{"id":18128,"date":"2022-12-28T18:43:26","date_gmt":"2022-12-28T18:43:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=18128"},"modified":"2022-12-29T10:19:19","modified_gmt":"2022-12-29T10:19:19","slug":"mikilvaegi-stjornarskrar-i-lydraedislegu-samfelagi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-17-no-4-2022\/mikilvaegi-stjornarskrar-i-lydraedislegu-samfelagi\/","title":{"rendered":"Mikilv\u00e6gi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegu samf\u00e9lagi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/h5>\n
Ragnhei\u00f0ur Elfa \u00deorsteinsd\u00f3ttir, lektor vi\u00f0 lagadeild HA<\/h5>\n

\u00c9g \u00feakka fyrir t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 taka til m\u00e1ls h\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00feessu m\u00e1l\u00feingi til hei\u00f0urs hr. \u00d3lafi Ragnari Gr\u00edmssyni, um h\u00e1sk\u00f3la, l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i og nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0ir. \u00c9g \u00e6tla h\u00e9r a\u00f0 fjalla um mikilv\u00e6gi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegu samf\u00e9lagi og \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sambandi koma inn \u00e1 kenningar um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestu og \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, umr\u00e6\u00f0u um breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er v\u00ed\u00f0a h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 bera ni\u00f0ur \u00ed leit a\u00f0 hinni einu s\u00f6nnu skilgreiningu \u00e1 hugtakinu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i. H\u00e9r \u00e6tla \u00e9g a\u00f0 sty\u00f0jast vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 grundvallarhugmynd um l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 valdi\u00f0 komi fr\u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0num, f\u00f3lkinu.\u00a0 Me\u00f0fer\u00f0 valds s\u00e6ti jafnframt eftirliti \u00feess.<\/p>\n

\u00cdslensk stj\u00f3rnskipun hv\u00edlir \u00e1 \u00feeirri hef\u00f0 sem talin er grundv\u00f6llur r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkis, h\u00fan tryggir grundvallarmannr\u00e9ttindi og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i.[1]<\/a> Grundv\u00f6llur stj\u00f3rnskipunarinnar er lag\u00f0ur \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0veldins \u00cdslands sem fjallar um helstu stofnanir r\u00edkisvaldsins, hlutverk \u00feeirra og \u00fear me\u00f0 valdm\u00f6rk. H\u00fan gerir r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir fulltr\u00faal\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i, a\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafarvaldi\u00f0 sem er veigamesta stofnunin s\u00e6ki, \u00ed hinu \u00fer\u00edgreinda r\u00edkisvaldi, umbo\u00f0 sitt til kj\u00f3senda e\u00f0a f\u00f3lksins. \u00c1 grundvelli \u00feingr\u00e6\u00f0isreglunnar, sem hv\u00edlir \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipunarvenju, \u00feurfa r\u00e1\u00f0herrar sem eru \u00e6\u00f0stu handhafar framkv\u00e6mdarvalds, stu\u00f0ning \u00feings. [2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kenningar fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestu, e.<\/em> constitutionalism, <\/em>sem stundum er nefnt stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rhyggja, <\/em>hafa ekki veri\u00f0 fyrirfer\u00f0armiklar \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0u um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 og breytingar \u00e1 henni. \u00de\u00e6r eru \u00fe\u00f3 mikilv\u00e6gar til a\u00f0 skilja \u00feann grundv\u00f6ll sem stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 byggir \u00e1 sem er samband r\u00edkisvalds og r\u00e9ttindavernd einstaklingsins. \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason heitinn sem l\u00e9st fyrir r\u00famum \u00feremur \u00e1rum og var a\u00f0j\u00fankt h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 lagadeildina gaf sig nokku\u00f0 a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i. Ein greina hans um \u00feetta efni ber heiti\u00f0 \u201eStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta: grundv\u00f6llur l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins\u201c og birtist \u00ed Sk\u00edrni \u00e1ri\u00f0 1999. \u00de\u00e1 skrifa\u00f0i hann grein um upphaf stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestunnar og \u00e1hrif hennar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipun einstakra r\u00edkja \u00ed sk\u00fdrslu stj\u00f3rnlaganefndar \u00e1ri\u00f0 2011.<\/p>\n

Stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta \u00e1 s\u00e9r langa s\u00f6gu en allt fr\u00e1 seinni hluta \u00e1tj\u00e1ndu aldar hefur veri\u00f0 liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r eigi uppsprettu s\u00edna hj\u00e1 f\u00f3lkinu og a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnskipunin byggist \u00e1 vilja \u00feess eins og raunar texti sumra ber me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. Stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 fjallar um samskipti r\u00edkis og \u00feegnanna og mannr\u00e9ttinda\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i m\u00f3tu\u00f0ust \u00ed upphafi sem frelsisr\u00e9ttindi, \u00fe.e. frelsi til athafna fr\u00e1 afskiptum stj\u00f3rnvalda og voru m.a. hluti af stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 \u00cdslands fr\u00e1 1874. Stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 hefur fr\u00e1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0u veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst sem samf\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1la \u00feegnanna. Kenningar um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestu eiga r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til \u00feessara hugmynda og l\u00fata a\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 reisa r\u00edkisvaldinu skor\u00f0ur og oftast er \u00fea\u00f0 gert me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun til borgaralegra r\u00e9ttinda okkar. Hi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00edgreinda r\u00edkisvald, l\u00f6ggjafarvald, d\u00f3msvald og framkv\u00e6mdarvald byggi \u00e1 \u00e1kve\u00f0num grunnhugmyndum sem s\u00e9 mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 afmarka e\u00f0a takmarka. \u00deetta vald s\u00e9 bundi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um rita\u00f0rar stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r, sem eru l\u00f6g sem eru sett me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum og vanda\u00f0ri h\u00e6tti en almennt gerist, t.d. auknum meirihluta.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er vissulega svo a\u00f0 kenningar um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestu eiga erindi \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmalegu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edki, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 fari ekki fram \u00far s\u00e9r \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 borgarana. Hefur \u00fea\u00f0 oftar en ekki veri\u00f0 hlutverk d\u00f3mst\u00f3la a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 svo s\u00e9. Hlutverk akadem\u00edunnar er a\u00f0 veita valdinu a\u00f0hald me\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knum s\u00ednum.<\/p>\n

En \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnskipanin geri r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i er ekki sj\u00e1lfgefi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hugmyndir um a\u00f0 valdi\u00f0 s\u00e9 hj\u00e1 f\u00f3lkinu n\u00e1i fram a\u00f0 ganga. H\u00e9r m\u00e1 velta fyrir s\u00e9r hvert hlutverk stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in hefur vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 var\u00f0veita l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0. \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um mikilv\u00e6gi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestu hefur spj\u00f3tum veri\u00f0 beint a\u00f0 fulltr\u00faal\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r or\u00f0ar \u00fea\u00f0 svo \u00ed grein sinni \u00ed Sk\u00edrni a\u00f0 \u201efulltr\u00faal\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 hafi svipa\u00f0a \u00e1galla og stj\u00f3rnskipan sem \u00fea\u00f0 hafi leyst af h\u00f3lmi \u00e1 li\u00f0num tveimur \u00f6ldum\u201c. \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00f3beislu\u00f0u meirihlutar\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edki geti fylgt hin versta k\u00fagun, b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir einstaklinga og h\u00f3pa. Hi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a alr\u00e6\u00f0i meirihlutans. \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r or\u00f0ar \u00feennan vanda \u00e1g\u00e6tlega me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 spyrja megi me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a heimild naumur meirihluti \u00feingmanna \u00far \u00f3l\u00edkum flokkum geti bundi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 l\u00f6gum sem telja megi v\u00edst a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 \u00f3s\u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u2013 svo notast s\u00e9 vi\u00f0 or\u00f0 hans sj\u00e1lfs.\u00a0 Sums\u00e9 stafar okkur h\u00e6tta af l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear sem meirihlutinn r\u00e6\u00f0ur \u2013 og kann \u00fear me\u00f0 a\u00f0 ganga \u00e1 r\u00e9tt minnihluta?<\/p>\n

Og \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e6tla \u00e9g a\u00f0 v\u00edkja aftur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hlutverki stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r, a\u00f0 vernda r\u00e9ttindi okkar gagnvart r\u00edkisvaldinu og ekki s\u00edst meirihlutar\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00dea\u00f0 er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 s\u00e1tt r\u00edki um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na og \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hennar \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu kunni a\u00f0 vera skiptar. Fr\u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0veldisstofnun hefur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in hins vegar sta\u00f0i\u00f0 frammi fyrir umr\u00e6\u00f0u um hvort nau\u00f0synlegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 endursko\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na e\u00f0a \u00fdmis \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hennar og s\u00fa umr\u00e6\u00f0a hefur s\u00edst veri\u00f0 \u00e1 undanhaldi \u00e1 \u00feessari \u00f6ld.<\/p>\n

Ein mikilv\u00e6gustu r\u00f6k sem f\u00e6r\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 fyrir mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 endursko\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 er a\u00f0dragandi a\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0veldisstj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni \u00e1ri\u00f0 1944. Liti\u00f0 var svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 eftir sam\u00feykkt hennar yr\u00f0i \u00e1fram unni\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 undirb\u00faa a\u00f0rar breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipulaginu er \u00feurfa \u00fe\u00e6tti. S\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1 hafa \u00fe\u00e6r breytingar sem ger\u00f0ar hafa veri\u00f0 fyrst og fremst sn\u00faist um kj\u00f6rd\u00e6maskipan. Markver\u00f0ustu breytingarnar voru hins vegar ger\u00f0ar \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 er heildarendursko\u00f0un \u00e1 mannr\u00e9ttindakafla hennar f\u00f3r fram en vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 vinnu var teki\u00f0 mi\u00f0 af al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum skuldbindingum \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed svi\u00f0i. Til a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0komu almennings f\u00f3r s\u00e9rnefnd um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rm\u00e1l \u00fe\u00e1 lei\u00f0, eftir a\u00f0 frumvarp var lagt fram \u00e1 Al\u00feingi, a\u00f0 birta augl\u00fdsingu \u00ed dagbl\u00f6\u00f0um \u00fear sem l\u00fdst var eftir athugasemdum um \u00fea\u00f0 auk formlegra umsagnarbei\u00f0na. Augl\u00fdsingin var birt tvisvar og var \u00feetta n\u00fdm\u00e6li \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00feingm\u00e1la.[4]<\/a> Um 60 erindi og umsagnir b\u00e1rust nefndinni.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1tt r\u00edkti um \u00fe\u00e6r breytingar sem ger\u00f0ar voru \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 en mannr\u00e9ttinda\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar h\u00f6f\u00f0u sta\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 mestu \u00f3breytt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1rinu 1874. Umr\u00e6\u00f0a um upphaflega ger\u00f0 frumvarpsins var mikil \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu. Bendir \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00e1 \u00ed \u00e1\u00f0urnefndri grein sinni a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in hafi \u00fe\u00e1 vilja\u00f0 og geta\u00f0 \u201e\u2026r\u00e6tt af alv\u00f6ru um grundvallaratri\u00f0i \u00ed samskiptum r\u00edkis og einstaklinga\u201c,[5]<\/a> eins og hann or\u00f0ar \u00fea\u00f0. Raunar l\u00fdsti \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed grein sinni \u00ed Sk\u00edrni a\u00f0 \u00f3skandi v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 Al\u00feingi sem \u00fe\u00e1 sat[6]<\/a> og \u00f6nnur stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld hef\u00f0i frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed kj\u00f6rt\u00edmabili sem var yfirstandandi \u201e\u2026a\u00f0 hleypa n\u00fdju l\u00edfi \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rumr\u00e6\u00f0una.\u201c Markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 leggja grundv\u00f6ll a\u00f0 \u00feeirri endursko\u00f0un sem lofa\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 stofnun l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar g\u00e6tu me\u00f0 sanni sagt a\u00f0 \u00feeir hef\u00f0u velt fyrir s\u00e9r \u201e\u2026hvernig stj\u00f3rnskipun og mannr\u00e9ttindum v\u00e6ri best fyrir komi\u00f0 \u00ed eigin landi.\u201c Kom hann inn \u00e1 nokkrar breytingar sem h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00ed \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 og lutu a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnskipaninni en me\u00f0al \u00feess var a\u00f0 skilgreina frekar valddreifingu og skiptingu r\u00edkisvalds milli helstu stofnana. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed samhengi v\u00e6ri e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 fjalla n\u00e1nar um hlutverk forseta.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd b\u00f3k sem \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r ritst\u00fdr\u00f0i \u00e1samt Catherine Dupr\u00e9 og kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021 er fjalla\u00f0 um endursko\u00f0un \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 \u00e1rin 2009-2017. \u00dear ger\u00f0i hann heildarendursko\u00f0un \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 a\u00f0 umtalsefni og taldi r\u00f6k ekki hn\u00edga til \u00feess a\u00f0 nau\u00f0synlegt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 skipta henni \u00fat fyrir n\u00fdja ef svo m\u00e1 a\u00f0 or\u00f0i komast. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in v\u00e6ri ekki fullkomin hef\u00f0i l\u00fd\u00f0veldisstj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0 s\u00ednum tilgangi. \u00a0H\u00fan virtist uppfylla kr\u00f6fur um a\u00f0 \u00cdsland v\u00e6ri virkt l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edki og hef\u00f0i a\u00f0 geyma mannr\u00e9ttinda\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem samr\u00e6mdumst al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum skuldbindingum. Ef eitthva\u00f0 \u2013 hef\u00f0i h\u00fan sanna\u00f0 gildi sitt \u00e1 \u00e1runum 2008-2017 \u00feegar takast \u00feurfti \u00e1 vi\u00f0 m\u00f6rg alvarleg p\u00f3lit\u00edsk vandam\u00e1l.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hva\u00f0 sem \u00f6\u00f0ru l\u00ed\u00f0ur er \u00e1r\u00ed\u00f0andi a\u00f0 gleyma \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 breytingarnar sem ger\u00f0ar voru \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 voru gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmiklar og m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafar- og framkv\u00e6mdarvaldi hafi me\u00f0 \u00feeim veri\u00f0 settar meiri takmarkanir en \u00e1\u00f0ur sem leiddi raunar jafnframt til \u00feess a\u00f0 d\u00f3msvaldinu voru f\u00e6r\u00f0 aukin v\u00f6ld, ekki s\u00edst vegna meginreglunnar um endursko\u00f0unarvald d\u00f3mst\u00f3la \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipunarlegu gildi laga. Vaxandi v\u00f6ld d\u00f3msvaldsins \u00ed seinni t\u00ed\u00f0 hafa aftur s\u00e6tt gagnr\u00fdni me\u00f0al sumra fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna, umr\u00e6\u00f0a sem er afar \u00e1hugaver\u00f0 og ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 fara n\u00e1nar \u00fat \u00ed h\u00e9r. En me\u00f0 endursko\u00f0u\u00f0um mannr\u00e9ttindakafla voru f\u00e6r\u00f0ar styrkari sto\u00f0ir undir afm\u00f6rkun r\u00edkisvaldsins skv. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 me\u00f0 aukinni r\u00e9ttarvernd einstaklinga \u00ed samskiptum s\u00ednum vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 og \u00fear me\u00f0 veitt vi\u00f0n\u00e1m gegn meirihlutar\u00e6\u00f0i, e\u00f0a eigum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 kalla \u00fea\u00f0 alr\u00e6\u00f0i meirihlutans. Og \u00fea\u00f0 er einmitt kjarni stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestunnar.<\/p>\n

En endursko\u00f0un \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 heldur \u00e1fram a\u00f0 vera \u00e1 dagskr\u00e1 hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni.\u00a0 Og \u00fev\u00ed er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 spyrja, ef \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arvilji fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 breyta stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1, hver er hann og er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 sni\u00f0ganga hann?<\/p>\n

\u00c9g vil nefna h\u00e9r s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindir \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1. Af allri \u00feeirri vinnu sem hrundi\u00f0 var af sta\u00f0 til a\u00f0 kalla fram \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arvilja um breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 e\u00f0a heildarendursko\u00f0un held \u00e9g a\u00f0 enginn velkist \u00ed vafa um a\u00f0 mestur stu\u00f0ningur s\u00e9 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindir en um f\u00e1tt hefur veri\u00f0 meira deilt \u00ed gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina en n\u00fdtingu \u00feeirra. Till\u00f6gur \u00e1 Al\u00feingi um a\u00f0 fella inn \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindir eiga s\u00e9r um 60 \u00e1ra s\u00f6gu. Stu\u00f0ningur almennings hefur veri\u00f0 kanna\u00f0ur b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0slu \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012 \u00fear sem 74% \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda l\u00fdstu stu\u00f0ningi vi\u00f0 n\u00fdtt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 um n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindir og var mestur stu\u00f0ningur vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00fea\u00f0 af \u00feeim sex till\u00f6gum sem bornar voru undir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00de\u00e1 framkv\u00e6mdi F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands k\u00f6nnun \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019 \u00fear sem 90% \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda t\u00f6ldu a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00fdmist nokku\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt e\u00f0a mj\u00f6g mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindir yr\u00f0i teki\u00f0 upp \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1. \u00deessi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arvilji kemur \u00fear enn og aftur sk\u00fdrt fram en \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpi Katr\u00ednar Jakobsd\u00f3ttur fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra sem lagt var fram \u00ed jan\u00faar 2021 segir a\u00f0 \u00edtreka\u00f0 hafi komi\u00f0 fram stu\u00f0ningur almennings vi\u00f0 sl\u00edk \u00e1form og \u00e1\u00f0urnefnd \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aratkv\u00e6\u00f0agrei\u00f0sla og sko\u00f0anak\u00f6nnun F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnunar nefnd s\u00e9rstaklega.<\/p>\n

\u00cd frumvarpi Katr\u00ednar Jakobsd\u00f3ttur eru ger\u00f0ar till\u00f6gur um fleiri breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 sem l\u00fata a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnskipaninni, svo sem kj\u00f6r og kj\u00f6rt\u00edmabil forseta, \u00e1byrg\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0herra og \u00feingr\u00e6\u00f0isreglu, veitingu umbo\u00f0s til stj\u00f3rnarmyndunar og umhverfisvernd. \u00d6nnur m\u00e1l sem nefnd hafa veri\u00f0 eru framsal r\u00edkisvalds til al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnana.<\/p>\n

H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3hika\u00f0 fram, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir, a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arvilji s\u00e9 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni ver\u00f0i breytt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 veru a\u00f0 \u00fear ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 finna \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um eignarhald, n\u00fdtingu og vernd n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0linda. Helst er kalla\u00f0 eftir \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um eignarhald \u00e1 n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0lindum og hafa \u00fe\u00f3 nokkrar till\u00f6gur veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0ar a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni, og m\u00e1 nefna h\u00e9r frumvarp \u00fe\u00e1verandi fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra Sigur\u00f0ar Inga J\u00f3hannssonar, hausti\u00f0 2016. Sj\u00e1lf vinn \u00e9g n\u00fa a\u00f0 doktorsranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 au\u00f0linda\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 en me\u00f0al \u00feess sem er \u00e1hugavert a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a er s\u00fa \u00fer\u00f3un og mikla umr\u00e6\u00f0a um au\u00f0lindan\u00fdtingu sem \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 upp \u00far mi\u00f0ri s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00f6ld \u00e1 vettvangi Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna, umr\u00e6\u00f0a sem gamlar n\u00fdlendur me\u00f0 n\u00fdfengi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edki f\u00f3ru fyrir og \u00cdsland t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 \u00feau r\u00edki sem hafa au\u00f0linda\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 hafa fari\u00f0 \u00fdmsar lei\u00f0ir og ekki endilega samhlj\u00f3mur um hvort l\u00f6g\u00f0 er \u00e1hersla \u00e1 eignarhald e\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ra n\u00fdtingu, svo d\u00e6mi s\u00e9 teki\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00c1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ist s\u00e9 \u00ed breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 er hj\u00e1 l\u00f6ggjafarvaldinu og n\u00fa vinna allir flokkar sem fulltr\u00faa eiga \u00e1 Al\u00feingi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 endursko\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1. Stj\u00f3rnskipunin \u2013 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in \u2013 gerir r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafarvaldi\u00f0 st\u00fdri fer\u00f0inni, till\u00f6gur um breytingar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 eru lag\u00f0ar fram \u00e1 Al\u00feingi og sam\u00feykktar \u00fear.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 hefur lengi veri\u00f0 sko\u00f0un fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamanna a\u00f0 ekkert vald s\u00e9 ofar valdi meirihluta fulltr\u00faa \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feingi. Me\u00f0an ekki er meirihluti fyrir \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0al kj\u00f6rinna fulltr\u00faa \u00e1 Al\u00feingi a\u00f0 vinna a\u00f0 og afgrei\u00f0a frumvarp til breytinga \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarskipunarl\u00f6gum\/stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1, \u00ed hva\u00f0a mynd sem \u00fea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 vera, og \u00fe\u00f3 greina megi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arvilja fyrir breytingum, \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur henni ekki breytt. \u00dearna er vissulega komin ein birtingarmynd meirihlutar\u00e6\u00f0is.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 situr eftir s\u00fa spurning hvort l\u00f6ggjafinn, sem s\u00e6kir vald sitt til \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, geti sni\u00f0gengi\u00f0 vilja hennar \u00feegar hann er kominn fram me\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum h\u00e6tti, eins og nefnt var h\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar n\u00e1tt\u00faruau\u00f0linda\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i? Hva\u00f0 sem \u00feingm\u00f6nnum kann a\u00f0 finnast um mikilv\u00e6gi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is af \u00fev\u00ed tagi. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed ferli er \u00fe\u00e1tttaka \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar mikilv\u00e6g en \u00fea\u00f0 liggur l\u00edka fyrir, ekki s\u00edst \u00ed lj\u00f3si fenginnar reynslu \u00e1ranna 2009-2017, a\u00f0 samvinna \u00feingmanna, \u00fevert \u00e1 flokka, er grundv\u00f6llur fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 af stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rbreytingum geti or\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Um lei\u00f0 og \u00e9g l\u00e6t h\u00e9r sta\u00f0ar numi\u00f0 vil \u00e9g f\u00e1 a\u00f0 vitna \u00ed lokaor\u00f0 \u00c1g\u00fasts \u00de\u00f3rs \u00ed grein sinni \u00ed sk\u00fdrslu stj\u00f3rnlaganefndar um upphaf stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestunnar og \u00e1hrif hennar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipun einstakra r\u00edkja. \u00dear segir: \u201eFr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestu ver\u00f0ur stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 sem stendur undir nafni a\u00f0 tryggja r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki, mannr\u00e9ttindi og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i, jafnt \u00ed or\u00f0i sem \u00e1 bor\u00f0i. Stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in er hins vegar einnig grundv\u00f6llur f\u00e9lagslegs veruleika, framkv\u00e6mdar og sameiginlegrar reynslu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. H\u00fan felur \u00ed s\u00e9r raunveruleg vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 raunverulegum vandam\u00e1lum og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um og er \u00feannig s\u00f6gulegur vettvangur \u00fear sem \u00f6fl samf\u00e9lagsins koma saman og takast \u00e1 samkv\u00e6mt settum reglum og n\u00e1 \u00feannig s\u00e1ttum.\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Heimildir:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason: \u201cStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta: grundv\u00f6llur l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins\u201d, Sk\u00edrnir, 173 (haust 1999), bls. 472-78.<\/p>\n

\u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason: \u201cUpphaf stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestunnar og \u00e1hrif hennar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipun einstakra r\u00edkja\u201d. Sk\u00fdrsla Stj\u00f3rnlaganefndar: \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 til \u00feings. 2011, 2. bindi, bls. 305-315.<\/p>\n

\u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason og Catherine Dupr\u00e9 ritst.: Icelandic constitutional reform: people, processes, politics. <\/em>Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.<\/p>\n

Nefndar\u00e1lit s\u00e9rnefndar um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rm\u00e1l, \u00feskj. 758. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1994-1995, 118. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 645-749.<\/p>\n

Aftanm\u00e1lsgreinar<\/h5>\n

[1]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason: \u201cStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta: grundv\u00f6llur l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins\u201d, Sk\u00edrnir, 173 (haust 1999), (472-78), bls. 473. Einnig \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason: \u201cUpphaf stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfestunnar og \u00e1hrif hennar \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipun einstakra r\u00edkja\u201d. Sk\u00fdrsla Stj\u00f3rnlaganefndar: \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 til \u00feings. 2011, 2. bindi, (305-315), bls. 313.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason, \u201cStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta: grundv\u00f6llur l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins\u201d, bls. 473.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason: \u201cStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta: grundv\u00f6llur l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins\u201d, bls. 467.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> M\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tttaka almennings \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed ferli sem f\u00f3r af sta\u00f0 vi\u00f0 endursko\u00f0un \u00e1 mannr\u00e9ttindakafla stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar hafi veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum og veigameiri h\u00e6tti en \u00e1\u00f0ur. Nefndar\u00e1lit s\u00e9rnefndar um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rm\u00e1l, \u00feskj. 758. Al\u00fet\u00ed\u00f0. 1994-1995, 118. l\u00f6g\u00fe. A: 645-749.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason: \u201cStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta: grundv\u00f6llur l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins\u201d, bls. 478<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Greinin er fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1999.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason: \u201cStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta: grundv\u00f6llur l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isins\u201d, bls. 478<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u00c1g\u00fast \u00de\u00f3r \u00c1rnason og Catherine Dupr\u00e9 ritst.: Icelandic constitutional reform: people, processes, politics. <\/em>Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021, bls. 36.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Dick Howard bendir \u00e1 a\u00f0 fram \u00feurfi a\u00f0 koma \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 eigi uppt\u00f6k hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni \u2013 eigi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rfesta a\u00f0 geta dafna\u00f0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ragnhei\u00f0ur Elfa \u00deorsteinsd\u00f3ttir, lektor vi\u00f0 lagadeild HA<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er v\u00ed\u00f0a h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 bera ni\u00f0ur \u00ed leit a\u00f0 hinni einu s\u00f6nnu skilgreiningu \u00e1 hugtakinu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i. H\u00e9r \u00e6tla \u00e9g a\u00f0 sty\u00f0jast vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 grundvallarhugmynd um l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 valdi\u00f0 komi fr\u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0num, f\u00f3lkinu.\u00a0 Me\u00f0fer\u00f0 valds s\u00e6ti jafnframt eftirliti \u00feess.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":663,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2223,2225],"tags":[2321,2314,2312,2328],"coauthors":[2333],"class_list":["post-18128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-17-no-4-2022","category-new-article-editor-review-volume-17-no-4-2022","tag-lydraedi","tag-rettarriki","tag-stjornarskra","tag-stjornarskrarfesta"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/663"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18128"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18128\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18162,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18128\/revisions\/18162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18128"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18128"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=18128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}