{"id":18125,"date":"2022-12-28T18:44:29","date_gmt":"2022-12-28T18:44:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=18125"},"modified":"2022-12-29T10:19:03","modified_gmt":"2022-12-29T10:19:03","slug":"islensk-stjornmalafraedi-yfirlit-um-halfrar-aldar-sogu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-17-no-4-2022\/islensk-stjornmalafraedi-yfirlit-um-halfrar-aldar-sogu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cdslensk stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u2013 yfirlit um h\u00e1lfrar aldar s\u00f6gu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/h6>\n
\u00d3lafur \u00de. Har\u00f0arson, pr\u00f3fessor emeritus\u00a0 vi\u00f0 H\u00cd<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Hausti\u00f0 1967 h\u00f3f \u00e9g \u2013 15 \u00e1ra gamall \u2013 n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 Kennarask\u00f3la \u00cdslands. \u00c9g \u00e6tla\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a barnakennari, en stefndi \u00e1 a\u00f0 kenna vi\u00f0 gagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ask\u00f3la. Vissi a\u00f0 til \u00feess \u00feyrfti \u00e9g a\u00f0 taka BA-pr\u00f3f vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. En \u00ed hva\u00f0a grein? St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i? \u00cdslensku? Sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i?<\/p>\n

Einn sk\u00f3laf\u00e9lagi minn benti m\u00e9r \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fatl\u00f6ndum v\u00e6ri h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nema grein sem h\u00e9ti political science<\/em>. \u00c9g h\u00e9lt a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 gera gr\u00edn a\u00f0 alr\u00e6mdum \u00e1huga m\u00ednum \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum. \u00c9g haf\u00f0i aldrei heyrt \u00e1 \u00feessa fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein minnst.<\/p>\n

T\u00edu \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u2013 1977 \u2013 h\u00f3f \u00e9g meistaran\u00e1m \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 London School of Economics and Political Science \u2013 eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 BA-pr\u00f3fi \u00ed greininni fr\u00e1 n\u00fdrri n\u00e1msbraut \u00ed almennum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0um vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1msbraut \u00ed almennum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0um<\/h5>\n

N\u00e1msbrautin var stofnu\u00f0 hausti\u00f0 1970. Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i og f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i voru a\u00f0algreinar til BA-pr\u00f3fs og mannfr\u00e6\u00f0i aukagrein. Tveir kennarar voru r\u00e1\u00f0nir h\u00e1lfum m\u00e1nu\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur en kennsla h\u00f3fst, \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Broddason f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur. Sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar b\u00e6ttist mannfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Haraldur \u00d3lafsson \u00ed h\u00f3p fastra kennara.<\/p>\n

L\u00edtill e\u00f0a enginn b\u00f3kakostur \u00ed \u00feessum fr\u00e6\u00f0um var \u00fe\u00e1 til \u00e1 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lab\u00f3kasafni. Kennaranir h\u00f6f\u00f0u ekki skrifstofur. Fundir kennara me\u00f0 nemendum voru gjarnan haldnir \u00e1 kaffistofu Norr\u00e6na h\u00fassins.<\/p>\n

Nokkrum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar f\u00e9kk n\u00e1msbrautin inni \u00ed Loftskeytast\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00e1 Melunum \u2013 b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir kennslu og skrifstofur kennara. Flj\u00f3tlega flutti h\u00fan \u00e1 Sta\u00f0arsta\u00f0 \u2013 h\u00fas sem Bj\u00f6rn J\u00f3nsson r\u00e1\u00f0herra bygg\u00f0i vi\u00f0 S\u00f3leyjarg\u00f6tu og var \u00ed eigu forseta \u00cdslands, Kristj\u00e1ns Eldj\u00e1rns. Um 1980 fluttu greinarnar \u00ed leiguh\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 Sk\u00f3labr\u00fa 2 \u2013 og loks \u00ed Odda 1985, n\u00fdbyggingu f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsinda vi\u00f0 H\u00cd.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson var\u00f0 forseti 1996 \u00fe\u00f3tti ekki heppilegt a\u00f0 forseti hef\u00f0i lengur a\u00f0setur \u00ed Stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0sh\u00fasinu vi\u00f0 L\u00e6kjarg\u00f6tu \u00ed samb\u00fdli vi\u00f0 fors\u00e6tisr\u00e1\u00f0herra. Sta\u00f0arsta\u00f0ur var \u00fe\u00e1 keyptur fyrir forsetaemb\u00e6tti\u00f0 \u2013 og \u00d3lafur Ragnar f\u00e9kk s\u00f6mu skrifstofu og hann haf\u00f0i \u00fear haft \u00feegar hann var pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i!<\/p>\n

Stofnun n\u00e1msbrautar \u00ed almennum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0um 1970 h\u00e9lst \u00ed hendur vi\u00f0 almenna \u00fer\u00f3un H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. \u00c1 \u00feessum \u00e1rum var H\u00e1sk\u00f3linn a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00far emb\u00e6ttismannask\u00f3la \u00ed alhli\u00f0a kennsluh\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u2013 \u00fear sem aukin \u00e1hersla var \u00fe\u00f3 jafnframt l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knir. N\u00fdjum greinum var komi\u00f0 \u00e1 legg, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindum og raunv\u00edsindum. En framhaldsn\u00e1m var mj\u00f6g takmarka\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja til \u00fatlanda. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta \u00e1ratug 20. aldar breyttist H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands svo yfir \u00ed raunverulegan ranns\u00f3knarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la. \u00de\u00e1 var komi\u00f0 \u00e1 meistara- og doktorsn\u00e1mi \u00ed f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindum, m.a. \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Saga \u00edslenskrar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i og fyrstu markmi\u00f0<\/h5>\n

Um \u00fer\u00f3un \u00edslenskrar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i hefur \u00fdmislegt veri\u00f0 rita\u00f0, m.a. \u00feetta:<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1977 birti \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson grein \u00ed Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em>, \u201ePioneering Political Science. The Case of Iceland\u201c.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1996 rita\u00f0i Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson kafla um \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed riti\u00f0 Political Science in Europe. Education, Co-operation, Prospects: Report on the State of the Discipline in Europe<\/em>.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2007 birti \u00e9g kafla um sama efni \u00ed b\u00f3kinni The State of Political Science in Western Europe<\/em>.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2015 skrifa\u00f0i \u00e9g aftur kafla um \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i, n\u00fa \u00ed b\u00f3kina Political Science in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century.[4]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Gott yfirlit um margar helstu ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed \u00edslenskri stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrstu 35 \u00e1rin m\u00e1 finna \u00ed b\u00f3kinni \u00cdslenska stj\u00f3rnkerfi\u00f0<\/em> eftir Gunnar Helga Kristinsson.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Strax \u00ed upphafi voru \u00edslenskri stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands sett \u00ferj\u00fa sk\u00fdr markmi\u00f0:<\/p>\n

\u00cd fyrsta lagi a\u00f0 bj\u00f3\u00f0a upp \u00e1 BA-n\u00e1m sem st\u00e6\u00f0ist al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar g\u00e6\u00f0akr\u00f6fur og ger\u00f0i \u00fatskrifu\u00f0um nemendum kleift a\u00f0 stunda framhaldsn\u00e1m \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 bestu h\u00e1sk\u00f3la heims. \u00deetta gekk strax eftir: margir \u00far fyrstu \u00fatskriftar\u00e1rg\u00f6ngunum f\u00f3ru \u00feessa lei\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi a\u00f0 hefja ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfinu.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi a\u00f0 tengja \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 hi\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega fr\u00e6\u00f0asamf\u00e9lag.<\/p>\n

Stofnanabinding stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0in\u00e1ms \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/h5>\n

Hausti\u00f0 1970 var stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i, f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i og mannfr\u00e6\u00f0i komi\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed s\u00e9rstakri n\u00e1msbraut \u2013 utan hins hef\u00f0bundna deildakerfis H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Engin deild vildi h\u00fdsa hinar n\u00fdju greinar. \u00cd upphafi voru fastir kennarar tveir, auk stundakennara og t\u00edmabundinna erlendra gistikennara. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1976 voru \u00feeir or\u00f0nir fimm, \u00fear af tveir \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i, allt karlar.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1976 var greinunum komi\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed n\u00fdrri h\u00e1sk\u00f3ladeild, F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindadeild. Auk stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i, f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i og mannfr\u00e6\u00f0i voru \u00fear s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i, uppeldis- og kennslufr\u00e6\u00f0i og b\u00f3kasafnsfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u2013 sem komu \u00far Heimspekideild.<\/p>\n

\u00cd upphafi voru fastir kennarar vi\u00f0 F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindadeild 11 talsins, n\u00edu karlar og tv\u00e6r konur \u2013 \u00fear af tveir karlar \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00deegar deildin var l\u00f6g\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 endurskipulagningu H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans 2008 voru kennararnir 51 \u2013 26 karlar og 25 konur. Nemendur voru um 2500 \u2013 deildin var s\u00fa langfj\u00f6lmennasta \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 var skipulag H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans stokka\u00f0 upp. Stofnu\u00f0 voru fimm fr\u00e6\u00f0asvi\u00f0 me\u00f0 26 deildum. \u00c1 n\u00fdju F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0i voru allar greinar F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindadeildar nema s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i og uppeldis- og menntunarfr\u00e6\u00f0i, en til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar komu \u00e1 svi\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, vi\u00f0skiptafr\u00e6\u00f0i og hagfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00c1 svi\u00f0inu starfa sex deildir. Ein \u00feeirra er Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ideild, sem h\u00fdsir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i og kynjafr\u00e6\u00f0i. N\u00fana eru 17 kennarar \u00ed fullu starfi vi\u00f0 deildina, 11 konur og sex karlar. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2006 voru kennararnir sj\u00f6. V\u00f6xturinn s\u00ed\u00f0ustu tvo \u00e1ratugi hefur veri\u00f0 \u00f3tr\u00falegur. Hann tengist ekki s\u00edst tilkomu meistara- og doktorsn\u00e1ms \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi. \u00d6flugasta meistaran\u00e1mi\u00f0 er \u00e1 svi\u00f0um opinberrar stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu, al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la og kynjafr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Brautskr\u00e1\u00f0ir BA-nemendur \u00e1 \u00feeim 52 \u00e1rum sem stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i hefur veri\u00f0 kennd vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands teljast \u00ed \u00fe\u00fasundum, brautskr\u00e1\u00f0ir meistaranemar \u00ed hundru\u00f0um og \u00e1 annan tug hafa loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands er eini h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00e1 \u00cdslandi sem b\u00fd\u00f0ur upp \u00e1 heillegt n\u00e1m \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00f6llum stigum. En b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum \u00e1 Akureyri og \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum \u00e1 Bifr\u00f6st hafa einst\u00f6k stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0in\u00e1mskei\u00f0 veri\u00f0 kennd sem hluti almennari n\u00e1msbrauta. \u00dear starfa nokkrir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar vi\u00f0 kennslu \u2013 og hafa veri\u00f0 afkastamiklir vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir.<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/h5>\n

\u00deegar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0in h\u00f3f landn\u00e1m \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1970 voru n\u00e1nast engar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar ranns\u00f3knir til \u00ed landinu. \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 n\u00fdloki\u00f0 fyrstu \u00edslensku doktorsritger\u00f0inni um \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld og fram til 1918.[6]<\/a> Vi\u00f0 nemendur hans g\u00f6ntu\u00f0umst me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 reyndar hef\u00f0i hann \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 skrifa um \u00edslensk samt\u00edmastj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l, en tali\u00f0 r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 hafa ofurl\u00edtinn inngang um \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfi\u00f0 fyrir t\u00edma st\u00e9ttastj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la. En \u00feegar komnar hafi veri\u00f0 800 bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3tti r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta sta\u00f0ar numi\u00f0!<\/p>\n

\u00c1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00fdmislegt veri\u00f0 rita\u00f0 um \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l, einkum me\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri og sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri n\u00e1lgun. J\u00f3n Sigur\u00f0sson forseti var reyndar \u00e1 fur\u00f0u stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum sl\u00f3\u00f0um \u00ed sumum verka sinna um mi\u00f0ja 19. \u00f6ld. Indri\u00f0i Einarsson revisor birti vanda\u00f0a grein um \u00edslenska kosningakerfi\u00f0 1884, \u00fear sem fjalla\u00f0 er um klass\u00edskt vi\u00f0fangsefni stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0innar me\u00f0 f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindalegum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um.[7]<\/a> L\u00edka m\u00e1 nefna b\u00e6kurnar R\u00e9ttarsaga Al\u00feingis<\/em> eftir Einar Arn\u00f3rsson, Al\u00feingi og frelsisbar\u00e1ttan<\/em> eftir Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, Deildir Al\u00feingis<\/em> eftir Bjarna Benediktsson, Stj\u00f3rnskipun \u00cdslands<\/em> eftir \u00d3laf J\u00f3hannesson og Stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00cdslands<\/em> eftir Agnar Klemens J\u00f3nsson. Allt eru \u00feetta merkilegar heimildir, sem fyrstu nemendurnir \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00e1su spjaldanna \u00e1 milli.<\/p>\n

En stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg greining \u00e1 \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfinu var einfaldlega ekki til. Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg hugsun var \u00cdslendingum framandi. \u00deetta hefur gj\u00f6rbreyst \u00e1 h\u00e1lfri \u00f6ld.<\/p>\n

S\u00ed\u00f0ustu 50 \u00e1rin hafa \u00edslenskir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar kortlagt \u00f6ll helstu svi\u00f0 \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfisins \u2013 og bori\u00f0 \u00feau saman vi\u00f0 erlend stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfi. \u00deessar ranns\u00f3knir eiga drj\u00fagan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e1 svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um Sjanghaj-lista 2021 var \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 H\u00cd talin \u00ed h\u00f3pi 200-300 bestu stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ideilda \u00ed ver\u00f6ldinni, en h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar \u00ed heiminum munu vera um 20 \u00fe\u00fasund talsins.<\/p>\n

Til \u00feess a\u00f0 komast \u00e1 svona lista hafa \u00edslenskir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00feurft a\u00f0 birta greinar \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum ritr\u00fdndum v\u00edsindat\u00edmaritum og birta b\u00e6kur og b\u00f3karkafla \u00e1 erlendum m\u00e1lum, einkum ensku. En vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum l\u00edka skyldur vi\u00f0 \u00edslenskan almenning. \u00deess vegna \u00fearf l\u00edka a\u00f0 birta ranns\u00f3knarni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00edslensku. Og \u00fea\u00f0 hefur sannarlega veri\u00f0 gert.<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knarstofnanir og t\u00edmarit<\/h5>\n

Til \u00feess a\u00f0 efla ranns\u00f3knir er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knarstofnunum.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1986 var F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnun<\/em> stofnu\u00f0. Starfsemin \u00fear hefur veri\u00f0 gr\u00f3skumikil allar g\u00f6tur s\u00ed\u00f0an, ekki s\u00edst spurningakannanir, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00edslenskar og fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1990 var Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0am\u00e1lastofnun<\/em> komi\u00f0 \u00e1 f\u00f3t og h\u00fan var endurskipul\u00f6g\u00f0 og efld 2001 og 2008. \u00c1 \u00feessari \u00f6ld hafa stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar veri\u00f0 hryggjarstykki\u00f0 \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum og st\u00f6rfum stofnunarinnar.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2002 var Stofnun stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslufr\u00e6\u00f0a og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la<\/em> komi\u00f0 \u00e1 legg. H\u00fan hefur unni\u00f0 \u00f3metanlegt starf og stutt mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0 meistaran\u00e1mi\u00f0 \u00ed opinberri stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu. \u00c1 hennar sn\u00e6rum var veft\u00edmariti\u00f0 Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsla <\/em>stofna\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005[8]<\/a>. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur heldur betur bl\u00f3mstra\u00f0 og er mikilv\u00e6gur vettvangur fr\u00e6\u00f0igreina um \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l \u2013 og reyndar l\u00edka annarra fr\u00e6\u00f0igreina \u00e1 \u00fdmsum svi\u00f0um f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsinda. \u00dea\u00f0 er miki\u00f0 afrek a\u00f0 hafa haldi\u00f0 \u00feeirri \u00fatg\u00e1fu svona myndarlegri \u00ed tvo \u00e1ratugi.<\/p>\n

L\u00edka er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 nefna \u00d6ryggism\u00e1lanefnd<\/em>, sem st\u00f3\u00f0 fyrir umfangsmikilli ranns\u00f3knarstarfsemi um \u00edslensk \u00f6ryggis- og utanr\u00edkism\u00e1l \u00e1 9. \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar. Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar veittu stofnuninni forst\u00f6\u00f0u, stundu\u00f0u ranns\u00f3knir og skrifu\u00f0u b\u00e6kur og greinar. \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var \u00d3lafur Ragnar kominn \u00ed p\u00f3lit\u00edk, en sat \u00ed nefndinni og var raunar gu\u00f0fa\u00f0ir hennar.<\/p>\n

Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt samstarf<\/h5>\n

Strax \u00ed upphafi h\u00f3fu \u00edslenskir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar virka \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu samstarfi, einkum \u00ed Norr\u00e6na stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingasambandinu NOPSA<\/em> og ECPR<\/em>, European Consortium for Political Research, evr\u00f3pska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingasambandinu. Vi\u00f0 \u00e1ttum einn fulltr\u00faa \u00ed stj\u00f3rn NOPSA, en hinar fj\u00f3rar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0irnar \u00e1ttu tvo fulltr\u00faa hvert. NOPSA-\u00feingin voru ekki haldin \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum aldrei fari\u00f0 me\u00f0 ritstj\u00f3rn Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em> sem sambandi\u00f0 gefur \u00fat \u2013 en ritstj\u00f3rnin r\u00f3terar milli Nor\u00f0urlandanna. Vi\u00f0 \u00e1ttum ekki fulltr\u00faa \u00ed framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rn ECPR, en \u00fear hefur stj\u00f3rnarseta l\u00edka r\u00f3tera\u00f0 milli Nor\u00f0urlandanna fr\u00e1 upphafi. Allt \u00feetta hefur breyst.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1990 var fyrsta NOPSA-\u00feingi\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Nor\u00f0urlandamenn h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fdmsir \u00e1hyggjur af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 a\u00f0s\u00f3knin yr\u00f0i l\u00edtil. En h\u00fan sl\u00f3 \u00f6ll met. NOPSA-\u00feingi\u00f0 var aftur haldi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 2005 og \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta \u00e1ri. N\u00fa er \u00fea\u00f0 regla, a\u00f0 fimmta hvert NOPSA-\u00feing skuli haldi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2011 var fyrsta ECPR-\u00feingi\u00f0 haldi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Aftur h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fdmsir \u00e1hyggjur af l\u00edtilli a\u00f0s\u00f3kn. En reyndin var\u00f0 meta\u00f0s\u00f3kn \u00ed s\u00f6gu ECPR \u2013 yfir 2000 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar s\u00f3ttu \u00feingi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2012 var \u00e9g be\u00f0inn um a\u00f0 vera \u00ed frambo\u00f0i sem fulltr\u00fai Nor\u00f0urlanda \u00ed framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rn ECPR. \u00dear sat \u00e9g tv\u00f6 kj\u00f6rt\u00edmabil, sex \u00e1r. N\u00fana er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00cdsland mun framvegis f\u00e1 fulltr\u00faa \u00ed stj\u00f3rninni til jafns vi\u00f0 hin Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndin.<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2014 t\u00f3k Eva H. \u00d6nnud\u00f3ttir s\u00e6ti sem fulltr\u00fai \u00cdslands \u00ed stj\u00f3rn NOPSA. H\u00fan kom \u00fev\u00ed flj\u00f3tlega til lei\u00f0ar a\u00f0 \u00cdsland f\u00e9kk \u00ed fyrsta skipti tvo stj\u00f3rnarmenn eins og hin Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndin. Eva er n\u00fana fyrsti \u00cdslendingurinn sem gegnir formennsku \u00ed NOPSA. Og \u00e1 n\u00e6stunni munu \u00cdslendingar loksins taka a\u00f0 s\u00e9r ritstj\u00f3rn Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i og f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/h5>\n

\u00c9g nefndi \u00e1\u00f0an a\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1977 skrifa\u00f0i \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson grein \u00ed Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em>, \u201ePioneering Political Science. The Case of Iceland\u201c. \u00dear rekur hann s\u00f6gu n\u00e1msbrautar \u00ed almennum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0um og fjallar um \u00fdmsa l\u00e6rd\u00f3ma sem af henni m\u00e1 draga almennt.<\/p>\n

\u00c1rin 1970-73 var megin\u00e1herslan l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 uppbyggingu kennslu. \u00cd upphafi gegndu erlendir sendikennarar mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki \u2013 en \u00ed \u00edslenskri deild \u00ed \u00ed \u00edslenskum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00feurfa a\u00f0 vera \u00cdslendingar, sem skilja \u00edslenska s\u00f6gu og menningu. Allar g\u00f6tur s\u00ed\u00f0an hafa kennarar fyrst og fremst veri\u00f0 \u00edslenskir \u2013\u00a0 flestir me\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3f fr\u00e1 m\u00f6rgum bestu h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum veraldar. Nokkrir \u00fatlendir stundakennarar hafa \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edka komi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu \u2013 og hin s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1r hafa nokkrir fastir kennarar veri\u00f0 af erlendu bergi brotnir.<\/p>\n

\u00cd upphafi var mikil \u00e1hersla l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 samvinnu stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i og f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00d6ll n\u00e1mskei\u00f0 voru samkennd. \u00dea\u00f0 var nau\u00f0synlegt \u00ed l\u00edtilli deild \u00ed litlu landi. Me\u00f0 auknum vexti hefur samvinna greinanna minnka\u00f0 og s\u00e9rh\u00e6fing aukist. N\u00fa eru \u00fe\u00e6r sitt \u00ed hvorri deild. Vi\u00f0 uppstokkun H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans 2008 var \u00e9g forseti F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindadeildar (fr\u00e1 2001 og svo fyrsti forseti F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0s til 2013) og forma\u00f0ur nefndar h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar\u00e1\u00f0s um uppstokkunina. \u00c9g vildi a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i og f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i yr\u00f0u saman \u00ed deild \u00e1 F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindasvi\u00f0i \u2013 en var\u00f0 undir. Kannski er kominn t\u00edmi til \u00feess a\u00f0 efla samvinnu greinanna aftur.<\/p>\n

\u00cdslensk hugt\u00f6k og ranns\u00f3knir nemenda vi\u00f0 landn\u00e1m stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0innar<\/h5>\n

\u00cd greininni fr\u00e1 1977 \u00ed Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em> fjallar \u00d3lafur Ragnar m.a. um \u00feann vanda a\u00f0 1970 voru engin \u00edslensk or\u00f0 til um helstu hugt\u00f6k stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0innar. Hann nefnir nokkur d\u00e6mi.<\/p>\n

Ekki var til or\u00f0 yfir political science<\/em>, en stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i var\u00f0 ofan \u00e1. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld haf\u00f0i greinin reyndar stundum veri\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnfr\u00e6\u00f0i. Elite<\/em> og elitism<\/em> var\u00f0 a\u00f0 kjarna og kjarnr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 vann s\u00e9r nokkurn sess, en s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1rin er oft bara tala\u00f0 um el\u00edtur og el\u00edtisma. Pluralism<\/em> var \u00fe\u00fdtt sem margr\u00e6\u00f0i \u2013 en or\u00f0i\u00f0 fj\u00f6lhyggja hefur l\u00edka veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0. Ideology<\/em> var\u00f0 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i, socialization<\/em> var\u00f0 f\u00e9lagsm\u00f3tun, anomie<\/em> var\u00f0 si\u00f0rof.<\/p>\n

\u00c1rin 1973-76 lag\u00f0i n\u00e1msbraut \u00ed almennum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0um aukna \u00e1herslu \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knir. Til a\u00f0 efla \u00fe\u00e6r voru fyrstu nemendurnir l\u00e1tnir skrifa metna\u00f0arfullar BA-ritger\u00f0ir, 12-20 \u00fe\u00fasund or\u00f0. Margar voru frumranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 \u00edslensku stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakerfi. \u00cd greininni nefnir \u00d3lafur Ragnar 27 sl\u00edkar ritger\u00f0ir fr\u00e1 \u00feessum \u00e1rum.<\/p>\n

Fyrsta ranns\u00f3knar\u00e1\u00e6tlunin um \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/h5>\n

\u00cd greininni fr\u00e1 1977 setur \u00d3lafur Ragnar fram ranns\u00f3knar\u00e1\u00e6tlun um \u00feau svi\u00f0 sem nau\u00f0synlegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 sinna \u00ed \u00edslenskri stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum og \u00e1ratugum. Fr\u00f3\u00f0legt er \u2013 og heillandi \u2013 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feann tossalista \u2013 og nefna f\u00e1ein d\u00e6mi um \u00e1rangurinn.<\/p>\n

\u00cd fyrsta lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka valdakerfi\u00f0<\/em> \u2013 the power stucture<\/em>, skrifar \u00d3lafur. Um \u00fea\u00f0 hefur margt veri\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an. Fyrir f\u00e1einum \u00e1rum f\u00f3r fram umfangsmikil valdsranns\u00f3kn undir forystu Gunnars Helga Kristinssonar \u2013 en sl\u00edkar ranns\u00f3knir h\u00f6f\u00f0u fari\u00f0 fram miklu fyrr \u00e1 hinum Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndunum. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2021 kom \u00fat b\u00f3k eftir Gunnar Helga, El\u00edtur og valdakerfi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/em>.[9]<\/a> \u00dear er fjalla\u00f0 um n\u00fdjar ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 \u00edslenskum el\u00edtum og \u00fe\u00e6r bornar saman vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00d3lafs Ragnars \u00ed greininni \u201eThe Icelandic Power Structure 1800-2000\u201c sem birtist \u00ed Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em> 1976.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka flokkakerfi\u00f0 og \u00fer\u00f3un st\u00e9ttaflokka<\/em>. Um \u00feetta skrifa\u00f0i Svanur Kristj\u00e1nsson doktorsritger\u00f0 1977[11]<\/a> og Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson 1991.[12]<\/a> Margir a\u00f0rir hafa sinnt ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka l\u00f6ggjafann, Al\u00feingi<\/em>. \u00deorsteinn Magn\u00fasson skrifa\u00f0i doktorsritger\u00f0 um Al\u00feingi og nefndir \u00feess 1987[13]<\/a>. Margir fleiri hafa lagt h\u00f6nd \u00e1 \u00feennan pl\u00f3g, m.a. \u00ed b\u00f3kinni \u00deingr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi <\/em>sem \u00edslenskir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ingar, sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar komu a\u00f0[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00cd fj\u00f3r\u00f0a lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka samsteypustj\u00f3rnakerfi r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rna. Um \u00feetta birti \u00d3lafur Ragnar b\u00f3karkaflann \u201eThe Icelandic Multiparty Coalition System\u201c 1982 og margir hafa spunni\u00f0 \u00feann \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd fimmta lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka hagsmunasamt\u00f6k, tengsl vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laflokka og \u00e1hrif \u00e1 stefnum\u00f3tun<\/em>. Um \u00feetta efni skrifa\u00f0i Stefan\u00eda \u00d3skarsd\u00f3ttir doktorsritger\u00f0[16]<\/a> \u2013 og margir a\u00f0rir hafa sinnt ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

\u00cd sj\u00f6tta lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka emb\u00e6ttiskerfi\u00f0, arf hj\u00e1lendut\u00edmans og vaxandi fagmennsku eftir s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimsstyrj\u00f6ld<\/em>. Gr\u00ed\u00f0armiklar ranns\u00f3knir hafa beinst a\u00f0 \u00feessu, ekki s\u00edst \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 meistaran\u00e1mi\u00f0 \u00ed opinberri stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu. \u00dear hefur Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson fari\u00f0 fremstur \u00ed flokki, m.a. \u00ed t\u00edmam\u00f3taverkinu Emb\u00e6ttismenn og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn<\/em>.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd sj\u00f6unda lagi nefnir \u00d3lafur Ragnar kosningaranns\u00f3knir<\/em>. \u00c9g stofna\u00f0i til \u00cdslensku kosningaranns\u00f3knarinnar 1983, hanna\u00f0i og framkv\u00e6mdi \u00fe\u00e1 fyrstu \u00e1samt Gunnari Helga \u2013 og skrifa\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0ar doktorsritger\u00f0 um efni\u00f0.[18]<\/a> \u00cdslenska kosningaranns\u00f3knin hefur s\u00ed\u00f0an veri\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md vi\u00f0 allar al\u00feingiskosningar 1983-2021. H\u00fan hefur eflst mj\u00f6g og or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 stofnun sem geymir st\u00e6rsta gagnasafn \u00edslenskra f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsinda \u2013 og lengstu t\u00edmar\u00f6\u00f0ina. G\u00f6gnin eru \u00ed opnum a\u00f0gangi \u2013 og hafa miki\u00f0 veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 af fr\u00e6\u00f0im\u00f6nnum um v\u00ed\u00f0a ver\u00f6ld. N\u00fdlegt d\u00e6mi er mikil b\u00f3k, Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities<\/em>, sem hinn heimsfr\u00e6gi hagfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur Thomas Piketty og f\u00e9lagar ritst\u00fdra, en \u00fear eru g\u00f6gnin fr\u00e1 1983-2017 greind \u00e1 n\u00fdst\u00e1rlegan h\u00e1tt \u00ed d\u00e1litlum kafla um \u00cdsland.[19]<\/a> Hin s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00e1r hefur n\u00fdtt og \u00f6flugt ranns\u00f3knarteymi stj\u00f3rna\u00f0 \u00cdslensku kosningaranns\u00f3kninni: Eva H. \u00d6nnud\u00f3ttir sem hefur veri\u00f0 \u00fear \u00ed forystu, Agnar Freyr Helgason, Hulda \u00de\u00f3risd\u00f3ttir (stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1las\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i), J\u00f3n Gunnar \u00d3lafsson (fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lafr\u00e6\u00f0i) \u2013 og \u00e9g f\u00e6 enn a\u00f0 vera me\u00f0. Auk upprunalegu spurningak\u00f6nnunarinnar til kj\u00f3senda eftir kosningar hafa b\u00e6st vi\u00f0 frambj\u00f3\u00f0endak\u00f6nnun og kosningabar\u00e1ttuk\u00f6nnun \u2013 og s\u00ed\u00f0an 1999 hefur hluti \u00cdslensku kosningaranns\u00f3knarinnar veri\u00f0 samr\u00e6mdar fj\u00f6l\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar spurningar, sem mynda \u00edslenska hlutann \u00ed gagnasafni CSES<\/em>, Comparative Studies of Electoral Systems.[20]<\/a> \u00c1ri\u00f0 2021 kom \u00fat b\u00f3k sem ranns\u00f3knarteymi\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0i og byggir \u00e1 \u00cdslensku kosningaranns\u00f3knunum 1983-2017, Electoral Politics in Crisis after the Great Recession. Change, Fluctutations and Stability in Iceland<\/em>.[21]<\/a> Megin\u00e1herslan er \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r miklu breytingar sem ur\u00f0u \u00e1 \u00edslenka flokkakerfinu eftir Hrun. B\u00f3kin er \u00ed opnum a\u00f0gangi hj\u00e1 Routledge.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00e1ttunda lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka sveitarstj\u00f3rnarm\u00e1l<\/em>. Um \u00feetta efni hefur miki\u00f0 veri\u00f0 rita\u00f0. \u00dear koma m.a. vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson, Gr\u00e9tar \u00de\u00f3r Ey\u00fe\u00f3rsson og Eva Mar\u00edn Hlynsd\u00f3ttir.<\/p>\n

Auk \u00feessara \u00e1tta svi\u00f0a nefnir \u00d3lafur Ragnar tvennt sem rannsaka \u00feurfi \u00ed samvinnu stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i og f\u00e9lagsfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

\u00cd fyrra lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka f\u00e9lagsger\u00f0ina \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, m.a. st\u00e9ttir og klofnings\u00fe\u00e1ttinn \u00fe\u00e9ttb\u00fdli-dreifb\u00fdli. \u00dearna hefur miki\u00f0 veri\u00f0 rannsaka\u00f0, m.a. \u00ed valdsranns\u00f3kninni sem fyrr var nefnd.<\/p>\n

\u00cd s\u00ed\u00f0ara lagi \u00fearf a\u00f0 rannsaka fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la og drottnun stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laflokka yfir \u00feeim<\/em>. \u00deorbj\u00f6rn Broddason vann merkilegt brautry\u00f0jendastarf \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i, en a\u00f0rir hafa skrifa\u00f0 um breytt tengsl fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la, n\u00fana s\u00ed\u00f0ast \u2013 og ekki s\u00edst \u2013 Birgir Gu\u00f0mundsson \u00ed doktorsritger\u00f0 um p\u00f3lit\u00edska bo\u00f0mi\u00f0lun \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd lj\u00f3si s\u00f6gunnar vir\u00f0ist eitt einkum vanta \u00ed tossalista \u00d3lafs Ragnars um ranns\u00f3knarsvi\u00f0: al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og \u00edslensk utanr\u00edkisstefna<\/em>, sem hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 eitt helsta \u00e1herslusvi\u00f0 \u00edslenskrar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugi og fj\u00f6lmargt veri\u00f0 rita\u00f0 um. H\u00e9r skal einungis nefnt a\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021 kom \u00fat t\u00edmam\u00f3taverk eftir Baldur \u00de\u00f3rhallsson, Iceland\u2018s Shelter-Seeking Behavior: From Settlement to Republic<\/em>.[23]<\/a> \u00dear eru tengsl \u00cdslands vi\u00f0 umheiminn allt fr\u00e1 landn\u00e1mi greind \u00ed lj\u00f3si stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra kenninga.<\/p>\n

\u00cdslensk stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0i hefur bl\u00f3mstra\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu h\u00e1lfa \u00f6ldina. Ranns\u00f3knar\u00e1\u00e6tlun \u2013 e\u00f0a tossalisti \u2013 \u00d3lafs Ragnars Gr\u00edmssonar fr\u00e1 1977 hefur \u00f6ll or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 veruleika \u2013 og gott betur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Aftanm\u00e1lsgreinar<\/strong><\/h5>\n


\n<\/strong>[1]<\/a> \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson (1977). \u201ePioneering Political Science. The Case of Iceland\u201c. Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em>, 12. \u00e1rgangur, bls. 47-61.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson (1996). \u201ePolitical Science in Iceland\u201c \u00ed J.-L. Quermonne (ritstj.)\u00a0 Political Science in Europe: Education, Co-operation, Prospects: Report on the State of the Dicipline in Europe<\/em>. Paris: Thematic Network Political Science, bls. 323-336.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00d3lafur \u00de. Har\u00f0arson (2007). \u201eThe Current State of Political Science in Iceland\u201c \u00ed H.-D. Klingemann (ritstj.) The State of Political Science in Western Europe.<\/em> Opladen-Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers, bls. 229-242.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u00d3lafur \u00de. Har\u00f0arson (2015). \u201ePolitical Science in Iceland 2014\u201c \u00ed B. Krauz-Mozer, M. Kulakowska, P. Borowiec og P. Scigaj (ritstj.) Political Science in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century<\/em>. Krak\u00f3w: Jagiellonian University Press, bls. 189-204.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson (2007). \u00cdslenska stj\u00f3rnkerfi\u00f0<\/em>. \u00d6nnur \u00fatg\u00e1fa, uppf\u00e6r\u00f0 og endursko\u00f0u\u00f0 2007. Reykjav\u00edk: H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson (1970). Political power in Iceland prior to the period of class politics 1845-1918. <\/em>Doktorsritger\u00f0. University of Manchester.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Indri\u00f0i Einarsson (1884). \u201eUm kosningar og kj\u00f3sendr til Al\u00feingis\u201c. T\u00edmarit hins \u00edslenska b\u00f3kmenntaf\u00e9lags<\/em>, 5. \u00e1rgangur bls. 1-35.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> T\u00edmariti\u00f0 fr\u00e1 upphafi m\u00e1 lesa \u00e1 vefs\u00ed\u00f0unni irpa.is<\/em><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson (2021). El\u00edtur og valdakerfi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/em>. Reykjav\u00edk: H\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00fatg\u00e1fan.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson (1976). \u201eThe Icelandic Power Structure 1800-2000\u201c. Scandinavian Political Studies<\/em>, 11. \u00e1rgangur.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Svanur Kristj\u00e1nsson (1977). Conflict and Consensus in Icelandic Politics 1916-1944<\/em>. Doktorsritger\u00f0. University of Illinois, Urbana.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson (1991). Farmers\u2018 Parties. A Study in Electoral Adaption<\/em>. Reykjav\u00edk: F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnun.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u00deorsteinn Magn\u00fasson (1987). The Icelandic Althingi and its Standing Committees<\/em>. Doktorsritger\u00f0. University of Exeter.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Ragnhildur Helgad\u00f3ttir, Helgi Sk\u00fali Kjartansson og \u00deorsteinn Magn\u00fasson (ritstj. 2011). \u00deingr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Samt\u00ed\u00f0 og saga<\/em>. Reykjav\u00edk: Forlagi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson (1982). \u201eThe Icelandic Multiparty Coalition System\u201c. E.C. Browne og J. Dreijmanis (ritstj.) Government Coalitions in Western Democracies<\/em>. New York og London: Longman. Sj\u00e1 l\u00edka t.d. Indri\u00f0i H. Indri\u00f0ason (2005). \u201eA Theory of Coalitions and Clientelism. Coalition Politics in Iceland 1945-2000\u201c. European Journal of Political Research<\/em>, 44: 439-464.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Stefan\u00eda \u00d3skarsd\u00f3ttir (1995). The Use of Incomes Polices: Icelandic Incomes Policies, 1969-1995<\/em>. Doktorsritger\u00f0. Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson (1994). Emb\u00e6ttismenn og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn<\/em>. Reykjav\u00edk: Heimskringla.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u00d3lafur \u00de. Har\u00f0arson (1995). Parties and Voters in Iceland. A Study of the 1983 and 1987 Althingi Elections<\/em>. Reykjav\u00edk: F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnun\/H\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00fatg\u00e1fan.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> A. Gethin, C. Mart\u00ednez-Toledano og T. Piketty (2021). Political Cleavages and Social Inequalities. A Study of Fifty Democracies, 1948\u20132020. <\/em>Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> G\u00f6gn og uppl\u00fdsingar \u00ed opnum a\u00f0gangi m\u00e1 finna \u00e1 vefs\u00ed\u00f0unni cses.org<\/em><\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Eva H. \u00d6nnud\u00f3ttir, Agnar Freyr Helgason, \u00d3lafur \u00de. Har\u00f0arson og Hulda \u00de\u00f3risd\u00f3ttir (2021). Electoral Politics in Crisis after the Great Recession. Change, Fluctuations and Stability in Iceland<\/em>. London og New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Birgir Gu\u00f0mundsson (2021). Political communication in a digital age. Defining new characteristics of the Icelandic media system<\/em>. Doktorsritger\u00f0. H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Baldur \u00de\u00f3rhallsson (2021). Iceland\u2018s Shelter-Seeking Bahavior. From Settlement to Republic<\/em>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00d3lafur \u00de. Har\u00f0arson, pr\u00f3fessor emeritus\u00a0 vi\u00f0 H\u00cd<\/em><\/p>\n

Hausti\u00f0 1967 h\u00f3f \u00e9g \u2013 15 \u00e1ra gamall \u2013 n\u00e1m vi\u00f0 Kennarask\u00f3la \u00cdslands. \u00c9g \u00e6tla\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a barnakennari, en stefndi \u00e1 a\u00f0 kenna vi\u00f0 gagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ask\u00f3la. Vissi a\u00f0 til \u00feess \u00feyrfti \u00e9g a\u00f0 taka BA-pr\u00f3f vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. En \u00ed hva\u00f0a grein? St\u00e6r\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i? \u00cdslensku? Sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":661,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2223,2225],"tags":[2327,2326,2325,2324],"coauthors":[2332],"class_list":["post-18125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-17-no-4-2022","category-new-article-editor-review-volume-17-no-4-2022","tag-islelnsk-hugtok","tag-rannsoknarstofnanir","tag-saga-felagsvisinda-a-islandi","tag-stjornmalafraedirannsoknir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18125","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/661"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18125"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18125\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18194,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18125\/revisions\/18194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18125"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18125"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18125"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=18125"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}