/span><\/span> (H\u00f6fer 1888: 290<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>296; H\u00f6fler 1959: 107<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>113)<\/span><\/span><\/span>, put forward by H\u00f6fer and <\/span><\/span>subsequently<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>drawn by <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>H\u00f6fler, shows <\/span><\/span>relevant inconsistencies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, it states<\/span><\/span><\/span> that <\/span><\/span>Gnita-hei\u00f0r <\/i><\/span><\/span>might be a place located between Minden and Paderborn, that is the <\/span><\/span>equivalent of the name<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of today\u2019s Knetterheide. This toponym seems to have been attested only starting from 1687 but its more ancient form is unknown. <\/span><\/span>Another<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>type of <\/span><\/span>inconsistency is that this place is located<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>at least 150 miles to the north to point indicated by the abbot<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> (13<\/span><\/span>20<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Harsefeld:<\/span><\/span><\/span> Horsafell<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (13<\/span><\/span><\/span>22-23<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Walsrode: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Val[f]oborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (13<\/span><\/span><\/span>23<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Hannover, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Hana[b]ruinborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>city<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> a major centre of northern Germany. In medieval times, Hannover was a small<\/span><\/span><\/span> village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural crossroads. (13<\/span><\/span>23<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 14<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Hildesheim, (<\/span><\/span>Hilldishe[imr])<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany<\/span><\/span><\/span>. It is <\/span><\/span><\/span>located in the homonymous district<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, on the banks of <\/span><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Innerste<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> river. (14<\/span><\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Gandersheim, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Gandurheimr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span><\/span>is a town in southern Lower Saxony, Germany, located in the<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>south of Hildesheim<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> During the 10th century, Gandersheim was one of the most important towns of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Saxony<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. (14<\/span><\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Fritzlar: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Fridlar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (14<\/span><\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Arnsburg:<\/span><\/span><\/span> Arinsborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (14<\/span><\/span><\/span>3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>). Werlauff (1821: 38) supposes that this place can be <\/span><\/span><\/span>Marburg.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Deventer, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Devent<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>). <\/span><\/span><\/span>is a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>city in the Salland region of the Dutch province of Overijssel<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Netherlands<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/span><\/span> situated on the east bank of the river <\/span><\/span><\/span>IJssel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>(14<\/span><\/span><\/span>9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Utrecht (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Trekt<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) is the capital and most populous city of the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Dutch<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> province of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Utrecht<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Roman<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> fortification (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>castellum<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>), probably built in around 47 AD. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>In Roman times, the name of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Utrecht fortress was simply <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Traiectum<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> denoting its location on the Rhine at a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>ford<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. Traiectum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> became Dutch Trecht. In fact, the name of this city was <\/span><\/span><\/span>Traiectum ad Rhenum<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>later<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> became <\/span><\/span><\/span>Ultrajectum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, and then Utrecht (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Schmitz 1857: 234)<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>(14<\/span><\/span><\/span>9-10<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Cologne, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>K[oln]isborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span><\/span>is the northernmost colony <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>founded<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> by the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Romans<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> and <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>is located on both sides of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Rhine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> River. (14<\/span><\/span><\/span>11-12-14<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Aquisgrana now Aachen, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Aquis[g]rani<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span><\/span>has historically been a spa town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A cultural and strategic center during the Carolingian dynasty and Holy Roman Empire, Aachen, known for its hot springs, was the location of first-century Roman baths. By the late fourth or early fifth century, Roman structures had been transformed into a Christian cult site<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Jeep<\/span><\/span><\/span> 2001: 1). (14<\/span><\/span><\/span>13-14<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Mainz, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Meginzoborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>). The passage where it is mentioned contains an evident incongruity (Rachell\u00e0 2001: 201.2012). Although Mainz was the seat of an <\/span><\/span><\/span>archbishop<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, its cathedral was not dedicated, as today, to the Saints Peter and Paul, but to the Saints Martin and Stephen (Magoun 1944: 328-329).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Magoun thinks that this piece doesn\u2019t refer to Mainz Cathedral but to <\/span><\/span><\/span>Worms Cathedral<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>(dedicated to Saint Peter: <\/span><\/span><\/span>St Peter’s Cathedral), a city that <\/span><\/span><\/span>unexplainably is absent from the itinerary: according to Magoun this is<\/span><\/span><\/span> the consequence of a scribal error, a missing out of a sentence or the fusion of two passages previously different, therefore what in the abbot\u2019s guide refers to the Cathedral of Mainz originally was referred to that of Worms, also associated by <\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> to another important church of the same city, the Church of Saint Paul (Magoun 1944: 328-329)<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>(13<\/span><\/span>19 <\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 14<\/span><\/span>4-15<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Speyer, (<\/span><\/span>Spiro<\/i><\/span><\/span>), <\/span><\/span>Speyer (formerly known as <\/span><\/span><\/span>Spires<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in English) is a <\/span><\/span><\/span>city<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of Rhineland-Palatinate<\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Germany<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. The name \u201cSpire\u201d has been evoked since the <\/span><\/span>Celtic period<\/span><\/span>. Populated by the German tribe known as <\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>Nemetes<\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>the town then went by the name of <\/span><\/span>Civitas Nemetum<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>While under Roman control, Spire became an important military camp along the borders of the Rhine, and later a flourishing Roman colony. (14<\/span><\/span>16<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Seltz (<\/span><\/span>Selsborg).<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>A <\/span><\/span>small town<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in the north-east of France, department of the Lower Rhine, situated at the influx of the Seltzbach into the Rhine (<\/span><\/span>see<\/span><\/span> The Edinburgh gazetteer, or geographical dictionary <\/i><\/span><\/span>1822: 521). (14<\/span><\/span>18<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Strasburg, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Strans[bor]g<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), city of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Alsace<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>region<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> in northeastern France, located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Bas-<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Rhin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span>d\u00e9partement<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>From the 4th century, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Strasbourg was the seat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Bishopric<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Strasbourg,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>mentioned by <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (14<\/span><\/span><\/span>18<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Basel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, (<\/span><\/span>Boslaraborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>),<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>situated<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>on the Rhine, was a large river port, Switzerland’s only outlet to the sea and the terminus of the Rhine navigation; for many centuries the <\/span><\/span>Mittlere<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>Brucke<\/span><\/span><\/span> in Basel was the only bridge on the Rhine.<\/span><\/span> (14<\/span><\/span>20<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Solothurn, (<\/span><\/span>Solatrar<\/i><\/span><\/span>), Switzerland. (14<\/span><\/span>21<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Wiflisburg<\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span><\/span>Vivilsborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), the German name of the Swiss city of <\/span><\/span>Avenches<\/span><\/span><\/span>. In this city there is another important Germanic legend mentioned by the abbot: the <\/span><\/span>Ragnars<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> saga <\/i><\/span><\/span>lo\u00f0br\u00f3kar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the legendary Danish king, who lived in the 11th century, of whom also <\/span><\/span>Saxus<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Grammaticus talks in the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>IX book of the <\/span><\/span>Gesta Danorum<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In chapter 13 of the saga <\/span><\/span>it is told<\/span><\/span><\/span> that <\/span><\/span>Ragnar’s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> sons, the Vikings, after raiding England, decided to leave for the conquest of the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Su\u00f0rr\u00edki<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, in the other words <\/span><\/span>Southern Europe and fight in every town they encounter on their way, till they reach <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>V\u00edfilsborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, a \u201cbig, populous and strong\u201d city, so called because of the name of its ruler <\/span><\/span><\/span>V\u00edfill<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Once they arrive, they besiege the city that in that moment is undefended because of the absence of <\/span><\/span><\/span>V\u00edfill<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> and his army. But the walls of the city are too strong to be pulled down and the Vikings<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>exhausted prepare to abandon their attack. The inhabitants of the town lean out of the walls and flaunt as a sign of derision, all their treasures. Irritated by the provocation <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Ragnar’s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> sons made a plan: they set the wall on fire, so they melted and they invaded the city. Some of the citizens managed to escape, but the remaining ones were all killed. The Vikings take all the treasures they find and they left after burning the city (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>Meli<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> 1993: 75-77)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (14<\/span><\/span>21<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Vevey, (<\/span><\/span>Fivizuborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), is a small <\/span><\/span>town<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>on the north shore of Lake Geneva, <\/span><\/span>Switzerland<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> (15<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Marteinsvatn<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> is <\/span><\/span>the Lake Geneva<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, called Lake of <\/span><\/span>Saint Martin by the abbot<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> (15<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Great St. Bernard<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Pass<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Mundio-fiall<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. There are two passes with this name in the Alps: <\/span><\/span>Great St. Bernard<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Pass, between Italy and Switzerland and the Little Saint Bernard Pass between Italy and France. They are both named after the hospice for travelers founded in the 10th century near Great Saint Bernard Pass by Saint Bernard of <\/span><\/span>Menthon<\/span><\/span><\/span> (923-1008) (<\/span><\/span>Room<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/sup>2005: 325)<\/span><\/span>. This latter road was first clearly marked out by <\/span><\/span>Sigeric<\/span><\/span><\/span> in 990; the use of the <\/span><\/span>Great Saint Bernard pass<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> which was to be sure on the Roman road to Basel and the Rhine, is first suggested for our pilgrims by French travel about 700<\/span><\/span> (Parks 1954: 50)<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(15<\/span><\/span>9-12<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 16<\/span><\/span>7-8<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span>13<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Bourg St. Pierre, <\/span><\/span>[<\/i><\/span><\/span>Pe<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>]<\/i><\/span><\/span>trs-kastali<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, in <\/span><\/span>Switzerland<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span>in the canton of Valais, on the road to the <\/span><\/span>Great Saint<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Bernard<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Pass. <\/span><\/span>(15<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

*** *** ***<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Durazzo, (<\/span><\/span>[D]uracur<\/i><\/span><\/span>), in the <\/span><\/span>Republic of <\/span><\/span>Albania<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> The old name of this city is Dyrrhachium. (20<\/span><\/span>18<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Saint Mary’s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Kassiopi, (<\/span><\/span>Marioh<\/i><\/span><\/span>?<\/i><\/span><\/span>fn<\/i><\/span><\/span>) Corf\u00fa, Greece. (20<\/span><\/span>19<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Port Guiscard (Phiskardo), (<\/span><\/span>Visgardzh<\/i><\/span><\/span>?<\/i><\/span><\/span>fn<\/i><\/span><\/span>). On t<\/span><\/span>he <\/span><\/span>Island of Kefalonia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/i><\/span><\/span>Greece<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span> It took its name from the Norman leader Robert Guiscard, who, during his second invasion of Kefalonia, died of a heart attack on July 17th 1085 near Cape Panormos. It is said that originally he was buried there. Panormos was changed to Piskardo after Guiscard and after the 13th century it became Fiskardo. (20<\/span><\/span>19<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Cape Malea (or \u00c1kra Mal\u00e9a)<\/span><\/span> Eng[ils-n]es<\/i><\/span><\/span>, is a peninsula in the southeast of the <\/span><\/span>Peloponnese<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>in <\/span><\/span>Greece.<\/span><\/span> Is called <\/span><\/span>Engilsnes <\/i><\/span><\/span>by King Sigur\u00f0r Jorsalafari (<\/span><\/span>Saga Sigur\u00f0ar J\u00f3rsalafara, Eysteins ok \u00d3lafs<\/i><\/span><\/span>, cap. 11 See A\u00f0albjarnarson <\/span><\/span>1941<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>51: 252<\/span><\/span><\/span>). (20<\/span><\/span>19-20<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Sapientza, (<\/span><\/span>Paciencia<\/i><\/span><\/span>); <\/span><\/span>is a small island in Greece off the southern coast of the Peloponnese.<\/span><\/span> (20<\/span><\/span>20<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Sikiley<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: the manuscript reads as if this is an <\/span><\/span><\/span>alternative<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>name for <\/span><\/span><\/span>Paciencia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. It is unclear, because <\/span><\/span><\/span>originally<\/span><\/span><\/span> the name <\/span><\/span><\/span>Sikiley<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> was the Old Norse name used to indicate Sicily. K\u00e5lund, <\/span><\/span><\/span>hypothesizes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> that <\/span><\/span><\/span>til<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> was missing and so it was \u201ca short distance to <\/span><\/span><\/span>Paciencia<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> or [<\/span><\/span><\/span>til<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>] <\/span><\/span><\/span>Sikiley<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201d. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Another hypothesis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>: <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>considering the long-distance between <\/span><\/span><\/span>Sikiley<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> and <\/span><\/span><\/span>Engilsnes<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, and that the abbot <\/span><\/span><\/span>probably got confused <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2013<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>because of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>similarity<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> between the <\/span><\/span><\/span>two names<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u2013 is that <\/span><\/span><\/span>Sikiley<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> was the island of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Kythera, otherwise as known as<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>Cerigo<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Sicillo<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), near at <\/span><\/span><\/span>Engilsnes<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. (16<\/span><\/span><\/span>26<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub> , 19<\/span><\/span><\/span>11<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub> , 20<\/span><\/span><\/span>20-21<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Martini<\/i><\/span><\/span>: the abbot visited this city after <\/span><\/span>Engilsnes<\/i><\/span><\/span>. This toponym means that there was a church <\/span><\/span>dedicated to Saint Martin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span>but not necessarily<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> that the city was called Martini. <\/span><\/span>It is the same case of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Bolsena, called: <\/span><\/span>Kristino-borg<\/i><\/span><\/span> (for the latter and for the description of the Italian places see: Raschell\u00e0 1985-1986: 559; <\/span><\/span>Riant<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>1865: 85<\/span><\/span><\/span>) (20<\/span><\/span>22<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Bolgaraland<\/i><\/span><\/span>, not Bulgaria, but \u201cland of the Slavs\u201d (Hill 1983: 186), <\/span><\/span>Slavs settled<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in the <\/span><\/span>Peloponnesus<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>and <\/span><\/span>In the 9th<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/sup>century<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>were converted to <\/span><\/span>Christianity<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>by the Emperor <\/span><\/span>Michael III<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/i><\/span><\/span> (20<\/span><\/span>23<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Miklagardr<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>literally<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>big city<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Icelandic place name<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>used to indicate<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>Byzantium and <\/span><\/span>Constantinople<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> mentioned by Sigur\u00f0r Jorsalafari and by many other travelers who took that route. (20<\/span><\/span>24<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Rhodes (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Roda<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), is an <\/span><\/span><\/span>island<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> in <\/span><\/span><\/span>Greece<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>, located in the eastern <\/span><\/span><\/span>Aegean Sea<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. It is the largest of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Dodecanese<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> islands. (20<\/span><\/span><\/span>26<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Kastellorizon, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Raudakastali<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), literally <\/span><\/span><\/span>Red Castle<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>is a Greek island just three miles off the coast of Turkey. (20<\/span><\/span><\/span>27<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Patara (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Patera<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>) Turkey. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Saint Nicholas<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of Myra <\/span><\/span><\/span>was born<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> here about the year 270<\/span><\/span><\/span>. (20<\/span><\/span><\/span>27<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Myra, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Mirreaborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), Turkey. Here Saint Nicholas <\/span><\/span><\/span>was<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> a popular <\/span><\/span><\/span>bishop<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>at Myra in the <\/span><\/span><\/span>4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>th <\/span><\/span><\/span>century<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> AD. <\/span><\/span><\/span>(20<\/span><\/span><\/span>29<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Cape <\/span><\/span><\/span>Gelidonya<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Ialandane[s] <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>in <\/span><\/span><\/span>Tyrkland<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> on the southern coast of Turkey. (20<\/span><\/span><\/span>30-31<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Cyprus (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Kiprar<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), was the way for those who <\/span><\/span><\/span>went to the Holy Land<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (20<\/span><\/span><\/span>31<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 21<\/span><\/span><\/span>2-10<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Gulf<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Antalya<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00c1talsfiordr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>) Turkey. The abbot tells us <\/span><\/span><\/span>that the Greeks<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>it <\/span><\/span><\/span>Satalie<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>name surely derived from<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span>Attalea<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. We can assume that <\/span><\/span><\/span>the consonant<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>S<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>is due<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> to a <\/span><\/span><\/span>scribal error<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (21<\/span><\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Beffa: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Paphos<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Here, there was the garrison of the <\/span><\/span><\/span>Varangians <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>or <\/span><\/span><\/span>Varyags<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span>referred to as <\/span><\/span><\/span>Variagians<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, they were people from <\/span><\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Baltic Region<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> (See Raschell\u00e0 2001: 11-13)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, and they <\/span><\/span><\/span>were <\/span><\/span><\/span>Scandinavian mercenaries<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> who served only the wealthiest rulers<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>he<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>king of Denmark<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, Eir\u00edkr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> Sveinsson (1095<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>1103), died in this place near the end of a protracted journey to Jerusalem His older brother, <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Canute the Holy,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> was <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>King of Denmark<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> from 1080 until 1086. Canute was an ambitious king who sought to strengthen the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Danish monarchy<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> and devotedly supported the <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Roman Catholic Church<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. (21<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/span>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Piacenza, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Plazinzo-borg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), Here alludes to King Eir\u00edkr Sveinsson who <\/span><\/span><\/span>founded<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>a<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>hospice<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> for<\/span><\/span><\/span> pilgrims. (15<\/span><\/span><\/span>22-25<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 21<\/span><\/span><\/span>7-8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Saint John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Acre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Acrsborg <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>or<\/span><\/span><\/span> Akrsborg<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), now Akko or Acre, Israel. <\/span><\/span><\/span>It was <\/span><\/span><\/span>captured<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> by King <\/span><\/span><\/span>Baldwin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>I of Jerusalem in 1104<\/span><\/span><\/span>. (21<\/span><\/span><\/span>10-16-21<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span><\/span>10-11<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Holy Land: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Iorsalaland <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span>Land of Jerusalem<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>\u201d. (21<\/span><\/span><\/span>11<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span><\/span>2-3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Chafarnaum<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Capharnaum<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Israel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span><\/span> This city <\/span><\/span><\/span>is located on the northwest<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> shore of the Sea of Galilee. The abbot <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span> wrote that his original name was<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>\u00deolomaida<\/i><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>(21<\/span><\/span><\/span>11<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Caesarea, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Cesarea<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>), Israel, today Horbat Qesari. (21<\/span><\/span><\/span>12<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Iaffa<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: called <\/span><\/span><\/span>Jaffa or <\/span><\/span><\/span>Joppa, Palestine. <\/span><\/span><\/span>An important Roman and <\/span><\/span>Byzantine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> locality during the first centuries of Christianity, it is frequently mentioned both in the Old Testament and in New. (21<\/span><\/span>12<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Askalon<\/i><\/span><\/span> today\u2019s <\/span><\/span>Ashkelon<\/span><\/span><\/em>. The city was captured by a Crusader army led by King <\/span><\/span>Baldwin III of Jerusalem<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span> in 1153. (21<\/span><\/span>14-15<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Serkland<\/i><\/span><\/span> literally \u201cLand of Serkir\u201d (Saracens). The name <\/span><\/span>Serkir<\/i><\/span><\/span> derives from the Arabic word <\/span><\/span>Sharkeyn<\/i><\/span><\/span>, \u201cOriental\u201d. This name was used for the Saracens, and in the Latin text as well to indicate <\/span><\/span>Assyrians and Babylonians (Cleasby-Vigf\u00fasson 1957: 523)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (21<\/span><\/span>15<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Saint John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of <\/span><\/span>Acre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span>Acrsborg<\/i><\/span><\/span>. (21<\/span><\/span>15<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Tiro, (<\/span><\/span>Syr<\/i><\/span><\/span>) Lebanon. <\/span><\/span>It is supposed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> that<\/span><\/span> Nikul\u00e1s <\/span><\/span>has transcribed the name<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>in the same way<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> as he <\/span><\/span>heard it<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>: S\u00fbr, which was the Arabic place name of this city. (21<\/span><\/span>16<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Sidon, (<\/span><\/span>Seth<\/i><\/span><\/span>); now Sa\u00efda, <\/span><\/span>Lebanon<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. This city is mentioned in the <\/span><\/span>Saga Sigur\u00f0ar J\u00f3rsalafara<\/i><\/span><\/span>, here Sigur\u00f0r helps <\/span><\/span>Baldwin<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (21<\/span><\/span>16<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Tripoli, (<\/span><\/span>Tripulis<\/i><\/span><\/span>) Lebanon. This city was <\/span><\/span>captured by crusaders<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in 1109. (21<\/span><\/span>16<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Latakia, (<\/span><\/span>Lic<\/i><\/span><\/span>) Syria. (21<\/span><\/span>16<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Gulf of Antiochia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/span>An\u00feekiofiordr<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Turkey. (21<\/span><\/span>17-18<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Ant[h]iochia<\/i><\/span><\/span>: Antiochia now Antakya, Turkey. (21<\/span><\/span>18<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Galilea<\/i><\/span><\/span>: Galilea, Nikul\u00e1s called the Galilee: <\/span><\/span>herath<\/i><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>district or country<\/span><\/span><\/span>. (<\/span><\/span>See \u201chera\u00f0\u201d: <\/span><\/span><\/span>district, country <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>in Zo\u00ebga <\/span><\/span><\/span>2004: 195). (21<\/span><\/span>20<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Tabor<\/i><\/span><\/span>: Mount Tabor, <\/span><\/span>is located in Lower Galilee<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>in Israel<\/span><\/span>. Mount Tabor was an important sacred site in the <\/span><\/span>Crusader period<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>, and many hermits lived in cells on the mountain slopes. It is the<\/span><\/span> site of the <\/span><\/span>Transfiguration<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>of Jesus Christ<\/span><\/span> (Mt 17:1<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>9; Mk 9:2<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>10; Lk 9:28<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>36) <\/span><\/span>also known as well as the church of <\/span><\/span>transfiguration<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> is an important Christian Holy Land Pilgrimage<\/span><\/span>. (21<\/span><\/span>22<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Nazareth, (<\/span><\/span>Nazaret<\/i><\/span><\/span>), located in Israel’s Galilee Region, is the cradle of Christianity. <\/span><\/span>it was <\/span><\/span>here<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>that <\/span><\/span>Archangel Gabriel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> appeared to the Holy Virgin<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>and announced the Nativity of the Saviour (Lk 1: 26)<\/span><\/span>. (21<\/span><\/span>23<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Ginea, (<\/span><\/span>Gilin<\/i><\/span><\/span>), today Jenin in <\/span><\/span>northern <\/span><\/span>Samaria, Israel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. (21<\/span><\/span>25<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Iohannis-kastali<\/span><\/span><\/em>, Fortress<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>John<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>: <\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s has <\/span><\/span>correctly identified this location<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, but it was not a castle but a<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/em>fortified city,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>today<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Sabastiya. (21<\/span><\/span>25<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Samaria<\/i><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>Samaria. <\/span><\/span>The territory of <\/span><\/span>Samaria<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>was the <\/span><\/span>central region<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of the biblical Land of Israel, today located in the northern West Bank<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>the geographical limits of this region in the land of Israel were never clearly defined in the Bible<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>(21<\/span><\/span>26<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Neapolis<\/span><\/span><\/span>, (<\/span><\/span>Nepl<\/i><\/span><\/span>), actual Nablus City, Palestine. Latin name, probably Nikul\u00e1s called it Neapolis because that place name derives from French form: <\/span><\/span>Naples<\/i><\/span><\/span>. (21<\/span><\/span>28<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Casal<\/i><\/span><\/span>: Error for <\/span><\/span>casalia<\/i><\/span><\/span>, so village? <\/span><\/span>Casale<\/i><\/span><\/span>, is a really <\/span><\/span>common element<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> in <\/span><\/span>place<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>names (Hill 1983: 191)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, therefore <\/span><\/span>we <\/span><\/span>cannot be sure on this city name.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> (21<\/span><\/span>29<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Maka Maria<\/i><\/span><\/span>: is <\/span><\/span>Magna Mahumeria<\/i><\/span><\/span>, actual <\/span><\/span>al-Bireh<\/span><\/span> or <\/span><\/span>el-Bira<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>15 kilometers<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>north<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span>Jerusalem<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>. <\/span><\/span>(21<\/span><\/span>29-30<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Hierusalem<\/i><\/span><\/span>: is another toponym that the abbot uses to indicate <\/span><\/span>Jerusalem<\/span><\/span>. (22<\/span><\/span>10<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Synai<\/i><\/span><\/span>: Mount Sion, <\/span><\/span>The Cenacle on Mount Zion, claimed to be the location of the <\/span><\/span>Last Supper<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/i><\/span><\/span>and <\/span><\/span>Pentecost<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span> (22<\/span><\/span>14<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Betania, <\/span><\/span>Bethania (kastali)<\/i><\/span><\/span>: is a <\/span><\/span>fortified city<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, for this the abbot called this city \u201ccastle\u201d. In this place there is <\/span><\/span>the <\/span><\/span>sepulchre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of Lazarus for this <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>reason therefore is <\/span><\/span>frequently visited and included in the itineraries of <\/span><\/span>pilgrims<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>(22<\/span><\/span><\/span>18-19<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Quarantana, (<\/span><\/span><\/span>Querencium<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>) actual Deir el Quruntul, near Jericho. (22<\/span><\/span><\/span>28<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Hiericho<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>: Jericho. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s <\/span><\/span>uses the Latin form for the toponym<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>,<\/i><\/span><\/span> not only for this but also for: <\/span><\/span>Hierusalem<\/i><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>Mons Oliveti, Templum Domini<\/i><\/span><\/span>. (22<\/span><\/span>30<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Saudi Arabia: <\/span><\/span>Rabitaland<\/i><\/span><\/span>. (23<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Romaborg<\/i><\/span><\/span>: City of Rome, the abbot describes in detail the <\/span><\/span>churches and<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/em>the places visited by him (See for the part concerning Italy Raschell\u00e0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>1985<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>1986).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(13<\/span><\/span>5<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 14<\/span><\/span>8<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 17<\/span><\/span>15-16<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 18<\/span><\/span>17-19<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 19<\/span><\/span>1-6-8<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 20<\/span><\/span>8<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span>13<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Mundio (fiall)<\/i><\/span><\/span>: Literally <\/span><\/span>Mounts<\/i><\/span><\/span>, the Alps. (15<\/span><\/span>9-12 <\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 16<\/span><\/span>7-8 <\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span>13<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Ilians-vegr<\/i><\/span><\/span>: Ilians<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>way, or Saint<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>Gilles<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>du<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>Gard in southern <\/span><\/span>France<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>This path was famous in ancient time and for this the abbot mentioned it. (15<\/span><\/span>25<\/span><\/span><\/sub>, 23<\/span><\/span>14-15<\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Sc<\/i><\/span><\/span>?<\/i><\/span><\/span>duborgaraa<\/i><\/span><\/span>: In the Middle Ages it was called <\/span><\/span>Skodborg<\/span><\/span><\/em>, river in <\/span><\/span>midway between<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span>Jutland and Schleswig<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>, the current name is<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>river Konge\u00e5<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>(23<\/span><\/span><\/span>16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

References<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Boyer, <\/span><\/span><\/span>R.<\/span><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1992): <\/span><\/span><\/span>Il Cristo dei barbari. Il mondo nordico (IX-XIII secolo)<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Brescia:<\/span><\/span><\/span> Morcelliana<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Brackert<\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> H. (ed.) (1992): <\/span><\/span><\/span>Das Nibelungenlied, Mittelhoch deutscher text und \u00dcbertragung<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>.Frankfurt am Main: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Cleasby<\/span><\/span><\/span>, R., <\/span><\/span><\/span>Vigf\u00fasson G. (eds.) (<\/span><\/span>1957): <\/span><\/span><\/span>An Icelandic-English dictionary<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Oxford Clarendon Press: Oxford.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Finch<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, R. G. (ed.) (1965): <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>The Saga of the Volsungs<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. London: Nelson. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

<\/span> <\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/span><\/h2>\n

Fortson, <\/span><\/span><\/span>B. W. (2004)<\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/b><\/span><\/span>Indo-European language and culture: an introduction<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span>, Oxford<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/span> Wiley- Blackwell<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/span><\/h2>\n

Hill<\/span><\/span>, J. (1983): <\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span>From Rome to Jerusalem: an Icelandic Itinerary of the Mid-Twelfth Century<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span> In: <\/span><\/span>Harvard Theological Review<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 76, pp. 175-203.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f6fer<\/span><\/span><\/span>, P. (1888): <\/span><\/span><\/span>Die<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>Varusschlacht, ihr Verlauf und ihr Schauplatz<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>Leipzig: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Verlag von Duncker & Humblot.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f6fler<\/span><\/span><\/span>, O. (1959): <\/span><\/span><\/span>Siegfried, Arminius und die Symbolik<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, in <\/span><\/span><\/span>Festschrift f\u00fcr F.R. Schr\u00f6eder<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> (W. Rasch ed.), Heidelberg.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Jackson<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>T. N.<\/span>, Podossinov, A. V. (1997): \u201cNorway in Old Norse Literature: Some Considerations on the Specific Character of Scandinavian Spatial Orientation\u201d In: <\/span><\/span>Skandinavistik<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 27, pp. 85-97.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Jeep<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>J. M.<\/span><\/span> (ed.) (2001): <\/span><\/span>Medieval Germany: an encyclopedia<\/i><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>New York-Londo: Garland.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00e5lund<\/span><\/span>, K. (ed.) (1908): <\/span><\/span>Alfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00edslenzk: Islandsk encyklop\u00e6disk litteratur<\/i><\/span><\/span>, I. Cod. mbr. AM 194, 8vo. K\u00f8benhavn:<\/span><\/span> S.L. M\u00f8llers bogtrykkeri<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

La Farge<\/span><\/span>, B. (ed.) (2001): \u201c<\/span><\/span>J\u00f3ansdr\u00e1pa postula<\/i><\/span><\/span> (<\/span><\/span>Dr\u00e1pa<\/span><\/span> about the Apostle John) – N\u00edk <\/span><\/span>J\u00f3ndr<\/i><\/span><\/span>VII<\/span><\/span><\/sup>\u201d In: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>http:\/\/skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au\/db.php?table=poems&id=309<\/a> [0<\/span><\/span><\/span>7.02.2012].<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/h1>\n

L\u00f6nnroth, L. (1992): \u201cA Road Paved with Legends.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/strong>The Pilgrim Itinerary of Nikolas Bergsson\u201d, In:<\/span><\/span> Langen Moen R. (ed.)<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>atti del convegno: <\/span><\/span>I rapporti tra Italia e Europa del nord nella letteratura e nell\u2019arte, Giornate Scandinave<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 3<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>5 Maggio 1989. Bologna, pp. 35<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>47.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

A\u00f0albjarnarson<\/span><\/span>, B. (ed.) (<\/span><\/span>1941<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>51): \u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span>Magn\u00fassona Saga\u201d In <\/span><\/span>Snorri Sturluson: Heimskringla<\/i><\/span><\/span> I<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>III, <\/span><\/span>\u00cdslenzk Fornrit 28, Reykjav\u00edk, Vol. III.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Magn\u00fasson, E. (<\/span><\/span>1898)<\/span><\/span>: B\u00e9n\u00e9dictins en Islande. <\/span><\/span>Revue B\u00e9n\u00e9dictine<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 15, pp. 145-58, 193- 99.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Magoun, F. P. Jr. <\/span><\/span>(1943): Nikulas Bergsson of Munka\u00fever<\/span><\/span>\u00e1<\/span> and Germanic Heroic Legend. <\/span><\/span>Journal of English and Germanic Philology<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 42, pp. 210<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>218.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Magoun<\/span><\/span>, Francis P. Jr. (<\/span><\/span>1944):<\/span> The Pilgrim Diary of Nikulas of Munka\u00fever<\/span><\/span>\u00e1<\/span>: the Road to Rome. <\/span><\/span>Mediaeval Studies<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 6, pp. 314<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>354.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Meli<\/span><\/span><\/span>, M. (ed.) (1993): <\/span><\/span><\/span>Saga di Ragnarr<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Milano: Iperborea.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Parks, G. B. (1954)<\/span><\/span><\/span>:<\/b><\/span><\/span>The English Traveler to Italy : First Volume the Middle Ages (to 1525)<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span>, Stanford<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Rafn<\/span><\/span>, C. <\/span><\/span>C. <\/span><\/span>(ed.) (1852): <\/span><\/span>Antiquit\u00e9s Russes d\u2019apr\u00e8s les monuments historiques des Islandais et des anciens Scandinaves<\/i><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>Copenhague.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Raschell\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span>, Fabrizio 1985<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>1986: \u201cItinerari italiani in una miscellanea geografica islandese del XII secolo\u201d In: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Annali Istituto Universitario Orientale sez. Filologia Germanica<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> 28<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>29, 541<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>584.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Raschell\u00e0<\/span><\/span>, F. (1995): \u201cDevozione cristiana e leggenda germanica nell’\u201citinerarium\u201d dell’abate Nicola di Munka\u00fever\u00e1\u201d In: Cipolla A. (ed.): <\/span><\/span>L’immaginario nelle Letterature Germaniche del Medioevo<\/i><\/span><\/span>. 257<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>273. Milano: Franco Angeli. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Raschell\u00e0<\/span><\/span>, F. (<\/span><\/span>1999)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>: \u201c<\/span><\/span>Latino e volgare nella letteratura storiografica della Scandinavia medievale\u201d In: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>La polvere nel vento. Per Ludovica Koch<\/span><\/span><\/em>, Quaderno di A.I.O.N sezione germanica, Napoli, pp. 143<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>–<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong>159.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

Raschell\u00e0<\/span><\/span>, F. (<\/span><\/span>2001):<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u201c<\/span><\/span>Richiami alla figura di san Pietro nella guida per pellegrini dell’abate islandese Nicola di Munka\u00fever\u00e1 (XII sec.)\u201d In: Lazzari L.\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>Valente Bacci A. M. (eds.):<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>La figura di san Pietro nelle fonti del medioevo<\/span><\/span><\/em>, <\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong>Atti del convegno <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>Studiorum univerisitatum docentium congressus<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong> ,Louvain-la-Neuve: Textes et <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u00c9<\/span><\/span>tudes du Moyen <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u00c2<\/span><\/span>ge, 17, pp. 198<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>–<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/strong>211.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Raschell\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/span>, F. (2001): Presenze scandinave nell’Europa orientale durante il medioevo.<\/span><\/span><\/span>Medioevo e Rinascimento<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>15, pp. 1<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>17.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Riant<\/span><\/span><\/span>, P. (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1865)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span>Exp\u00e9ditions et p\u00e8lerinages des <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Scandinaves en<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Terre sainte<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>au temps des Croisades<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Paris: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Impr. Ad. Lain\u00e9 et J. Havard.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Room, A. (2005): <\/span><\/span><\/span>Placenames of the world: Origins and Meanings for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span> Jefferson: McFarland & Company.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Schmitz<\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>L. (<\/span><\/span><\/span>1857)<\/span><\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span>A manual of ancient geography: with map showing the retreat of the 10,000 greeks under xenophon<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span>. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

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Simek<\/span><\/span>, R. (<\/span><\/span>1990)<\/span>: <\/span><\/span>Altnordische Kosmographie: Studien und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und in Island vom 12. bis zum 14. <\/i><\/span><\/span>Jahrhundert. <\/i><\/span><\/span>Berlin\/New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Solmi, A. (<\/span><\/span>1933): \u201cL’itinerario italico dell’abate Nicolo Thingoerense del 1151-54. Da Vevey a Roma\u201d In: <\/span><\/span>Rendiconti. Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere<\/i><\/span><\/span>, serie II, vol. 66, fasc. XIX-XX, 1207-1222.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Stopani<\/span><\/span>, R. (ed.) (2003): <\/span><\/span>Le vie di pellegrinaggio del Medioevo, gli itinerari per Roma, Gerusalemme, Compostella<\/i><\/span><\/span>, Firenze: Le Lettere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Stopani R.(ed.): <\/span><\/span>990-1990: Millenario del viaggio di Sigeric, arcivescovo di Canterbury<\/i><\/span><\/span>. Firenze: Centro di Studi Romei, IV. pp. 31<\/span><\/span>–<\/i><\/span><\/span>40.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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The Edinburgh gazetteer, or geographical dictionary<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 1822: vol. IV. Edinburgh.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

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Werl<\/span><\/span>auff, E. <\/span><\/span>C.<\/span><\/span> (ed.) (1821): <\/span><\/span>Symbolas<\/i><\/span><\/span> ad geographiam medii \u00e6vi, ex monumentis Islandicis<\/i><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>Editit, prolegomenis et commentario illustravit<\/i><\/span><\/span>. Copenhagen: Librariae Gyldendalianae in commissis.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Marani<\/span><\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span><\/span>T. (<\/span><\/span><\/span>2006): The Roman itinerary of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nikul\u00e1s<\/span><\/span><\/span> of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Munka\u00fever\u00e1<\/span><\/span><\/span>: between reality and imagination. <\/span><\/span><\/span>David <\/span><\/span>Ashurst<\/span><\/span><\/span> et al. (eds.): <\/span><\/span>The Fantastic in Old Norse\/Icelandic Literature, Sagas and the British Isles <\/i><\/span><\/span>(Preprints papers of The 13th International Saga Conference)<\/i><\/span><\/span>, pp. 638-648.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Zo\u00ebga<\/span><\/span>, G. T. (<\/span><\/span>2004)<\/span>: <\/span><\/span>A concise dictionary of old Icelandic<\/i><\/span><\/span>. 2<\/span><\/span>nd<\/span><\/span><\/sup> edn., <\/span><\/span>New York: Dover Publications<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

1<\/a> Written in italics the name of the places which have not a certain location.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

2<\/a> <\/span><\/span>The manuscript quotes: <\/span><\/span><\/span>er [V]I dag[a]<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> K\u00e5lund who corrected adding <\/span><\/span><\/span>[V]<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span> assuming that six days were needed to get from Utrecht to Cologne.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

3<\/a> In the Middle Ages, this was considered as short journey.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

4<\/a> <\/span><\/span>These numbers refer to the pages and the verses <\/span><\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> the K\u00e5lund edition.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

5<\/a> <\/span><\/span>The hoard of King Nibelung entire did they bear forth from a mountain hollow.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This text, which has undergone a number of modifications, began with an in-depth<\/span> analysis and a revision of an Old Norse itinerary \u2013 unique in the medieval period.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":327,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[623,624,625],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c55-interviews-memoirs-and-other-contributions","tag-itinerarium","tag-leidarvisir","tag-middle-ages"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/204","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/327"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=204"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/204\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=204"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=204"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=204"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=204"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}