{"id":11340,"date":"2022-01-11T10:03:51","date_gmt":"2022-01-11T10:03:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=11340"},"modified":"2022-03-08T14:19:38","modified_gmt":"2022-03-08T14:19:38","slug":"glossarium-iuris-romani-latneskt-islenskt-ordasafn-romarettar-justinianusar-new-edition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/volume-17-no-1-2022\/other-contribution-editorial-review\/glossarium-iuris-romani-latneskt-islenskt-ordasafn-romarettar-justinianusar-new-edition\/","title":{"rendered":"GLOSSARIUM IURIS ROMANI (Latneskt-\u00edslenskt or\u00f0asafn R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttar J\u00fastin\u00edanusar) – New edition"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
\n\n\t\t<\/i><\/span> <\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n

Second edition<\/strong><\/p>\n

Introduction<\/p>\n

Roman law in the form of the legislation of the emperor Justinian (527-565) has been studied in Western Europe since the end of the 11th<\/sup> century in Bologna. Modern law is based in many ways on the concepts of ancient Roman law, therefore, it’s important that law students get to know them right at the beginning of their studies so that they will be well equipped to compare the different legal systems (in Europe). The knowledge of Roman law is often a prerequisite to a basic understanding of the legal norms in force. An understanding of Roman law is also important for the critical evaluation of present or proposed legislation. It is the best training ground for a future lawyer, judge or politician to learn to argue.<\/p>\n

There’s the story of a student who recently graduated in ancient Greek and Latin and applies for an advertised job at a big company. He is invited to a job interview where he is asked why he thinks to be qualified to work there because classic languages such as Latin are not relevant in modern business. He replies simply: \u00abThose who spoke this language built an empire and controlled it for centuries\u00bb. And he was hired…<\/p>\n

Roman law has always been part of the curriculum in the department of law at the University of Akureyri since the founding of the faculty of law in 2003. The impetus for this glossary emanated from my first year of teaching there (autumn 2019), because most of the students have not studied Latin at all during their high school years.<\/p>\n

This second edition would not have been finished without the amiable help of dr. Gunnar Kristj\u00e1nsson, provost emeritus, and \u00deorkell \u00d6rn \u00d3lason who reviewed the text thoroughly. I owe them a great debt and gratefully acknowledge their generosity. Many terms have been added at the end of a seminar in Roman law held for the first time at the University of Iceland in Reykjav\u00edk (autumn 2021). I would like to thank, in particular, my students at this seminar who contributed to the second edition.<\/p>\n

The main sources of this glossary are:<\/p>\n

Durant, W., R\u00f3maveldi<\/em> (\u00ed \u00edslenskri \u00fey\u00f0ingu J\u00f3nasar Kristj\u00e1nssonar), I-II, Reykjav\u00edk 1963\/64.<\/p>\n

Du Plessis, P.J., Borkowski\u2019s Textbook on Roman Law<\/em>, Oxford 20196<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

L\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ior\u00f0asafn i\u00f0or\u00f0abanka stofnunar \u00c1rna Magn\u00fassonar \u00ed \u00edslenskum fr\u00e6\u00f0um<\/p>\n

Sigur\u00f0ur L\u00edndal, Um l\u00f6g og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em>. Grundv\u00f6llur laga \u2013 r\u00e9ttarheimildir<\/em>. I. Reykjav\u00edk2<\/sup> 2018.<\/p>\n

__________, \u00abUm \u00feekkingu \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 r\u00f3mverskum og kan\u00f3n\u00edskum r\u00e9tti fr\u00e1 12. \u00f6ld til mi\u00f0rar 16. aldar\u00bb, \u00dalflj\u00f3tur <\/em>1 (1997), 241-273.<\/p>\n

Sveinbj\u00f6rn Rafnsson, \u00abGr\u00e1g\u00e1s og Digesta Iustiniani<\/em>\u00bb, Sj\u00f6t\u00edu ritger\u00f0ir helga\u00f0ar Jakobi Benediktssyni<\/em> II. Stofnun \u00c1rna Magn\u00fassonar. Reykjav\u00edk 1977, 720-732.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1. Saga og stj\u00f3rnskipan R\u00f3maveldis<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

aedilis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ed\u00edll, umsj\u00f3narma\u00f0ur r\u00edkisverka.<\/p>\n

auctoritas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e1hrifavald, \u00e1byrg\u00f0arvald \u2260 \u2192 potestas<\/em>! Hugtaki\u00f0 er nota\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fdmsum tilgangi en v\u00edsar oftast til einhvers konar veitingavalds. Einnig nota\u00f0 \u00feegar l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0andi veitir munnlegt vilyr\u00f0i um \u00feekkingu skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ings \u00e1 tilteknu svi\u00f0i sem veitir \u00fe\u00e1 r\u00e9ttindi e\u00f0a skyldur.<\/p>\n

Augustus<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hinn g\u00f6fgi e\u00f0a hinn tigni; hei\u00f0urstitill sem Octav\u00edanus \u2192 princeps<\/em> var fengi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 27 f.Kr. sem sagan hefur fyrir misskilning gert a\u00f0 nafni hans. \u00c1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i \u00feetta or\u00f0 a\u00f0eins veri\u00f0 haft um helgista\u00f0i og helga d\u00f3ma. Titill \u00feessi var\u00f0 seinna a\u00f0 emb\u00e6ttisheiti handhafa \u00e6\u00f0sta framkv\u00e6mda\u00advalds \u00ed R\u00f3maveldi og sameina\u00f0ur fj\u00f6lskyldu\u00adnafni Caesar<\/em>: Caesar Augustus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e6sar<\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fj\u00f6lskyldunafn\u00a0 hins valdamikla Gaiusar J\u00fal\u00edusar sem s\u00ed\u00f0an var\u00f0 a\u00f0 titli fyrir \u00feann sem f\u00f3r me\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0sta vald \u00ed R\u00f3maveldi: Caesar<\/em> = keisari<\/em> = Kaiser <\/em>(\u00fe\u00fdska) = tsar<\/em> (R\u00fassakeisari).<\/p>\n

censor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>sensor; sensorar voru tveir, kj\u00f6rnir til fimm \u00e1ra af \u2192 comitia centuriata<\/em>. Annar \u00feeirra s\u00e1 um manntal \u00fea\u00f0 sem teki\u00f0 var \u00e1 fimm \u00e1ra fresti og mat eignir borgaranna til skattlagningar og \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed landsstj\u00f3rn og styrj\u00f6ldum. Sensorar skyldu rannsaka h\u00e6fni og feril allra \u00feeirra sem s\u00f3ttu\u00a0 um emb\u00e6tti. \u00deeir v\u00f6ktu yfir s\u00e6md kvenna, fr\u00e6\u00f0slu barna, me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6la, innheimtu skatta, byggingarfram\u00adkv\u00e6mdum r\u00edkisins, leigu r\u00edkiseigna og skipulegri r\u00e6ktun landsins. \u00deeir g\u00e1tu l\u00e6kka\u00f0 hvern sem var \u00ed mannvir\u00f0ingu og viki\u00f0 \u00far \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0inu \u00feeim sem sekir fundust um si\u00f0leysi e\u00f0a gl\u00e6pi.<\/p>\n

clientes\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ingar.<\/p>\n

comitia centuriata\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hundra\u00f0sdeilda\u00feing; \u00feetta \u00feing t\u00f3k nafn af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hernum, og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni allri, var skipt \u00ed centuriae<\/em>, hundra\u00f0sdeildir, deildir sem upphaflega voru skipa\u00f0ar hundra\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum hver. Flokkun \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar \u00ed hundra\u00f0sdeildir haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i vegna skattgrei\u00f0slu og her\u00fej\u00f3nustu, og \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3tti R\u00f3mverjum skylt a\u00f0 atkv\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00e9ttur yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 tilt\u00f6lu vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 skatta sem menn greiddu og \u00fe\u00e1 herskyldu sem \u00feeim var l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 her\u00f0ar. \u00deetta hundra\u00f0sdeilda\u00feing kaus hina \u00e6\u00f0ri emb\u00e6ttismenn, sam\u00feykkti e\u00f0a felldi frumv\u00f6rp \u00feau sem fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 voru l\u00f6g\u00f0 af \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0inu e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum stj\u00f3rnar-m\u00f6nnum, h\u00f3f styrjaldir og samdi fri\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 var hinn brei\u00f0i grundv\u00f6llur sem b\u00e6\u00f0i her og r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn hv\u00edldi \u00e1. \u00de\u00f3 voru valdi \u00feess mikil takm\u00f6rk sett. \u00dea\u00f0 kom \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins til fundar a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri kalla\u00f0 saman af \u2192 consul<\/em> e\u00f0a \u2192 tribunus plebis<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1tti ekki breyta neinu \u00ed till\u00f6gum \u00feeirra, heldur einungis grei\u00f0a atkv\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 e\u00f0a m\u00f3ti.<\/p>\n

comitia curiata\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>kyndeilda\u00feing (curiata<\/em> \u2192 \u00e1 lat\u00ednu: cum ire<\/em> = koma saman): \u00c6ttah\u00f6f\u00f0ingjar koma saman sem fulltr\u00faar fyrir hinar \u00ferj\u00e1t\u00edu deildir (curiae)<\/em> kynflokkanna \u00feriggja. Til loka \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldisins haf\u00f0i \u00feetta kyndeilda\u00feing \u00fev\u00ed hlutverki a\u00f0 gegna a\u00f0 veita n\u00fdkj\u00f6rnum emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum stj\u00f3rnvaldi\u00f0, \u2192 imperium. <\/em>En eftir hrun konungsveldisins missti kyndeilda\u00feingi\u00f0 skj\u00f3tlega \u00f6ll \u00f6nnur v\u00f6ld \u00ed hendur samkomu sem nefndist \u2192 comitia centuriata<\/em>.<\/p>\n

comitia tributa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>sveita\u00feing f\u00f3lksins; \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feingum\u00a0 var m\u00f6nnum ra\u00f0a\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt \u00e6ttb\u00e1lki (tribus<\/em>) og b\u00fasetu \u00e1 grundvelli manntals. Hver sveit haf\u00f0i eitt atkv\u00e6\u00f0i, og au\u00f0menn voru ekki metnir d\u00fdrar en f\u00e1t\u00e6klingar. \u00d6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenndi r\u00e9tt sveita\u00feingsins til l\u00f6ggjafar \u00e1ri\u00f0 287, og \u00far \u00fev\u00ed j\u00f3kst vald \u00feess jafnt og \u00fe\u00e9tt, svo a\u00f0 kringum 200 var \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0in helsta uppspretta einkal\u00f6ggjafar \u00ed R\u00f3maborg. \u00c1 sveita\u00feinginu f\u00f3ru \u00fe\u00f3 ekki heldur fram neinar umr\u00e6\u00f0ur f\u00f3lksins. Einhver emb\u00e6ttisma\u00f0ur, oftast \u2192 tribunus plebis<\/em>, bar fram laga\u00adfrumvarp og reifa\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0. Annar emb\u00e6ttisma\u00f0ur m\u00e1tti m\u00e6la gegn frumvarpinu, en \u00feingi\u00f0 hlaut a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta s\u00e9r n\u00e6gja a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00e1 m\u00e1l \u00feeirra og segja s\u00ed\u00f0an j\u00e1 e\u00f0a nei.<\/p>\n

concilium plebis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u\u00feing; samsvarar a\u00f0 m\u00f6rgu leyti \u2192 comitia tributa<\/em> nema a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 kom saman undir forystu \u2192 tribunus plebis<\/em> og var samansett einungis af \u2192 plebeium.<\/em><\/p>\n

concilium principis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>keisarar\u00e1\u00f0, tuttugu manna r\u00e1\u00f0gjafanefnd \u2192 princeps<\/em>; me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum hlutu \u00farskur\u00f0ir \u00feessa r\u00e1\u00f0s gildi sem tilskipanir \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins ( \u2192 senatusconsulta<\/em>).<\/p>\n

consul<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 r\u00e6\u00f0isma\u00f0ur, voru tveir og kj\u00f6rnir til eins \u00e1rs \u00ed senn, \u00e6\u00f0sta emb\u00e6tti l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins. R\u00e6\u00f0ismenn voru bundnir hvor af annars jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i, af sam\u00feykktum \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins og af neitunarvaldi al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uforingja (\u2192 tribunus plebis<\/em>).<\/p>\n

cursus honorum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>framabraut emb\u00e6ttismannsins; honor<\/em> = hei\u00f0ur af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann gegndi emb\u00e6tti s\u00ednu \u00e1n endurgrei\u00f0slu. \u00dear af lei\u00f0andi var r\u00f3mverska l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed reyndinni f\u00e1mennisstj\u00f3rn \u00feeirra sem au\u00f0inn \u00e1ttu og g\u00e1tu \u00feess vegna gefi\u00f0 kost \u00e1 s\u00e9r til emb\u00e6tta r\u00edkisins.<\/p>\n

dictator\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>alr\u00e6\u00f0isma\u00f0ur (einvaldur); \u00ed ney\u00f0ar\u00e1standi sem \u00f6ldunga\u00adr\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00fdsti yfir (Videant consules ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat<\/em> \u2013 \u201cr\u00e6\u00f0ismennirnir megi sj\u00e1 svo um a\u00f0 ekkert mein ver\u00f0i unni\u00f0 r\u00edkinu\u201d) m\u00e1tti annar hvor r\u00e6\u00f0ismannanna tveggja tilnefna alr\u00e6\u00f0ismann sem f\u00e9kk \u00f3skora\u00f0 vald yfir \u00f6llum m\u00f6nnum og eignum, en hann m\u00e1tti ekki ey\u00f0a almannaf\u00e9 \u00e1n sam\u00feykkis \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins, og valdat\u00edmi hans var bundinn vi\u00f0 sex m\u00e1nu\u00f0i e\u00f0a eitt \u00e1r.<\/p>\n

dominatus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>einveldi; \u00ed s\u00f6gu R\u00f3maveldis t\u00edmabil fr\u00e1 285\u2013565 e.Kr. \u00fear sem s\u00ed\u00f0ustu leifar hins l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega stj\u00f3rnarkerfis voru lag\u00f0ar ni\u00f0ur og keisarinn f\u00f3r me\u00f0 allt r\u00edkisvald og var kalla\u00f0ur dominus<\/em> = drottinn.<\/p>\n

equites<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 riddarar, kaups\u00fdslu- e\u00f0a f\u00e9s\u00fdslumenn.<\/p>\n

imperator\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0alherstj\u00f3ri e\u00f0a herforingi; s\u00ed\u00f0an samheiti fyrir \u2192 princeps<\/em> og \u2192 Caesar Augustus<\/em>. \u00c1 \u00f6\u00f0rum tungum\u00e1lum t\u00f6kuor\u00f0 fyrir keisara: emperor (enska), empereur (franska), imperatore (\u00edtalska), emperador (sp\u00e6nska).<\/p>\n

imperium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>herstj\u00f3rnarvald; einnig vald \u00feeirra sem gegndu \u00e6\u00f0stu emb\u00e6ttum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldisins (eins og \u2192 consul <\/em>e\u00f0a \u2192<\/em> praetor<\/em>).<\/p>\n

iurisdictio<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 l\u00f6gsaga, d\u00f3msvald.<\/p>\n

monarchia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 konungd\u00e6mi; \u00ed s\u00f6gu R\u00f3mar t\u00edmabili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 753\u2013510 f.Kr.<\/p>\n

patres (et) conscripti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u201cfe\u00f0ur og me\u00f0skr\u00e1\u00f0ir\u201d = \u00f6ldungar \u00far st\u00e9tt patris\u00edanna (fe\u00f0ur) og \u00far r\u00f6\u00f0um au\u00f0ugra manna (einkum \u2192 equites<\/em>) sem t\u00f3kst me\u00f0 au\u00f0\u00e6fum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 ry\u00f0ja s\u00e9r braut upp \u00ed \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0.<\/p>\n

patricii\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>afkomendur fe\u00f0ranna, \u00fe.e.a.s. afkomendur \u00feeirra 100 h\u00f6f\u00f0ingja sem kj\u00f6rnir voru af R\u00f3m\u00falusi vi\u00f0 upphaf s\u00f6gu R\u00f3mar<\/p>\n

patronus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>verndari.<\/p>\n

plebeius<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 alm\u00fagama\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

plebs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00fd\u00f0ur, al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

pontifex maximus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e6\u00f0stiprestur hinna r\u00f3mversku tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a og forseti prestaf\u00e9lags sem allt fram \u00e1 5. \u00f6ld f.Kr. var fali\u00f0 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 um t\u00falkun laganna.<\/p>\n

populus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0; allir frj\u00e1lsir r\u00edkisborgarar R\u00f3mar, patris\u00edar og plebejar.<\/p>\n

potestas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>vald; einkum vald \u2192 pater familias <\/em>[sj\u00e1 \u2192 pers\u00f3nur\u00e9ttur]; einnig emb\u00e6ttisvald \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rnarmanna r\u00edkisins.<\/p>\n

praetor<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 pretor; d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ri e\u00f0a d\u00f3msforseti.<\/p>\n

praetor peregrinus<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00fatlendingapretor, \u00ed fyrstu yfir erlenda menn \u00ed R\u00f3maborg, s\u00ed\u00f0an yfir alla \u00cdtal\u00edu og loks yfir skattl\u00f6ndin. Var honum fengi\u00f0 vald til \u00feess a\u00f0 br\u00e6\u00f0a saman l\u00f6g R\u00f3mverja og heimamanna \u00e1 hverjum sta\u00f0. \u00c1rlegar skipanir pretors \u00feessa og \u00farskur\u00f0ir skattlandsstj\u00f3ra sk\u00f6pu\u00f0u sm\u00e1m saman \u00feann \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arr\u00e9tt (\u2192 ius gentium<\/em> [sj\u00e1 \u2192 r\u00e9ttarkerfi \/ almenn hugt\u00f6k]) sem fylgt var \u00ed stj\u00f3rn heimsveldisins.<\/p>\n

praetor urbanus<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 pretor R\u00f3maborgar.<\/p>\n

princeps (senatus)<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hinn fyrsti e\u00f0a oddviti (\u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins); titill sem Octav\u00edanus \u00c1g\u00fastus var fenginn \u00e1ri\u00f0 28 f.Kr. og sem hann h\u00e9lt allt til \u00e6viloka. \u00cd upphafi merkti \u00feetta tignarheiti a\u00f0 nafn hans st\u00e6\u00f0i efst \u00e1 skr\u00e1 \u00f6ldunga, en br\u00e1tt t\u00f3k \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 merkja stj\u00f3rnanda r\u00edkisins, og er af \u00fev\u00ed komi\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 prins<\/em> \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edma\u00adm\u00e1lum.<\/p>\n

principatus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00ed s\u00f6gunni er stj\u00f3rnarfar Octav\u00edanusar og eftirmanna hans um n\u00e6stu tv\u00e6r aldir kalla\u00f0 \u201eprincipat\u201d e\u00f0a oddvitastj\u00f3rn. Var og eigi um algj\u00f6rt einveldi a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, \u00fev\u00ed allt til dau\u00f0a Comm\u00f3dusar (192 e.Kr.) vi\u00f0urkenndu allir keisararnir, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti \u00ed or\u00f0i kve\u00f0nu, a\u00f0 \u00feeir v\u00e6ru einungis oddvitar \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins (principes senatus<\/em>) innan stj\u00f3rnarkerfi l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins. <\/em>Formlega s\u00e9\u00f0 t\u00edmabili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 27\u2013285 e.Kr.<\/p>\n

quaestor<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kvestor; emb\u00e6ttisma\u00f0ur sem s\u00e9r um r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0inn e\u00f0a r\u00edkishirsluna.<\/p>\n

res publica<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 l\u00fd\u00f0veldi, b\u00f3kstaflega: \u201e(opinbert) m\u00e1l sem var\u00f0ar alla\u201c. Skv. gr\u00edska sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingnum P\u00f3lyb\u00edos (2. \u00f6ld f.Kr.) er hin r\u00f3mverska res publica<\/em> besta stj\u00f3rnskipan \u00ed heiminum: Takmarka\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i er f\u00f3lgi\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6ggjafarvaldi \u00feinganna, h\u00f6f\u00f0ingjaveldi undir forustu \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins, tv\u00edveldi undir skammvinnri stj\u00f3rn hverra tveggja r\u00e6\u00f0ismanna, einst\u00f6ku sinnum einveldi \u00feegar kj\u00f6rnir voru alr\u00e6\u00f0ismenn. Samkv\u00e6mt C\u00edcer\u00f3 er einveldi besta stj\u00f3rnarfari\u00f0 \u00feegar einvaldurinn er g\u00f3\u00f0ur, en verst allra stj\u00f3rnh\u00e1tta \u00feegar hann er illur. H\u00f6f\u00f0ingjaveldi er einnig gott ef bestu mennirnir f\u00e1 a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna. L\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i er gott \u00feegar f\u00f3lki\u00f0 er dygg\u00f0ugt. Heppilegasta stj\u00f3rnarfari\u00f0 telur hann \u00fev\u00ed samsteypu \u00far \u00feessu \u00ferennu eins og P\u00f3lyb\u00edos. Ef engar h\u00f6mlur eru \u00e1 lag\u00f0ar breytist hins vegar einr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed har\u00f0stj\u00f3rn, h\u00f6f\u00f0ingjaveldi\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00e1mennisstj\u00f3rn og l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed skr\u00edlr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00f3stj\u00f3rn. \u00cd s\u00f6gu R\u00f3mar \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu fr\u00e1 510-27 f.Kr.<\/p>\n

senatus<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0, upphaflega r\u00e1\u00f0gjafasamkunda patris\u00edanna. En \u00e6ttarh\u00f6f\u00f0ingjar \u00feeir sem \u00ed \u00f6ndver\u00f0u skipu\u00f0u r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0, voru sm\u00e1m saman leystir af h\u00f3lmi af fyrrverandi \u2192 consules<\/em> og \u2192 censores<\/em>, og sensorarnir h\u00f6f\u00f0u vald til a\u00f0 fylla t\u00f6lu r\u00e1\u00f0smanna \u00ed 300 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nefna til r\u00e1\u00f0sins menn af st\u00e9tt patris\u00eda e\u00f0a riddara. Menn s\u00e1tu \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0inu \u00e6vilangt.<\/p>\n

tribunus plebis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uforingi e\u00f0a fulltr\u00fai \/ m\u00e1lssvari al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u \u00ed hv\u00edvetna, eftir 367 f.Kr. t\u00edu talsins. Hlutverk \u00feeirra var a\u00f0 vernda l\u00fd\u00f0inn fyrir ofr\u00edki landsstj\u00f3rnarmanna, og \u00feeir g\u00e1tu me\u00f0 or\u00f0i \u2192 veto <\/em>st\u00f6\u00f0va\u00f0 allar athafnir stj\u00f3rnvaldanna hven\u00e6r sem einhverjum \u00feeirra bau\u00f0 svo vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 horfa. \u00deessir t\u00edu menn voru sacrosancti <\/em>(= fri\u00f0helgir), sem kalla\u00f0 var: \u00fea\u00f0 var tali\u00f0 helgispj\u00f6ll og l\u00edfll\u00e1tss\u00f6k a\u00f0 beita \u00fe\u00e1 ofbeldi nema \u00e1 t\u00edmum l\u00f6gm\u00e6trar alr\u00e6\u00f0isstj\u00f3rnar (\u2192 dictator<\/em>).<\/p>\n

triumviratus<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00feremenningasamband, \u00fer\u00edeyki e\u00f0a \u00fer\u00edstj\u00f3raveldi (1. Crassus, Pompeius og Caesar; 2. Octav\u00edanus [s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00c1g\u00fastus], Mark\u00fas Anton\u00edus og Lep\u00eddus).<\/p>\n

veto\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00e9g banna: <\/em>neitunarvald al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uforingja til a\u00f0 vernda l\u00fd\u00f0inn fyrir ofr\u00edki landsstj\u00f3rnarinnar. Me\u00f0 veto <\/em>g\u00e1tu \u00feeir st\u00f6\u00f0va\u00f0 allar athafnir stj\u00f3rnavaldanna hven\u00e6r sem einhverjum \u00feeirra bau\u00f0 svo vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 horfa.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2. R\u00e9ttarkerfi R\u00f3maveldis<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

a. Almenn hugt\u00f6k<\/span><\/p>\n

constitutiones\u00a0<\/em>principum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>skjalfestar skipanir keisara; \u00fe\u00e6r birtust \u00ed fj\u00f3rum myndum: 1) edicta<\/em>, \u00fe.e.a.s. princeps<\/em> gefur \u00fat tilskipanir \u00ed krafti emb\u00e6ttisvalds s\u00edns sem giltu um allt heimsveldi\u00f0; 2) decreta<\/em> e\u00f0a \u00farskur\u00f0ir hans \u00ed d\u00f3maras\u00e6ti h\u00f6f\u00f0u lagagildi eins og hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum; 3) rescripta<\/em>, \u00fe.e.a.s. princeps<\/em> veitti skrifleg sv\u00f6r vi\u00f0 fyrirspurnum um \u00fdmis vafam\u00e1l\u00a0anna\u00f0hvort \u00ed br\u00e9flega (epistulum<\/em>) \u00feegar um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a fyrirspurn emb\u00e6ttismanns e\u00f0a sem \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un \u00fear sem skrifa\u00f0 var undir bei\u00f0ni \u00f3breytts borgara sem haf\u00f0i sn\u00fai\u00f0 s\u00e9r til hans (subscriptio<\/em>); 4) mandata <\/em>e\u00f0a fyrirm\u00e6li \u00feau sem keisarar g\u00e1fu emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum og sem ur\u00f0u me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum \u00edtarleg stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslul\u00f6g.<\/p>\n

Corpus iuris civilis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>lagasafn e\u00f0a R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttur J\u00fastin\u00edanusar sem skiptist \u00ed fernt: Codex<\/em> (heildst\u00e6\u00f0 og samr\u00e6md l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f e\u00f0a safn tilskipana keisara – keisaral\u00f6gin) sem \u00e1 r\u00f3t a\u00f0 rekja til tilrauna sem \u00e1\u00f0ur h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 b\u00f3kfesta r\u00f3mverska r\u00e9ttinn; Digesta <\/em>e\u00f0a\u00a0Pandectae<\/em> (\u00fatdr\u00e6ttir \u00far \u00e1litsger\u00f0um, \u00far-skur\u00f0um og fr\u00e6\u00f0iritger\u00f0um nafntoga\u00f0ra l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga); Institutiones<\/em> (inngangsfr\u00e6\u00f0in e\u00f0a kennslub\u00f3k \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum r\u00e9tti fyrir laganema; eins konar almenn l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i) og Novellae<\/em> (n\u00fdm\u00e6li, n\u00e1nar tilteki\u00f0 l\u00f6g sem sett voru eftir a\u00f0 Codex<\/em> haf\u00f0i birst).<\/p>\n

decemviri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>t\u00edmenningar sem s\u00f6mdu \u2192 leges duodecim tabularum<\/em> (t\u00f3lftaflnal\u00f6g). Flestir telja, a\u00f0 verkefni\u00f0 \u00feeirra hafi veri\u00f0 tv\u00ed\u00fe\u00e6tt, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0 b\u00f3kfesta gildandi r\u00e9ttarvenjur og einnig a\u00f0 setja n\u00fdm\u00e6li og fella brott \u00farelt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

edictum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>tilskipun; \u00fdmis lagaleg fyrirm\u00e6li sem voru minni h\u00e1ttar e\u00f0a s\u00e9rstaks e\u00f0lis voru sett \u00ed mynd tilskipana (edicta<\/em>) af emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum R\u00f3maborgar. Hver n\u00fdr borgarpretor (praetor urbanus<\/em>) gaf \u00fat edictum praetorium<\/em> e\u00f0a edictum perpetuum<\/em> sem kunngj\u00f6rt var af kallara \u00e1 R\u00f3matorgi og letra\u00f0 \u00e1 vegg. \u00dear voru birtar \u00fe\u00e6r lagareglur sem pretorinn hug\u00f0ist fylgja \u00ed d\u00f3msst\u00f6rfum ( \u2192 formula<\/em>, sj\u00e1 \u2192 r\u00e9ttarfar) og \u00f6\u00f0rum ath\u00f6fnum \u00e1 emb\u00e6ttis\u00e1ri s\u00ednu. Svipa\u00f0ar tilskipanir voru \u00fatgefnar af \u00fatlendigapretorum (praetores peregrini<\/em>). Samkv\u00e6mt stj\u00f3rnarvaldi s\u00ednu m\u00e1ttu pretorar sk\u00fdra n\u00e1nar gildandi l\u00f6g. \u00deannig samtengdust hin fornu grundvallarl\u00f6g R\u00f3mverja (\u2192 ius civile<\/em>) og lifandi d\u00f3msst\u00f6rf pretoranna. \u00deegar l\u00f6g e\u00f0a lagagreinar voru endurteknar \u00ed tilskipunum pretora m\u00f6rg \u00e1r \u00ed r\u00f6\u00f0 (edictum tralaticium<\/em>), ur\u00f0u \u00feau \u00e1kve\u00f0inn \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed hinum svonefnda \u2192 ius honorarium<\/em>. Hitt bar \u00fe\u00f3 einnig i\u00f0ulega vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 pretor gengi \u00ed gegn tilskipunum og stefnu forvera s\u00edns, og r\u00edkti svo \u00f3vissa \u00ed l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f og gj\u00f6rr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed d\u00f3mum. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 binda enda \u00e1 \u00f3vissu \u00feessa bau\u00f0 Hadr\u00edanus keisari a\u00f0 steypa \u00f6llum emb\u00e6ttismannal\u00f6gum saman og gefa \u00feeim varanlegt gildi (edictum perpetuum<\/em>, 130 e.Kr.). Skyldi keisarinn einn hafa vald til a\u00f0 breyta \u00feeim.<\/p>\n

interpretatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>vitsmunalega ferli\u00f0, grundvallaratri\u00f0i \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3un r\u00f3mverskra laga, \u00fear sem lagareglur e\u00f0a vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 voru \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0 og t\u00falku\u00f0 af l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum til a\u00f0 kanna raunverulega merkingu \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

ius\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e9ttur \/ r\u00e9ttarkerfi sem n\u00e6r b\u00e6\u00f0i yfir skr\u00e1\u00f0an og \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0an r\u00e9tt.<\/p>\n

ius civile\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e9ttur R\u00f3maborgar, s\u00ed\u00f0ar r\u00edkisr\u00e9ttur \u00e1 grundvelli \u2192 leges duodecim tabularum <\/em>og annarra lagasetninga.<\/p>\n

ius edicendi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e9tturinn til a\u00f0 gefa tilskipanir sem tilteknum emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum (t.d. praetor<\/em>)er veittur \u00ed krafti valds s\u00edns til a\u00f0 gefa \u00fat tilskipanir.<\/p>\n

ius gentium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur; r\u00e9ttur \u00ed gildi me\u00f0al allra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a og auk \u00feess r\u00e9ttur til a\u00f0 leysa m\u00e1l\u00a0 milli r\u00f3mverskra r\u00edkisborgara og \u00fatlendinga.<\/p>\n

ius honorarium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u201ehei\u00f0ursr\u00e9ttur\u201c; r\u00e9ttur \u00ed krafti r\u00e1\u00f0herravalds \u00e6\u00f0stu emb\u00e6ttismanna r\u00f3mverska l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins;\u00a0 \u00abhei\u00f0ursr\u00e9ttur\u00bb af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir gegndu emb\u00e6tti s\u00ednu \u00e1n endurgrei\u00f0slu; einnig kalla\u00f0 ius praetorium<\/em> enda voru \u00fea\u00f0 helst \u2192 praetores<\/em> e\u00f0a d\u00f3mstj\u00f3rar sem leyf\u00f0u n\u00fdjar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir innan r\u00e9ttarkerfisins.<\/p>\n

ius naturale\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>n\u00e1tt\u00farul\u00f6gm\u00e1l sem allar skepnur (b\u00e6\u00f0i menn og d\u00fdr) fylgja.<\/p>\n

ius privatum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>einkar\u00e9ttur sem var\u00f0ar samskipti milli einstaklinga.<\/p>\n

ius publicum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e9ttur sem var\u00f0ar r\u00edki\u00f0 e\u00f0a samskipti milli einstaklings og r\u00edkisvalds.<\/p>\n

ius non scriptum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00f3rita\u00f0ur \/ \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0ur r\u00e9ttur; frekar \u00f3skipulegt safn af \u00e6ttarvenjum, konungstilskipunum og bo\u00f0or\u00f0um prestanna \u2192 mos maiorum<\/em>.<\/p>\n

ius scriptum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>rita\u00f0ur \/ skr\u00e1\u00f0ur r\u00e9ttur.<\/p>\n

ius respondendi\u00a0<\/em>ex auctoritate principis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>leyfi veitt \u00fatv\u00f6ldum l\u00f6gspekingum til a\u00f0 svara fyrir h\u00f6nd keisara e\u00f0a princeps<\/em>.<\/p>\n

leges duodecim tabularum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>t\u00f3lftalfnal\u00f6g; fram \u00e1 5. \u00f6ld f.Kr. h\u00f6f\u00f0u patris\u00edaklerkar var\u00f0veitt l\u00f6g R\u00f3mverja og skori\u00f0 \u00far l\u00f6gm\u00e1ls\u00fer\u00e6tum. \u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u haldi\u00f0 lagaskr\u00e1m s\u00ednum leyndum og nota\u00f0 einokun s\u00edna og samband laganna vi\u00f0 tr\u00fa og helgisi\u00f0i sem vopn gegn breytingum \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsh\u00e1ttum. Eftir langvarandi \u00fe\u00f3f sendi r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 nefnd \u00feriggja patris\u00eda til Grikklands a\u00f0 rannsaka l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f S\u00f3lons og annarra gr\u00edskra lagasm\u00ed\u00f0a (\u00e1ri\u00f0 451). \u00deegar \u00feeir komu aftur heim a\u00f0 \u00feremur \u00e1rum li\u00f0num, kaus \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0fundurinn t\u00edu menn \u2192 decemviri<\/em> til a\u00f0 setja n\u00fd l\u00f6g og veitti \u00feeim alr\u00e6\u00f0isvald \u00ed R\u00f3m um tveggja \u00e1ra skei\u00f0. L\u00f6ggjafarnir breyttu fornum r\u00e9ttarvenjum R\u00f3mverja og settu \u00feeim hin fr\u00e6gu t\u00f3lftaflnal\u00f6g, sem sam\u00feykkt voru \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feingi me\u00f0 nokkrum breytingum og s\u00ed\u00f0an h\u00f6f\u00f0 uppi \u00e1 torginu til s\u00fdnis hverjum \u00feeim sem lesa vildi \u2013 og lesa kunni. \u00deessi hlj\u00f3\u00f0l\u00e1ti atbur\u00f0ur olli aldahv\u00f6rfum \u00ed s\u00f6gu R\u00f3mverja. N\u00fa var \u00ed elstu mynd letra\u00f0 lagakerfi \u00feess r\u00e9ttarkerfis sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar kallast R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttur. T\u00f6flurnar t\u00f3lf voru \u00e1 tvennan veg bylting \u00ed l\u00f6gum: N\u00fa voru R\u00f3mal\u00f6g birt almenningi, og jafnframt ger\u00f0 veraldleg. T\u00f6flurnar t\u00f3lf\u00a0 t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 af \u00f3vissu og \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0um lagavenjum og ur\u00f0u br\u00e1tt grundv\u00f6llur almennrar menntunar. Fram \u00e1 daga C\u00edcer\u00f3s m\u00e1ttu allir n\u00e1msmenn l\u00e6ra \u00fe\u00e6r utanb\u00f3kar, og eflaust hafa \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1tt drj\u00fagan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta hina str\u00f6ngu og stefnuf\u00f6stu, r\u00f6kfimu og l\u00f6ghneig\u00f0u skapger\u00f0 R\u00f3mverja. \u00de\u00e6r voru auknar og endurb\u00e6ttar aftur og aftur, me\u00f0 setningu n\u00fdrra laga, pretorabo\u00f0um, r\u00e1\u00f0ssam\u00feykktum og tilskipunum keisara, en voru \u00fe\u00f3 grundv\u00f6llur r\u00f3mverskra laga \u00ed 900 \u00e1r allt til daga J\u00fastin\u00edans keisara, en me\u00f0 honum hofst n\u00fdr \u00fe\u00e1ttur r\u00f3mverskrar r\u00e9ttars\u00f6gu.<\/p>\n

lex\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>lagabo\u00f0 e\u00f0a n\u00e1nar lagab\u00e1lkur; l\u00f6gin voru \u00ed senn lex<\/em> og \u2192 ius<\/em> = lagabo\u00f0 og r\u00e9ttur. Lex<\/em> sem rita\u00f0 lagabo\u00f0 er partur af ius<\/em>. Lagafrumv\u00f6rp emb\u00e6ttismanna r\u00edkisins voru afgreidd \u00e1 hinum \u00fdmsu \u00feingum (\u2192 comitia<\/em>, sj\u00e1 \u2192 saga R\u00f3maveldis).<\/p>\n

magistratuum edicta\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>lagalega bindandi \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir d\u00f3msforseta (praetor<\/em>).<\/p>\n

mos maiorum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>si\u00f0ir fe\u00f0ranna; allt fram \u00e1 4. \u00f6ld e.Kr. fyrirmynd si\u00f0g\u00e6\u00f0is og uppsretta laganna.<\/p>\n

plebiscitum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00farskur\u00f0ir al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0unnar e\u00f0a l\u00f6g afgreidd af al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0udeild R\u00f3maborgar (\u2192 concilium plebis<\/em>, sj\u00e1 \u2192 saga R\u00f3maveldis) sem allt fr\u00e1 287 f.Kr. (lex Hortensia<\/em>) t\u00f3ku einnig gildi fyrir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina alla, \u00fe.e.a.s einnig fyrir heldri borgara (patricii<\/em>).<\/p>\n

principum placita\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00f6ggjafarvald \u2192 princeps<\/em>; t\u00f3k \u00e1 sig mismunandi form.<\/p>\n

responsa prudentium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>lagat\u00falkun l\u00f6gspekinganna; oft leitu\u00f0u l\u00f6gmenn og d\u00f3mendur r\u00e1\u00f0a l\u00f6gspekinganna. Sm\u00e1m saman h\u00f6f\u00f0u skrifleg sv\u00f6r \u00feeirra, samkv\u00e6mt \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0ri venju, n\u00e1lega sama gildi sem l\u00f6g v\u00e6ru. \u00c1g\u00fastus veitti \u00farskur\u00f0um \u00feeirra fullkomi\u00f0 lagagildi me\u00f0 tveimur skilyr\u00f0um: a\u00f0 l\u00f6g-spekingurinn hef\u00f0i fengi\u00f0 hj\u00e1 keisraranum \u2192 ius respondendi<\/em> e\u00f0a r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 svara spurningum um lagaefni\u00a0og a\u00f0 svari\u00f0 v\u00e6ri sent innsigla\u00f0 til d\u00f3mara \u00feess sem fjalla\u00f0i um hluta\u00f0eigandi m\u00e1l. \u00c1 d\u00f6gum J\u00fastin\u00edanusar voru \u00feessi responsa<\/em> e\u00f0a lagasv\u00f6r or\u00f0in mikil fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein og b\u00f3kmenntir og ur\u00f0u \u00feau uppspretta og grundv\u00f6llur hinna miklu l\u00f6gb\u00f3ka hans \u2192 Corpus iuris civilis<\/em>, s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi Digestum<\/em>.<\/p>\n

senatusconsultum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>formleg r\u00e1\u00f0gj\u00f6f e\u00f0a \u00e1lyktun \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins sem haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 ekki lagagildi \u00e1 t\u00edmum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldis. \u00deau t\u00f6ldust vera till\u00f6gur sem beint var til emb\u00e6ttismanna. En \u00ed reynd voru \u00e1hrif \u00feess svo sterk a\u00f0 emb\u00e6ttismenn l\u00e9tu vart breg\u00f0ast a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a fyrirm\u00e6lum \u00feess. Og l\u00f6g\u00f0u sjaldan fyrir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00feing nokkur \u00feau n\u00fdm\u00e6li sem ekki h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feegar hloti\u00f0 blessun \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0sins. En sm\u00e1m saman ur\u00f0u \u00feau \u00e1kve\u00f0in tilm\u00e6li og fyrirskipanir, og fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 \u00a0t\u00edmum \u2192 principatus<\/em> (sj\u00e1 \u2192 saga R\u00f3maveldis) \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust \u00feau fullkomi\u00f0 lagagildi.<\/p>\n

aequitas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0 taka tillit til \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0nanna \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum umfram b\u00f3kstaflega t\u00falkun laganna (\u2192 ius honorarium<\/em>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

b. Pers\u00f3nur\u00e9ttur<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>adoptio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e6ttlei\u00f0ing pers\u00f3nu sem er \u2192 alieni iuris <\/em>og f\u00e6rist \u00far valdi eins \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em> yfir til annars.<\/p>\n

adrogatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e6ttlei\u00f0ing pers\u00f3nu sem er \u00feegar \u2192 sui iuris <\/em>og fer undir vald annars \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em>.<\/p>\n

affectio maritalis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hj\u00f3naband \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum r\u00e9tti var skilgreint sem samband til l\u00edfst\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 grundvelli hugl\u00e6grar afst\u00f6\u00f0u maka, \u00fe.e. affectio maritalis,<\/em> um a\u00f0 samband \u00feeirra v\u00e6ri hj\u00f3naband, en hj\u00f3naband \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum r\u00e9tti var lagalegt og f\u00e9lagslegt samband.<\/p>\n

agnatus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e6ttingi e\u00f0a fr\u00e6ndi \u00ed karllegg skyldur \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00ed gegnum sama \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em>.<\/p>\n

alieni iuris\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0 vera h\u00e1\u00f0(ur) valdi annars (= alieni<\/em>) sem er einmitt \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em>; lagalega \u00f3sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0(ur). Hugtak sem n\u00e1\u00f0i yfir alla sem f\u00e9llu undir bo\u00f0vald (potestas<\/em>) paterfamilias<\/em>, \u00fe.e. h\u00fasb\u00f3ndans. Undir bo\u00f0valdi\u00f0 f\u00e9llu \u00f6llu jafna kona h\u00fasb\u00f3ndans (ef h\u00fan var gift honum cum manu<\/em>), b\u00f6rn hans sem og \u00fer\u00e6lar hans. \u00deessir a\u00f0ilar g\u00e1tu \u00fe\u00f3 undir \u00e1kve\u00f0num kringumst\u00e6\u00f0um komist undan e\u00f0a falli\u00f0 utan h\u00fasb\u00f3ndavaldsins. A\u00f0rir a\u00f0ilar sem voru \u00ed forsj\u00e1 e\u00f0a undir handlei\u00f0slu (tutela<\/em>) h\u00fasb\u00f3ndans t\u00f6ldust \u00fe\u00f3 ekki vera alieni iuris<\/em>.<\/p>\n

auctoritas tutoris\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>sam\u00feykki forr\u00e6\u00f0ismanns \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0num vi\u00f0skipta\u00adsamskiptum skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ings s\u00edns.<\/p>\n

capacitas agere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>h\u00e6fni til a\u00f0 eiga \u00ed samskiptum sem eru lagalega bindandi einnig \u00ed umbo\u00f0i fyrir h\u00f6nd annars manns (t.d. sonur undir valdi \u2192 patria potestas<\/em> e\u00f0a jafnvel \u00fer\u00e6ll \u00fear sem b\u00e1\u00f0ir nj\u00f3ta ekki [enn] \u2192 capacitas iuridica<\/em>).<\/p>\n

capacitas iuridica\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00f6gm\u00e6t h\u00e6fni \u00feess sem er ekki lengur undir valdi \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em> e\u00f0a \u2192 dominus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

capitis deminutio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00abst\u00f6\u00f0uminnkun\u00bb\u00a0sem gat veri\u00f0 \u00ferennskonar: frelsis-svipting, svipting r\u00edkisborgarar\u00e9ttar (\u2192 civitas<\/em>) e\u00f0a brott-vikning \u00far eigin fj\u00f6lskyldu \u2192 emancipatio<\/em>.<\/p>\n

civitas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>borgarar\u00e9ttur R\u00f3mar, s\u00ed\u00f0ar r\u00edkisborgarar\u00e9ttur; r\u00f3mverskir borgarar voru allir \u00feeir sem tilheyrt h\u00f6f\u00f0u r\u00f3mverskri \u00e6ttsveit e\u00f0a fengi\u00f0 inng\u00f6ngu \u00ed hana me\u00f0 \u00e6ttlei\u00f0ingu (\u2192 adoptio<\/em> e\u00f0a \u2192 adrogatio<\/em>), lausn \u00far \u00e1nau\u00f0 (\u2192 manumissio<\/em>) e\u00f0a leyfi stj\u00f3rnvalda. \u00deegnr\u00e9ttur \u00feessi var \u00ed \u00feremur \u00ferepum: 1) Fullgildir borgarar (cives optimo iure<\/em>) sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u fj\u00f3r\u00fe\u00e6tt r\u00e9ttindi: kosningarr\u00e9tt (ius suffragii<\/em>), emb\u00e6ttisr\u00e9tt (ius honorum<\/em>), r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 giftast frj\u00e1lsborinni pers\u00f3nu (ius connubii<\/em>) og r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 gera verslunar\u00adsamninga sem vernda\u00f0ir voru af r\u00f3mverskum l\u00f6gum (ius commercii<\/em>). 2) Borgarar \u00e1n kosningarr\u00e9ttar sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u r\u00e9tt til hj\u00f3nabands og samninga, en ekki til kosninga e\u00f0a emb\u00e6ttis. 3) Leysingjar sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u kosningarr\u00e9tt og samningsr\u00e9tt, en ekki hj\u00f3nabands- e\u00f0a emb\u00e6ttisr\u00e9tt. Fullgildir borgarar h\u00f6f\u00f0u auk \u00feess \u00fdmisleg s\u00e9rr\u00e9ttindi samkv\u00e6mt einkal\u00f6gum: Fa\u00f0ir haf\u00f0i vald yfir b\u00f6rnum s\u00ednum (\u2192 patria potestas<\/em>), eiginma\u00f0ur e\u00f0a \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em> yfir konu sinni (\u2192 cum manu<\/em>), eigandi yfir eignum s\u00ednum (\u2192 dominium, <\/em>sj\u00e1 \u2192 eignarr\u00e9ttur) og frj\u00e1ls ma\u00f0ur yfir \u00f6\u00f0rum samkv\u00e6mt samningi.<\/p>\n

clientes\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ingar; \u00feeir, sem ekki voru mer\u00f0limir \u00e6ttar (gentis<\/em>), voru r\u00e9ttlausir, en \u00fe\u00f3 ekki alltaf me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir sem \u00fer\u00e6lar. Oft voru \u00feeir teknir upp \u00ed einstakar patris\u00eda\u00e6ttir, sem \u00f3virkir l\u00e6gra settir me\u00f0limir og voru \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3nustu \u00feeirra. Nefndust \u00feeir clientes<\/em>, en s\u00e1, sem t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1 upp \u00ed \u00e6tt s\u00edna. Nefndist verndari \u2192 patronus<\/em>. Voru \u00feeir h\u00e1\u00f0ir verndara \u00ed einu og \u00f6llu, en honum bar a\u00f0 veita b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feeim og eingum \u00feeirra hvarvetna vernd, koma fra fyrir \u00feeirra h\u00f6nd \u00ed m\u00e1lum. Ur\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e1 clientes <\/em>\u00feessir nokkurs konar h\u00e1lflfrj\u00e1ls st\u00e9tt.<\/p>\n

cognatus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>bl\u00f3\u00f0skyldur \u00e6ttingi me\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00e1n sama \u2192 paterfamilias.<\/em><\/p>\n

coniugium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hj\u00f3naband, b\u00f3kstaflega: \u00absamoka\u00bb. A\u00f0 br\u00fa\u00f0kaupsveislu lokinni lyfti br\u00fa\u00f0guminn br\u00fa\u00f0inni yfir \u00fer\u00f6skuld heimilis, f\u00e9kk henni lykla h\u00fassins, og s\u00ed\u00f0an beyg\u00f0u b\u00e6\u00f0i h\u00f6fu\u00f0 s\u00edn undir ok til a\u00f0 jarteikna band \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00feau tengdi saman. Fyrir \u00fev\u00ed var hj\u00f3nabandi\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 coniugium <\/em>= samoka.<\/em><\/p>\n

conubium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>br\u00fa\u00f0kaupsr\u00e9ttur. Ein af fr\u00ed\u00f0indum r\u00f3mversks r\u00edkisborgara-r\u00e9ttar. R\u00e9tturinn (ius conubii<\/em>) til a\u00f0 ganga \u00ed gilt hj\u00f3naband sem var vi\u00f0urkennt \u00ed r\u00e9tti R\u00f3maborgar me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00f3mverskum r\u00edkisborgara.<\/p>\n

cum \/ sine manu\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hj\u00f3naband var \u00fdmist cum manu<\/em> e\u00f0a sine manu <\/em>(manus<\/em> = h\u00f6nd sem t\u00e1kn fyrir vald e\u00f0a eign\u00a0 sbr. \u2192 emancipatio <\/em>e\u00f0a \u2192<\/em> manumissio<\/em>), \u00fe.e. cum manu<\/em>\u00a0ef br\u00fa\u00f0urin og allar eigur hennar var selt undir vald eiginmanns (ef hann var einnig \u2192 pater familias<\/em>) e\u00f0a tengdaf\u00f6\u00f0ur, ellegar skyldi h\u00fan sem fyrr l\u00fata forsj\u00e1 f\u00f6\u00f0ur e\u00f0a eigin \u2192 pater familias<\/em> s\u00edns (= sine manu<\/em>).<\/p>\n

cura \/ curatela\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>umsj\u00f3n e\u00f0a forr\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 annast m\u00e1lefni ungra karlmanna sui iuris<\/em> komnir a\u00f0 l\u00f6galdri en enn ekki or\u00f0nir 25 \u00e1ra e\u00f0a van\u00feroska\u00f0ra og ekki vi\u00f0skiptah\u00e6fra sui iuris<\/em>.<\/p>\n

curator\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0andi e\u00f0a l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0ama\u00f0ur, s\u00e1 sem fer me\u00f0 forsj\u00e1 ungra karlmanna sui iuris<\/em> komnir a\u00f0 l\u00f6galdri en enn ekki or\u00f0nir 25 \u00e1ra e\u00f0a van\u00feroskra\u00f0ra og ekki vi\u00f0skiptah\u00e6fra sui iuris<\/em>.<\/p>\n

dos\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>heimanfylgja, heimanmundur.<\/p>\n

emancipatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u201el\u00e1ta af hendi\u201c (e\/ex manu; manus <\/em>e\u00f0a h\u00f6nd sem t\u00e1kn valds yfir pers\u00f3num e\u00f0a hlutum); sonur e\u00f0a d\u00f3ttir ver\u00f0a sui iuris<\/em> fyrir \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un \u2192 paterfamilias <\/em>\u00feeirra og yfirgefa \u00fear me\u00f0 s\u00edna eigin fj\u00f6lskyldu.<\/p>\n

familia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>fa\u00f0ir og m\u00f3\u00f0ir, h\u00fas \u00feeirra og lausaf\u00e9, b\u00f6rn \u00feeirra, kv\u00e6ntir synir, sonab\u00f6rn \u00feeirra og sonakonur, \u00fer\u00e6lar og skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u2013 \u00feetta allt til samans var hin r\u00f3mverska familia sem fremur m\u00e6tti kalla heimili en fj\u00f6lskyldu, ekki h\u00f3pur n\u00e1inna skyldmenna, heldur f\u00f3lk og f\u00e9 sem allt var undirgefi\u00f0 elsta karlmanni flokksins \u2192<\/em> pater familias<\/em>.<\/p>\n

gens\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e6tt; flokkur frj\u00e1lsborinna manna sem r\u00f6ktu kyns sitt til eins forf\u00f6\u00f0ur, b\u00e1ru nafn hans, bl\u00f3tu\u00f0u gu\u00f0ina sameiginlega og voru skuldbundnir til samhj\u00e1lpar \u00ed fri\u00f0i og str\u00ed\u00f0i. Hvert sveinbarn bar \u00ferj\u00fa n\u00f6fn: eiginnafn (pr\u00e6nomen<\/em>), t.d. P\u00fabl\u00edus, Marcus, Caius; \u00e6ttarnafn (nomen<\/em>), svo sem Cornel\u00edus, T\u00fall\u00edus, J\u00fal\u00edus, og vi\u00f0urnefni (cognomen<\/em>), svo sem Scip\u00ed\u00f3, C\u00edcer\u00f3, Caesar. Konur voru a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i nefndar \u00e6ttarnafninu einu: Cornel\u00eda, T\u00fall\u00eda, Cl\u00e1d\u00eda, J\u00fal\u00eda.<\/p>\n

gentiles\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e6ttflokksmenn.<\/p>\n

impubes\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>drengur til 14 \u00e1ra aldurs, st\u00falka til 12 \u00e1ra aldurs.<\/p>\n

infans\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>barn allt til 7 \u00e1ra aldurs.<\/p>\n

libertus \/ libertinus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>leysingi; \u00fer\u00e6ll sem hefur \u00f6\u00f0last frelsi.<\/p>\n

mancipium \/ mancipia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab<\/em>handh\u00f6fn\u00bb undir valdi \u2192 pater familias<\/em> eins og eiginkona og b\u00f6rn (sem eru \u00fe\u00f3 frj\u00e1lsbornir r\u00edkisborgarar!), uns honum \u00fe\u00f3knast a\u00f0 gefa \u00feeim frelsi, sleppa af \u00feeim hendinni (t.d. me\u00f0 \u2192 emancipatio<\/em>).<\/p>\n

manumissio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0 veita \u00fer\u00e6li frelsi.<\/p>\n

paterfamilias\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00abfa\u00f0ir fj\u00f6lskyldunnar\u00bb e\u00f0a h\u00f6fu\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldunnar (elsti lifandi karlma\u00f0ur flokksins sem getur veri\u00f0 fa\u00f0ir, afi e\u00f0a langafi) sem l\u00fdtur ekki stj\u00f3rn annars manns, \u00fe.e.a.s. ef sonur kv\u00e6ntist me\u00f0an fa\u00f0ir hans var \u00e1 l\u00edfi, h\u00e9lst f\u00f6\u00f0urvaldi\u00f0 yfir barnab\u00f6rnunum \u00ed h\u00f6ndum afa \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

patria potestas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>f\u00f6\u00f0urvald; pers\u00f3nulegt vald h\u00f6fu\u00f0s fj\u00f6lskyldunnar; hann einn \u00e1tti \u00f6ll r\u00e9ttindi a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum \u00e1 fyrstu t\u00edmum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldisins; innan fj\u00f6lskyldunnar er hann s\u00e1 eini sem m\u00e1tti kaupa, eiga og selja fasteignir e\u00f0a gera samninga og \u00feurfti a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja hj\u00f3nab\u00f6nd \u00feeirra sem lutu valdi hans.<\/p>\n

patronus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>eftir a\u00f0 hafa veitt \u00fer\u00e6li frelsi var\u00f0 fyrrverandi \u2192 dominus<\/em> a\u00f0 verndara leysingjans.<\/p>\n

peculium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>f\u00e9 e\u00f0a eign \u00ed umsj\u00f3n pers\u00f3nu sem l\u00fdtur stj\u00f3rn sem sonur e\u00f0a \u00fer\u00e6ll og sem h\u00fan m\u00e1 nota a\u00f0 vild en er samt eign \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em> e\u00f0a \u2192 dominus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

puber\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>drengur allt fr\u00e1 14 \u00e1ra, st\u00falka allt fr\u00e1 12 \u00e1ra aldri.<\/p>\n

pupillus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0ingur.<\/p>\n

servus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00fer\u00e6ll sem lagalega s\u00e9\u00f0 var\u00f0 ekkert anna\u00f0 en (mennskur) hlutur (res<\/em>) og naut \u00fear me\u00f0 ekki pers\u00f3nur\u00e9ttinda. \u00der\u00e6lar m\u00e1ttu ekkert eiga, erfa e\u00f0a gefa. \u00deeir g\u00e1tu ekki gengi\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gm\u00e6tt hj\u00f3naband. B\u00f6rn \u00feeirra voru talin \u00f3sk\u00edrgetin\/\u00f3skilgetin, og amb\u00e1ttarb\u00f6rn voru talin til \u00fer\u00e6la jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt fa\u00f0irinn v\u00e6ri frj\u00e1ls ma\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

status\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>sta\u00f0a pers\u00f3nu sem greindist af \u00ferem einkennum: libertas<\/em> (frelsi), civitas<\/em> (borgarar\u00e9ttur) og familia<\/em> (fj\u00f6lskylda). A\u00f0eins s\u00e1 e\u00f0a s\u00fa sem bj\u00f3 yfir \u00f6llum \u00feessum einkennum var pers\u00f3na \u00ed fyllstu merkingu or\u00f0sins: hann \/ h\u00fan var frj\u00e1ls en ekki \u00fer\u00e6ll, var r\u00edkisborgari en ekki \u00fatlendingur og tilheyr\u00f0i r\u00f3mverskri fj\u00f6lskyldu.<\/p>\n

sui iuris\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>or\u00f0r\u00e9tt af hans\/hennar eigin valdi\/r\u00e9tti. \u00deetta hugtak l\u00fdsir s\u00e9rhverjum einstaklingi \u00ed R\u00f3marr\u00e9tti sem var laus undan valdi annars e\u00f0a lagalega sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0(ur). Almennt voru a\u00f0eins tveir flokkar einstaklinga sui iuris<\/em> \u00ed R\u00f3marr\u00e9tti, paterfamilias<\/em> e\u00f0a einhleypir karlar\/konur \u00e1n paterfamilias.<\/em><\/p>\n

tutela\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>forr\u00e6\u00f0i yfir barni undir l\u00f6galdri e\u00f0a \u00e6vil\u00f6ng forsj\u00e1 konu (tutela mulierum<\/em>) sem eru sui iuris<\/em> og l\u00fata \u00fear me\u00f0 ekki lengur stj\u00f3rn \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em>.<\/p>\n

tutor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0andi \/ l\u00f6gr\u00e1\u00f0ama\u00f0ur e\u00f0a fj\u00e1rvar\u00f0veisluma\u00f0ur, s\u00e1 sem fer me\u00f0 forsj\u00e1 barns undir l\u00f6galdri e\u00f0a konu (tutela mulierum<\/em>) sem eru sui iuris<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

c. Eignarr\u00e9ttur<\/span><\/p>\n

accessio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>lei\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last eignarr\u00e9tt, fellur undir ius gentium<\/em> (ius naturale<\/em>) flokkinn. Reglunni var beitt \u00ed tilfellum \u00fear sem tveir e\u00f0a fleiri hlutir sem tilheyr\u00f0u mismunandi eigendum, voru tengdir saman, e\u00f0a blanda\u00f0 saman, me\u00f0 \u00feeim aflei\u00f0ingum a\u00f0 erfitt\/\u00f3m\u00f6gulegt var a\u00f0 a\u00f0skilja \u00fe\u00e1. A\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i \u00f6\u00f0la\u00f0ist eigandi ver\u00f0m\u00e6tari hlutarins eignarhald \u00e1 \u00feeim hlut sem haf\u00f0i minna ver\u00f0gildi \u00feegar accessio<\/em> var beitt. Sem d\u00e6mi um tilfelli \u00fear sem reglan g\u00e6ti \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 m\u00e1 nefna \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feegar hey fauk saman af t\u00fanum mismunandi a\u00f0ila e\u00f0a \u00feegar v\u00edni, sem var \u00ed eigu mismunandi a\u00f0ila, var blanda\u00f0 saman \u00ed eitt \u00edl\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

alluvio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>f\u00e9ll undir accesso<\/em> og \u00e1tti vi\u00f0 um b\u00e6\u00f0i fasteignir og lausaf\u00e9. Reglan var notu\u00f0 \u00ed a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem \u00e1rbakkar st\u00e6kku\u00f0u h\u00e6gt og b\u00edtandi s\u00f6kum \u00e1rframbur\u00f0ar\/le\u00f0ju. \u00cd ofangreindum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um ger\u00f0i alluvio<\/em> \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 eigandi vi\u00f0komandi \u00e1rbakka var\u00f0 einnig eigandi \u00e1frambur\u00f0arins \/ le\u00f0junnar.<\/p>\n

animus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hugarfar, hvati e\u00f0a vilji eins manns til tiltekinna gj\u00f6r\u00f0a e\u00f0a gerninga; \u00ed vissum tilvikum \u00fearf animus<\/em> a\u00f0 vera til sta\u00f0ar svo a\u00f0 lagalegar aflei\u00f0ingar koma til greina, t.d. vi\u00f0 eignarn\u00e1m \u00e1n titils (animus possidendi<\/em>) e\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3fna\u00f0 (animus furandi<\/em>).<\/p>\n

arra\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>t\u00e1knr\u00e6nt merki e\u00f0a hlutur (pantur) til tryggingar um vilja til \u00feess a\u00f0 standa vi\u00f0 samning. Oft hringur e\u00f0a anna\u00f0 sl\u00edkt sem kaupandi l\u00e9t \u00fe\u00e1 seljanda hafa \u00fear til salan haf\u00f0i gengi\u00f0 \u00ed gegn og \u00fe\u00e1 var pantinum skila\u00f0.<\/p>\n

avulsio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>brottn\u00e1m e\u00f0a einhverskonar landmissir, \u00feegar land er hrifi\u00f0 af einum sta\u00f0 og f\u00e6rt yfir \u00e1 annan sta\u00f0 (landbrig\u00f0i).<\/p>\n

beneficium inventarii<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>lagaleg a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem mi\u00f0ar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 takmarka \u00e1byrg\u00f0 erfingja \u00ed \u00feeim a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um er b\u00fa arflei\u00f0anda er gjald\u00ferota. Reglan kva\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 innan \u00ferj\u00e1t\u00edu daga eftir upplestur erf\u00f0askr\u00e1r e\u00f0a fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 erfingi vissi um r\u00e9ttindi s\u00edn til arfs, bar honum skylda til a\u00f0 skr\u00e1setja eignir arflei\u00f0anda. Skr\u00e1na \u00feurfti a\u00f0 gera \u00ed n\u00e1vist l\u00f6gb\u00f3kanda og skyldi vera fullb\u00fain innan sext\u00edu daga fr\u00e1 upplestri erf\u00f0askr\u00e1r e\u00f0a vitneskju erfingja um r\u00e9ttindi s\u00edn. Er skr\u00e1in var fullb\u00fain \u00feurfti l\u00f6gb\u00f3kandi a\u00f0 votta hana og sta\u00f0festa a\u00f0 allar eignir og skuldir b\u00fasins v\u00e6ru f\u00e6r\u00f0ar \u00ed skr\u00e1na. Ger\u00f0 sl\u00edkrar skr\u00e1r haf\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r skuldir sem skr\u00e1\u00f0ar voru \u00ed \u00e1\u00f0urnefnda skr\u00e1 takm\u00f6rku\u00f0ust vi\u00f0 andvir\u00f0i b\u00fasins, bar erfingja \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a skuldir arflei\u00f0anda umfram andvir\u00f0i b\u00fasins (allt a\u00f0 \u00be af andvir\u00f0i b\u00fasins, eftirstandandi fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungur var \u00fe\u00e1 eyrnamerktur hinu svokalla\u00f0a \u201equarta falcidia<\/em>\u201c).<\/p>\n

bona fide\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u201e\u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0ri tr\u00fa\u201d; hugarfar manns sem telur s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um a\u00f0 haga s\u00e9r r\u00e9tt \u00ed samskiptum (t.d. \u00ed samningum) eins og s\u00e6mir g\u00f3\u00f0um borgara.<\/p>\n

bonae fidei possessor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>s\u00e1 sem hefur eignast e-\u00f0 af samningsa\u00f0ila sem er \u00ed raun og veru ekki l\u00f6gm\u00e6tur eigandi; en hann getur hloti\u00f0 titil eigandans \u00ed gegnum \u2192<\/em> usucapio<\/em>.<\/p>\n

bonorum possessio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>eignarhald arfs heimila\u00f0 af pretor \u00feegar ekki var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 ganga a\u00f0 erf\u00f0um samkv\u00e6mt \u2192 ius civile <\/em>(sj\u00e1 \u2192 r\u00e9ttarkerfi R\u00f3maveldis). \u00cd gegnum \u2192 usucapio<\/em> var\u00f0 \u00feess konar erfingi \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00f6glegum eiganda. Erf\u00f0areglur \u00e1 vegum d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ra (praetor<\/em>) kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1 um a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nir einstaklingar voru tilnefndir sem \u201eborgaralegir erfingjar\u201c (heres civilis<\/em>) og r\u00e9ttindum \u00feeirra gagnvart d\u00e1narb\u00fai arflei\u00f0anda, hvort sem um eignarr\u00e9ttindi e\u00f0a kr\u00f6fur\u00e9ttindi var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, var veitt vi\u00f0t\u00e6k r\u00e9ttarvernd.<\/p>\n

brevi manu\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Afbrig\u00f0i afhendingar (traditio<\/em>) \u00fear sem raunveruleg og efnisleg yfirf\u00e6rsla hlutar \u00e1tti s\u00e9r ekki sta\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hinn n\u00fdi eigandi f\u00f3r \u00feegar me\u00f0 umr\u00e1\u00f0 hlutarins \u00feegar traditio<\/em> \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0.<\/p>\n

caveat emptor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ef kaupandi haf\u00f0i t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til \u00feess a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a s\u00f6luhlut \u00e1\u00f0ur en samningur var ger\u00f0ur, gat hann ekki rift samningnum ef hluturinn reyndist galla\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

commercium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>einn helsti \u00e1vinningur r\u00f3mversks r\u00edkisborgarar\u00e9ttar. \u00dea\u00f0 var r\u00e9tturinn (ius commercii<\/em>) til a\u00f0 nota mancipatio<\/em> sem lei\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last eignarr\u00e9tt \u00e1 res mancipi<\/em>. Sumir h\u00f6fundar hafa einnig sett fram getg\u00e1tur um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 feli \u00ed s\u00e9r r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 nota form og verklagsreglur ius civile<\/em> til a\u00f0 stofna til og framkv\u00e6ma verslunarvi\u00f0skipti.<\/p>\n

commixtio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hugtaki\u00f0 kemur ekki beinl\u00ednis fyrir \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum lagaheimildum. \u00dea\u00f0 l\u00fdsir a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem tveimur f\u00f6stum efnum er blanda\u00f0 saman.<\/p>\n

commodatum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00fatl\u00e1n mestmegnis \u2192 res mobilis<\/em> til notkunar e\u00f0a afnota \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 krafist s\u00e9 leigugjalds; \u00f3fullkominn tv\u00edhli\u00f0a samningur, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00a0l\u00e1ntakandi einn skuldbindur sig til a\u00f0 skila \u00fev\u00ed sem hann f\u00e9kk til afnota en skyldur l\u00e1nveitandans g\u00e6tu hafist a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num skilyr\u00f0um uppfylltum.<\/p>\n

conducere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>taka \u00e1 leigu.<\/p>\n

confusio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hugtaki\u00f0 er stundum nota\u00f0 \u00ed accessio \u2013 ius gentium<\/em> h\u00e6tti til \u00f6flunar eignarr\u00e9ttinda til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00fev\u00ed tilviki \u00fear sem v\u00f6kvum e\u00f0a m\u00e1lmum er blanda\u00f0 saman.<\/p>\n

consensus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>samkomulag, sam\u00feykki.<\/p>\n

constitutum possessorium\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hugtak fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum nota\u00f0 til l\u00fdsa \u00feeim a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00feegar hlutur er seldur. Hugtaki\u00f0 var einkum nota\u00f0 \u00feegar B seldi A hlut, en \u00e1\u00f0ur en raunveruleg yfirf\u00e6rsla \u00e1 hlutnum \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. Fer \u00fe\u00e1 B enn me\u00f0 umr\u00e1\u00f0 hlutarins \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 A s\u00e9 raunverulegur eigandi hans. \u00cd sl\u00edkum tilvikum hefur eignarr\u00e9tturinn a\u00f0 hlutum f\u00e6rst yfir en umr\u00e1\u00f0 ver\u00f0a \u00e1fram hj\u00e1 fyrrverandi eiganda, \u00fe.e. B.<\/p>\n

contractus<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 samningur.<\/p>\n

contrectatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0 skipta s\u00e9r af eign \u00f3vi\u00f0komandi manns \u2192<\/em> furtum<\/em>. Skilyr\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3fna\u00f0ar (furtum<\/em>) var a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 hvers kyns \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6t me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 hlut anna\u00f0 hvort me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 flytja hann \u00e1 annan sta\u00f0 e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 halda honum me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tum h\u00e6tti \u00e1fram \u00ed \u00feinni v\u00f6rslu.<\/p>\n

corpore corpori\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ska\u00f0ab\u00f3ta\u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tu eignatj\u00f3ni var a\u00f0eins h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 reisa \u00e1 Lex Aquilia <\/em>ef \u00fea\u00f0 var sanna\u00f0, \u00e1samt \u00f6\u00f0ru, a\u00f0 \u00e1\u00fereifanlegum ska\u00f0a hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 valdi\u00f0 af l\u00edkama (corpori<\/em>) \u00e1 l\u00edkama\/hlut (corpore<\/em>). Me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum veitti d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ri leyfi til m\u00e1laferla annars vegar \u00e1 grundvelli \u00e1kve\u00f0inna sta\u00f0reynda sem sannast vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knina (actio in factum<\/em>), og hins vegar m\u00e1laferla \u00e1 grundvelli sta\u00f0reynda sem ekki er gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir beinl\u00ednis \u00ed l\u00f6gunum, en l\u00edkjast \u00feeim a\u00f0 breyttu breytanda (actio utilis<\/em>), \u00ed \u00feeim tilfellum \u00fear sem \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tu eignatj\u00f3ni hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 valdi\u00f0 en fyrrgreind skilyr\u00f0i v\u00e6ru ekki uppfyllt.<\/p>\n

corrumpere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00feri\u00f0ji kaflinn \u00ed Lex Aquilia<\/em> innih\u00e9lt \u00ferj\u00fa \u201eska\u00f0a-sagnor\u00f0\u201c til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00feeim verknu\u00f0um sem f\u00e9llu undir \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in. Eitt af \u00feessum \u201eska\u00f0a-sagnor\u00f0um\u201c, a\u00f0 m\u00f6lva (rumpere<\/em>) var \u00fatv\u00edkka\u00f0 me\u00f0 l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringum til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 yfir hvers kyns beinan \u00e1\u00fereifanlegan ska\u00f0a (corrumpere<\/em>). \u00deetta var l\u00edklega eitt af fyrstu tilvikunum \u00fear sem gildissvi\u00f0 \u00feessara laga var \u00fatv\u00edkka\u00f0 me\u00f0 l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringu.<\/p>\n

creditor<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kr\u00f6fuhafi, l\u00e1nardrottinn e\u00f0a skuldheimtuma\u00f0ur, \u00fe.e.a.s. l\u00f6gvarin heimild tiltekins a\u00f0ila, kr\u00f6fuhafa, til \u00feess a\u00f0 krefjast \u00feess af \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0ila,\u00a0skuldara, a\u00f0 hann geri e-\u00f0 e\u00f0a l\u00e1ti e-\u00f0 \u00f3gert.<\/p>\n

crimen<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 afbrot, gl\u00e6pur e\u00f0a meiri h\u00e1ttar refsivert \u00e1setningsbrot, oftast gegn almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum, afbrot, sem s\u00e6tir opinberri \u00e1k\u00e6ru (crimen publicum<\/em>).<\/p>\n

culpa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>(refsivert) g\u00e1leysi, \u00f3fyrirsynja e\u00f0a \u00f3vark\u00e1rni sem \u00ed vissum tilvikum (culpa lata = <\/em>a\u00f0 gera s\u00e9r ekki grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed sem hver og einn veit) jafngildir \u2192 dolus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

custodia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e1byrg\u00f0 manns \u00e1 hlutum annarra sem eru \u00ed hans umsj\u00f3n (detentio<\/em>) t.d. \u2192<\/em> depositum <\/em>\u2192<\/em> commodatum <\/em>\u2192<\/em> locutio conductio<\/em> \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 hann \u00e6tli a\u00f0 eiga \u00fe\u00e1 (animus possidendi<\/em>).<\/p>\n

damnum emergens\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>fj\u00e1rhagslegt tj\u00f3n \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar tj\u00f3ns \u00e1 eign e\u00f0a eignarmissi s\u00f6kum utana\u00f0komandi a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na (\u2192 Lex Aquilia<\/em>).<\/p>\n

damnum iniuria datum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ska\u00f0i \u00e1 eign annarra (\u2192 Lex Aquilia<\/em>).<\/p>\n

debitor<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 skuldari, s\u00e1 a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 kr\u00f6fusambandi sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 inna grei\u00f0slu af hendi til samr\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 kr\u00f6funa.<\/p>\n

delictum<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (l\u00f6g-)brot e\u00f0a s\u00fa h\u00e1ttsemi sem er andst\u00e6\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarreglum og gefur \u00feeim sem ver\u00f0ur fyrir \u00fev\u00ed t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 leita r\u00e9ttar s\u00edns fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3l.<\/p>\n

depositum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>samningur um a\u00f0 geyma e-\u00f0 (\u2192 res mobilis<\/em>) \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 f\u00e1 endurgoldi\u00f0; \u00f3fullkominn tv\u00edhli\u00f0a samningur, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0eins s\u00e1 sem tekur vi\u00f0 hlut skuldbindur sig til a\u00f0 skila \u00fev\u00ed sem hann hefur fengi\u00f0 \u00ed g\u00e6slu en skyldur hins a\u00f0ilans g\u00e6tu hafist a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num skilyr\u00f0um uppfylltum.<\/p>\n

diligentia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni e\u00f0a vandvirkni \u00ed umsj\u00f3n hluta sem faldir eru manni til umsj\u00f3nar manns (t.d. \u00ed \u2192 depositum<\/em>). Krafist er a\u00f0 haga s\u00e9r eins og bonus et diligens paterfamilias<\/em>.<\/p>\n

dolus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>blekking e\u00f0a fyrir\u00e6tlun um a\u00f0 villa um fyrir samningsa\u00f0ila \u00e1 lymskulegan h\u00e1tt (sj\u00e1 einnig \u00ed r\u00e9ttarfar \u2192 exceptio doli<\/em>).<\/p>\n

dominium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hugtak sem l\u00fdsir r\u00f3mversku eignarhaldi me\u00f0 tilliti til ius civile<\/em>. \u00deetta form eignarhalds var bundi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 r\u00f3mverska r\u00edkisborgara og var a\u00f0eins h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 beita \u00e1 lausaf\u00e9, m.\u00f6.o. eignir (hlutir og \u00fear me\u00f0 einnig \u00fer\u00e6lir) \u00e1 valdi eigandans (= dominus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

dominus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>eigandi hluta (einnig \u00fer\u00e6la!).<\/p>\n

emere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>kaupa.<\/p>\n

emptio venditio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>kaupsamningur; fullkominn tv\u00edhli\u00f0a samningur milli tveggja einstaklinga.<\/p>\n

error<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 villa. Hugtak sem merkir villu sem \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar kenninga sem r\u00f3mverskir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0u a\u00f0 miklu leyti \u00e1 svi\u00f0i samningar\u00e9ttar til a\u00f0 takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00f3s\u00e6ttis \u00e1 gildi samninga exheredatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>brottfall erf\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

exheredatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>vi\u00f0hald fj\u00f6lskyldunnar og eigna hennar var a\u00f0al\u00e1hyggjuefni \u00ed r\u00f3mverskum fj\u00f6lskyldu- og erf\u00f0ar\u00e9tti. Margar reglur voru \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ar \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 vernda arflei\u00f0ina og voru \u00fev\u00ed settar \u00e1 reglur um brottfall erf\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

extraneus heres \/\u00a0<\/em>extranei heredes\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>erfingi sem kemur a\u00f0 utan, \u00fe.e. utan fj\u00f6lskyldunnar. \u00deeir erfingjar sem ekki voru sui <\/em>e\u00f0a necessarii heredes <\/em>\u00fe.e.a.s. h\u00e1\u00f0ir potestas<\/em> paterfamilias<\/em> vi\u00f0 andl\u00e1t hans. \u00deessir erfingjar \u00feurftu a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja arfinn s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann var veittur \u00feeim.<\/p>\n

fideicommissum<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 upphaflega a\u00f0eins \u00f3formleg fyrirm\u00e6li \u00ed erf\u00f0askr\u00e1 \u00fear sem hinum l\u00f6glega arftaka er fali\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta hluta af arfinum renna til manns sem getur ekki teki\u00f0 vi\u00f0 arfi \u00ed heild skv. l\u00f6gum, en \u00e1 t\u00edmum \u00c1gustusar var \u00feetta or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0fararh\u00e6ft samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n

fiscus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>h\u00e9ra\u00f0sskattskrifstofur stofna\u00f0ar \u00e1 valdat\u00edma \u00c1g\u00fastusar til a\u00f0 starfa \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0ar r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0i R\u00f3mar (aerarium<\/em>). Um mi\u00f0ja fyrstu \u00f6ld e.Kr. sameina\u00f0i keisaraveldi\u00f0 \u00feessar h\u00e9ra\u00f0sskrifstofur, fisci, <\/em>og ger\u00f0i a\u00f0 fiscus caesaris <\/em>sem \u00e1 endanum komu \u00ed sta\u00f0 aerariums <\/em>r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0s.<\/p>\n

frangere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 er eitt af \u201eska\u00f0a\u201c sagnor\u00f0unum \u00feremur (\u2192 urere<\/em>, \u2192 corrumpere<\/em>) sem eru a\u00f0 finna \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja kafla Lex Aquilia <\/em>um \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tt eignatj\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

furtum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00fej\u00f3fna\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

hereditas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>arfur; samheiti \u00e1 \u00feeim r\u00e9ttindum sem ganga a\u00f0 erf\u00f0um (eign, kr\u00f6fur, skuldir), \u00fe.e. skipta um eigendur vi\u00f0 andl\u00e1t manns, arfleifanda.<\/p>\n

heres\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>erfingi sem tekur vi\u00f0 eignum, kr\u00f6fum og skuldum hins l\u00e1tna.<\/p>\n

honorarium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00fe\u00f3knun.<\/p>\n

hypotheca\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ve\u00f0l\u00e1n. Tegund raunverulegs \u00f6ryggis (haldsr\u00e9ttur) sem \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist, l\u00edklegast \u00e1 klass\u00edska t\u00edmabilinu, og deildi \u00fdmsum l\u00edkindum me\u00f0 ve\u00f0i (pignus<\/em>). Helsti munurinn \u00e1 hypotheca <\/em>og ve\u00f0i var hinsvegar s\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed fyrra tilvikinu \u00feurfti ekki a\u00f0 afhenda hlut kr\u00f6fuhafa. Hypotheca <\/em>var \u00feess vegna \u00feekkt sem ve\u00f0 \u00e1n umr\u00e1\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

in bonis habere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>s\u00e1 sem hefur eignast t.d. \u2192 res mancipi<\/em> af l\u00f6gm\u00e6tum eiganda \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 eignaskipti hafi\u00f0 fari\u00f0 fram skv. l\u00f6gum (\u2192 mancipatio<\/em>); \u00fear me\u00f0 vantar hann titil eigandans; en hann getur hloti\u00f0 titil eigandans \u00ed gegnum \u2192<\/em> usucapio<\/em>.<\/p>\n

iniuria<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00f3\u00f0gun e\u00f0a l\u00f6gbrot sem felst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00e1 l\u00edkama annars a\u00f0ila e\u00f0a sv\u00edvir\u00f0a hann. L\u00f6gbrot sem \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist fr\u00e1 T\u00f6flunum t\u00f3lf, \u00fear sem megin\u00e1herslan var \u00e1 l\u00edkamstj\u00f3n manneskju vegna h\u00e1ttsemi annarrar manneskju, sem var\u00f0 me\u00f0 inngripi yfirvaldsins l\u00f6gbrot, en \u00fev\u00ed fylgdi miki\u00f0 umfang og f\u00f3l \u00ed s\u00e9r v\u00edsvitandi brot gegn hei\u00f0ri og or\u00f0spori annarrar manneskju samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00dea\u00f0 var einnig nota\u00f0 yfir svi\u00f0 l\u00f6gbrota sem g\u00e1fu til kynna a\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi hafi veri\u00f0 \u201e\u00f3l\u00f6gleg\u201c, \u00fe.e. ekki \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 gildandi r\u00e9tt og reglur.<\/p>\n

in iure cessio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>formleg afhending eignar fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3li pretors \u00fear sem s\u00e1 sem tekur vi\u00f0 hlutum l\u00fdsir h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0lega yfir a\u00f0 vera eigandi \u00e1 me\u00f0an s\u00e1 \u00feegir sem l\u00e6tur \u00fe\u00e1 af hendi.<\/p>\n

institutio heredis \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>plagg erfingja, \u00f3fr\u00e1v\u00edkjanlegt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed s\u00e9rhverri erf\u00f0askr\u00e1 R\u00f3mverja til forna.<\/p>\n

intestatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>erf\u00f0ar\u00f6\u00f0 \u00e1n erf\u00f0askr\u00e1r.<\/p>\n

iura in re aliena\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e9ttir \u00ed hlutum \/ eign annars a\u00f0ila (t.d. vegar\u00e9ttindi \u2192\u00a0\u00a0via<\/em>).<\/p>\n

l\u00e6sio enormis<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6fun \u00fear sem h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 komast hj\u00e1 kaupsamningi vegna mikils taps (laesio enormis<\/em>). Seljandi g\u00e6ti rift samningnum og endurheimt s\u00f6luhlutinn ef kaupver\u00f0i\u00f0 var minna en helmingur af vir\u00f0i \u00feess hlutar sem seldur var. \u00dea\u00f0 eru g\u00f6gn sem sty\u00f0ja \u00fe\u00e1 kenningu a\u00f0 sl\u00edkt \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i hafi veri\u00f0 fundi\u00f0 upp af Justin\u00edanusi. \u00deetta fr\u00e6\u00f0iheiti er ekki r\u00f3mverskt.<\/p>\n

legatum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>arfleif\u00f0 tiltekins hlutar\/vi\u00f0skipta sem arfleifandi hefur vilja\u00f0 a\u00f0 annar a\u00f0ili erfi.<\/p>\n

Lex Aquilia<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 l\u00f6g fr\u00e1 3. \u00f6ld f.Kr. sem heimila a\u00f0 innheimta ska\u00f0ab\u00e6tur af \u00feeim sem hefur af \u00e1settu r\u00e1\u00f0i e\u00f0a af g\u00e1leysi valdi\u00f0 tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 eigum annarra (\u2192 damnum iniuria datum<\/em> \u2192 damnum emergens <\/em>\u2192 lucrum cessans<\/em>).<\/p>\n

locare\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>leigja \u00fat.<\/p>\n

locatio conductio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>samningur \u00e1 grundvelli sam\u00feykkis tveggja a\u00f0ila til 1) a\u00f0 leigja \u00fat (f\u00e6ranlegan e\u00f0a \u00f3f\u00e6ranlegan) hlut (locatio conductio rei<\/em>) til 2) a\u00f0 leigja \u00fat \u00fej\u00f3nustu (locatio conductio operarum<\/em>) e\u00f0a til 3) a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta framkv\u00e6ma vinnu \u00e1 hlut (locatio conductio operis<\/em>). Fullkominn tv\u00edhli\u00f0a samningur.<\/p>\n

longa manu\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>afbrig\u00f0i afhendingar (traditio<\/em>) \u00fear sem yfirf\u00e6rslan var fremur framkv\u00e6md me\u00f0 bendingu (\u00fe.e. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 benda \u00e1 hlutinn), \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 raunveruleg yfirf\u00e6rsla \u00e1 hlut f\u00e6ri fram. D\u00e6mi: jar\u00f0ir.<\/p>\n

lucrum cessans\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>tj\u00f3n \u00e1 hagna\u00f0i \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar tj\u00f3ns \u00e1 eign e\u00f0a vegna eignarmissis \u00ed heild (\u2192 Lex Aquilia<\/em>).<\/p>\n

mancipatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0leg afhending eignar \u00ed votta vi\u00f0urvist fyrirskipu\u00f0 fyrir \u2192 res mancipi<\/em>, \u2192 emancipatio<\/em> ( sj\u00e1 \u2192 pers\u00f3nur\u00e9ttur) e\u00f0a \u2192 testamentum<\/em>. Formlega numin \u00far gildi \u00e1 t\u00edmum J\u00fastin\u00edanusar.<\/p>\n

mancipium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>frumform eignanna, oftast fengi\u00f0 og afla\u00f0 me\u00f0 eigin hendi (= manu capere<\/em>); handh\u00f6fn.<\/p>\n

mandatum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>umbo\u00f0; samningur \u00e1 grundvelli sam\u00feykkis tveggja a\u00f0ila \u00fear sem annar a\u00f0ilinn lofar a\u00f0 gera hinum grei\u00f0a \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00feiggja grei\u00f0slu fyrir \u00fea\u00f0; \u00f3fullkominn tv\u00edhli\u00f0a samningur, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0eins s\u00e1 sem tekur vi\u00f0 umbo\u00f0i skuldbindur sig til a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 sem honum er fali\u00f0 en skyldur hins a\u00f0ilans g\u00e6tu hafist a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num skilyr\u00f0um uppfylltum.<\/p>\n

metus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>h\u00f3tun e\u00f0a \u00f3gnun til a\u00f0 ney\u00f0a annan a\u00f0ila til gera samning (sj\u00e1 einnig undir r\u00e9ttarfar \u2192 exceptio metus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

mortis causa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>v\u00e6ri h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a sem d\u00e1nargj\u00f6f<\/em>, sem skilgreind er sem gjafalofor\u00f0 sem ekki er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma til framkv\u00e6mda fyrr en eftir andl\u00e1t gefandans. Venjulega flyst gj\u00f6fin einungis til gjafa\u00feega eftir<\/strong> dau\u00f0a gefandans nema s\u00e9 gefin \u00f6nnur tilm\u00e6li (t.d. \u00ed tilfelli yfirvofandi dau\u00f0a).<\/p>\n

mutuum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00e1n \u00e1 varningi til neyslu; s\u00e1 sem tekur vi\u00f0 hlutum eins og v\u00edni, korni e\u00f0a ol\u00edu gerist eigandi \u00feessa og skuldbindur sig til a\u00f0 endurgrei\u00f0a l\u00e1nveitanda sama magn \u00ed s\u00f6mu g\u00e6\u00f0um (tandumdem<\/em>); einhli\u00f0a samningur.<\/p>\n

necessarius heres\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ney\u00f0arerfingi, oftast \u00fer\u00e6ll sem tekur vi\u00f0 \u00feegar arfurinn er skuldir einar.<\/p>\n

obligatio<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 skylda; skuldbinding sem hefst me\u00f0 samningi.<\/p>\n

occidere<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00feetta or\u00f0 var nota\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feegar ma\u00f0ur drap \u00fer\u00e6l e\u00f0a skepnu annars manns, og \u00feurfti \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a \u00feeim manni b\u00e6tur fyrir verkna\u00f0inn. Ekki var liti\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feetta sem mor\u00f0 \u00ed eiginlegri merkingu, heldur sem eignaspj\u00f6ll<\/em> \u00fear sem \u00fer\u00e6llinn e\u00f0a skepnan var undirorpin eignarr\u00e9tti tiltekins frj\u00e1ls manns. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist ekki vera til \u00e1 \u00edslensku og \u00fev\u00ed er spurning hvort eitthvert n\u00fdyr\u00f0i eins og eignadr\u00e1p<\/em> g\u00e6ti \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki.<\/p>\n

occupatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>n\u00e1m <\/em>e\u00f0a taka, <\/em>einn af meginh\u00e1ttum \u00feess a\u00f0 stofna til frumeignarr\u00e9ttar, \u00fear sem ma\u00f0ur tekur undir sig umr\u00e1\u00f0 hlutar sem var ekki \u00e1\u00f0ur h\u00e1\u00f0ur eignarr\u00e9tti annars manns e\u00f0a l\u00f6gpers\u00f3nu (res nullius<\/em>) eins og eyjar e\u00f0a villid\u00fdr.<\/p>\n

pignus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>handve\u00f0, <\/em>\u00fe.e. ve\u00f0r\u00e9ttur \u00fear sem ve\u00f0sali (s\u00e1 sem l\u00e6tur eign s\u00edna a\u00f0 ve\u00f0i til tryggingar kr\u00f6fu) er sviptur umr\u00e1\u00f0um hins ve\u00f0setta.<\/p>\n

possessio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>eignarhald \u00e1n l\u00f6glegs titils.<\/p>\n

pretium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ver\u00f0.<\/p>\n

procurator\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>umsj\u00f3narma\u00f0ur sem s\u00e9r um (vi\u00f0skipta-) m\u00e1l annars manns eftir a\u00f0 hafa fengi\u00f0 fullt umbo\u00f0 til \u00feess.<\/p>\n

proprietas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00f6gleg eign sem n\u00fdtur verndar erga omnes<\/em> (gagnvart \u00f6llum).<\/p>\n

rapina \/<\/em><\/p>\n

vi bonorum raptorum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e1n; lausir munir annarra teknir me\u00f0 valdbeitingu (vis<\/em>).<\/p>\n

res communes<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hlutir \u00ed almannaeigu.<\/p>\n

res corporales\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e1\u00fereifanlegir hlutir.<\/p>\n

res divini iuris\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hlutir gu\u00f0d\u00f3mlega r\u00e9ttarins.<\/p>\n

res extra commercio \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hlutir undanskildir vi\u00f0skiptum.<\/p>\n

res humani iuris<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hlutir mannlega r\u00e9ttarins.<\/p>\n

res immobiles\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>fastir hlutir (h\u00fas, l\u00f3\u00f0 = oftast fasteignir).<\/p>\n

res in commercio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hlutir \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum.<\/p>\n

res incorporales\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00f3\u00e1\u00fereifanlegir hlutir eins og samningar og kr\u00f6fur og skuldir sem fylgja \u00feeim.<\/p>\n

res mancipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hlutir eins og \u00ed \u2192 res immobiles<\/em> \u00e1 \u00edtalskri grund, vegar\u00e9ttindi (\u2192 via<\/em>), \u00fer\u00e6lar og bur\u00f0ard\u00fdr sem krefjast \u2192 mancipatio<\/em> \u00ed eignarskiptum, \u00fe.e.a.s. s\u00e9rstakrar h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0legrar athafnar \u00ed votta vi\u00f0urvist.<\/p>\n

res mobiles\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>lausaf\u00e9 (\u00ed merkingunni: f\u00e6ranlegir hlutir).<\/p>\n

res nec mancipi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hlutir sem ekki krefjast mancipatio<\/em> \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum og eru einfaldlega afhentir \u00ed \u2192 traditio<\/em>.<\/p>\n

res nullius\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>einskis manns eign. \u00deegar eign er \u00ed einskis manns eigu (res nullius<\/em>) er a\u00f0eins h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 eignast hana fyrir n\u00e1m (occupatio<\/em>).<\/p>\n

res publica<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hlutir \u00ed r\u00edkiseign.<\/p>\n

res religiosae\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>helgir hlutir og sta\u00f0ir (eins og greftrunarsta\u00f0ir).<\/p>\n

res sacrae\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>helgigripir \u00a0sem nj\u00f3ta bannhelgi (eins og musteri).<\/p>\n

res sanctae\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>helgihlutir undir s\u00e9rstakri vernd gu\u00f0anna (borgarm\u00farar og borgarhli\u00f0).<\/p>\n

res universitatis<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hlutir \u00ed almannaeign.<\/p>\n

res\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hlutur; annar hluti R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttar J\u00fastin\u00edanusar sem fjallar um hlutar\u00e9ttinn.<\/p>\n

societas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>(vi\u00f0skipta-) f\u00e9lag \u00e1 grundvelli samnings \u00fear sem fleiri a\u00f0ilar sam\u00feykkja a\u00f0 deila \u00e1vinningum og t\u00f6pum.<\/p>\n

solutio (\u2260 vinculum)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>samningsslit skv. \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um samnings, \u00fe.e.a.s. upplausn samnings me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 sem kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00e1 um \u00ed samningi.<\/p>\n

stipulatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>munnlegur samningur a\u00f0 hef\u00f0bundnum h\u00e6tti \u00e1 grundvelli \u00e1kve\u00f0inna spurninga milli samningsa\u00f0ilanna (\u00abLofar \u00fe\u00fa m\u00e9r a\u00f0 gefa m\u00e9r hitt og \u00feetta? \u00c9g lofa \u00fe\u00e9r a\u00f0 gefa \u00fe\u00e9r hitt og \u00feetta\u00bb). H\u00e9r er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a klass\u00edskan einhli\u00f0a samning stricti iuris<\/em>, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0eins annar a\u00f0ilinn (= s\u00e1 sem svarar) skuldbindur sig til a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 sem felst \u00ed samningi e\u00f0a lofor\u00f0i. Stipulatio<\/em> gat \u00fej\u00f3na\u00f0 sem einskonar frumform samnings fyrir vi\u00f0skipti milli einstaklinga.<\/p>\n

superficies\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>byggingarframkv\u00e6mdir. \u00deetta hugtak inniheldur mikilv\u00e6gt or\u00f0alag \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 accessio<\/em> af f\u00e6ranlegum og \u00f3f\u00e6ranlegum eignum \u2013 superficies solo cedit<\/em>: [eignarr\u00e9ttur \u00e1] byggingu v\u00edkur fyrir landinu.<\/p>\n

suus heres\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab<\/em>s\u00edns eigin erfingi\u00bb = sonur e\u00f0a d\u00f3ttir sem ver\u00f0ur \u2192 sui iuris <\/em>vi\u00f0 andl\u00e1t \u2192 paterfamilias<\/em> (\u2192 pers\u00f3nur\u00e9ttur) og tekur vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldueignum.<\/p>\n

testamenti factio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>l\u00f6gm\u00e6tt umbo\u00f0 til a\u00f0 skrifa undir erf\u00f0askr\u00e1. Getan til a\u00f0 gera erf\u00f0askr\u00e1 (factio testamenti activa),<\/em> a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed ferli a\u00f0 gera erf\u00f0askr\u00e1 e\u00f0a a\u00f0 vera arf\u00feegi samkv\u00e6mt R\u00f3mverskri erf\u00f0askr\u00e1 (factio testamenti passiva<\/em>).<\/p>\n

testamentum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>erf\u00f0askr\u00e1.<\/p>\n

traditio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>einf\u00f6ld eignaskipti ( \u2192<\/em> res non mancipi<\/em>) sem krefjast ekki \u2192 mancipatio<\/em>. Algengasti ius gentium<\/em> h\u00e1tturinn vi\u00f0 \u00f6flun eignarhalds. \u00deetta var \u00f3formlegur flutningur \u00e1 efnilegri v\u00f6rslu hlutar (vanalega res nec mancipi<\/em>) af h\u00e1lfu eiganda \u00e1 grundvelli iusta causa<\/em> sem olli einnig eigandaskiptum. Breytilegar kr\u00f6fur um l\u00edkamlega afhendingu komu til s\u00f6gunnar til \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e6ta s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

urere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0 brenna. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 er eitt af \u201eska\u00f0a-sagnor\u00f0unum\u201c sem eru a\u00f0 finna \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja kafla Lex Aquilia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

usucapio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a l\u00f6glegur eigandi \u00feeirra hluta sem ma\u00f0ur hefur \u00feegar undir hendi (me\u00f0 animus possidendi<\/em>) \u00ed gegnum fyrningarfrest (tv\u00f6 \u00e1r fyrir \u2192 res immobiles<\/em> og eitt \u00e1r fyrir \u2192 res mobiles<\/em>).<\/p>\n

usufructus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>afnota- e\u00f0a n\u00fdtingarr\u00e9ttur sem heimilar a\u00f0 uppskera \u00e1vexti sem kunna a\u00f0 vaxa \u00e1 grundu annars manns.<\/p>\n

usus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hugtak sem getur haft margar merkingar \u00ed R\u00f3marr\u00e9tti. Hugtaki\u00f0 var nota\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa birtingarmyndum hj\u00f3nabands cum manu<\/em>. Kona var\u00f0 h\u00e1\u00f0 manus<\/em> eiginmanns s\u00edns ef h\u00fan var \u00ed samb\u00fa\u00f0 me\u00f0 honum \u00f3sliti\u00f0 \u00ed eitt \u00e1r. Hugtaki\u00f0 var einnig nota\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa kv\u00f6\u00f0 \u00e1 eign sem veitti handhafa hennar r\u00e9tt til \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00fdta eignina, en \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 geta haft \u00e1vinning af henni.<\/p>\n

vendere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>selja.<\/p>\n

via\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00abvegar\u00e9ttindi\u00bb; s\u00e1 sem n\u00fdtur \u00feessara r\u00e9ttinda m\u00e1 fara yfir eign annars manns sem kann a\u00f0 liggja milli tveggja hluta eign lands s\u00edns (iura in re aliena<\/em> = r\u00e9ttindi var\u00f0andi hlut annars manns).<\/p>\n

vinculum (\u2260 solutio<\/em>)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 band milli tveggja samningsa\u00f0ila.<\/p>\n

vis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>valdbeiting; brota\u00feoli \u00feess getur h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0 m\u00e1l gegn geranda b\u00e6\u00f0i skv. \u2192 ius privatum<\/em> og \u2192 ius publicum<\/em>.<\/p>\n

vis maior\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e6\u00f0ri kraftur sem hvorki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 standast n\u00e9 stj\u00f3rna (\u00e1 ensku: act of God)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

d. R\u00e9ttarfar<\/span><\/p>\n

actio<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201everkna\u00f0ur\u201d; r\u00e9ttur r\u00f3mversks borgara til a\u00f0 hefja m\u00e1laferli.<\/p>\n

actio bonae fidei<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00e1laferli sem leyf\u00f0i d\u00f3maranum a\u00f0 taka tillit til \u00fdmissa \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0na e\u00f0a sta\u00f0reynda sem ekki koma beinl\u00ednis fram \u00ed \u2192 formula<\/em>. D\u00f3mstj\u00f3rinn veitti d\u00f3maranum svigr\u00fam til a\u00f0 meta g\u00f3\u00f0a tr\u00fa e\u00f0a tr\u00faver\u00f0ugleika (bona fides<\/em>) deilua\u00f0ilanna beggja.<\/p>\n

actio civilis<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00e1laferli \u00e1 grundvelli laganna; einnig k\u00f6llu\u00f0 actio in ius concepta<\/em>.<\/p>\n

actio in factum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli sem leyfa d\u00f3maranum a\u00f0 hefja ranns\u00f3knina \u00e1 grundvelli \u00e1kve\u00f0inna sta\u00f0reynda sem sannast vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knina; ein af actiones honorariae<\/em> (\u2192 ius honorarium<\/em>, sj\u00e1 \u2192 r\u00e9ttarkerfi).<\/p>\n

actio in personam\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli \u00e1 grundvelli (vi\u00f0skipta-)samskipta tveggja einstaklinga sem h\u00f3fust me\u00f0 samningi (\u2192 contractus<\/em>) e\u00f0a me\u00f0 l\u00f6gbroti (\u2192 delictum<\/em>) annars a\u00f0ila.<\/p>\n

actio in rem\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli \u00e1 grundvelli samskipta milli einstaklings og hluts sem hann \u00e1 (res<\/em>), oftast til a\u00f0 endurheimta eignina (\u2192 rei vindicatio<\/em>).<\/p>\n

actio iudicati\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ef s\u00e1 sem hefur veri\u00f0 d\u00e6mdur sekur vildi ekki grei\u00f0a skuld s\u00edna innan \u00e1kve\u00f0ins t\u00edma gat \u00e1k\u00e6randinn hafi\u00f0 n\u00fd m\u00e1laferli gegn honum til a\u00f0 ney\u00f0a hann a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 sem honum bar a\u00f0 gera samkv\u00e6mt \u00farskur\u00f0i d\u00f3marans.<\/p>\n

actio poenalis<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00e1laferli gegn \u00feeim sem hefur valdi\u00f0 tj\u00f3ni (\u2192\u00a0 delictum<\/em>).<\/p>\n

actio Publiciana\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli (in rem<\/em>) heimilu\u00f0 af praetor<\/em> sem lei\u00f0beinir d\u00f3maranum a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna sem sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i fyrir usucapio<\/em> (= a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a l\u00f6glegur eigandi a\u00f0 li\u00f0num fyrningar-fresti) hafi veri\u00f0 uppfyllt (einnig kalla\u00f0 actio fictitia<\/em>); ein af actiones honorariae<\/em> (\u2192 ius honorarium<\/em>, sj\u00e1 \u2192 r\u00e9ttarkerfi).<\/p>\n

actio\u00a0<\/em>rei vindicatio<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 eignarkrafa; m\u00e1laferli til a\u00f0 endurheimta eign s\u00edna. Lagar\u00e1\u00f0stafanir sem venjulega voru nota\u00f0ar til \u00feess a\u00f0 verja ius civile<\/em> eignar\u00e9tt \u00e1 hlutum (hreyfanlegum e\u00f0a \u00f3hreyfanlegum). \u00deetta var r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6fun, notu\u00f0 af eiganda hlutar, sem haf\u00f0i ekki umr\u00e1\u00f0 hlutarins, til \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00e1 hlutnum af \u00feri\u00f0ja a\u00f0ila. R\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6funin haf\u00f0i tv\u00ed\u00fe\u00e6ttan tilgang. H\u00fan \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0i r\u00e9ttan eiganda hlutarins. \u00deegar \u00fea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 gert, var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota hana til \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja eignina fr\u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja a\u00f0ila sem haf\u00f0i umr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir eigninni, en hef\u00f0i eignin t\u00fdnst e\u00f0a skemmst \u00ed umr\u00e1\u00f0um \u00feess a\u00f0ila, var eigandanum \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0 peningaver\u00f0m\u00e6ti eignarinnar.<\/p>\n

actio stricti iuris\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli sem veita d\u00f3maranum ekkert svigr\u00fam til a\u00f0 taka tillit til \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0na sem ekki er gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00ed form\u00falu, t.d. m\u00e1laferli \u00e1 grundvelli \u2192 stipulatio<\/em> (sj\u00e1 eignarr\u00e9ttur).<\/p>\n

actio utilis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli \u00e1 grundvelli sta\u00f0reynda sem ekki er gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir beinl\u00ednis \u00ed l\u00f6gunum en sem l\u00edkjast \u00feeim a\u00f0 breyttu breytanda; ein af \u00a0actiones honorariae<\/em> (\u2192 ius honorarium<\/em>, sj\u00e1 \u2192 r\u00e9ttarkerfi).<\/p>\n

actor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>s\u00e1 sem s\u00e6kir um m\u00e1laferli; \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum accusator<\/em> (\u00e1k\u00e6randi) og \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum petitor <\/em>e\u00f0a postulator<\/em> (s\u00e1 sem krefst r\u00e9ttar s\u00edns).<\/p>\n

adiudicatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>einn hluti hins svokalla\u00f0a formula<\/em>, sem einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu var beitt \u00ed m\u00e1lum er v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u skiptingu eigna, s.s. skiptu sameigna, og m\u00e1lum \u00fear sem deilt var um m\u00f6rk eigna (actio finium regundorum<\/em>). Adiudicatio<\/em> heimila\u00f0i d\u00f3mara a\u00f0 skera \u00far um eignarr\u00e9tt m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ila me\u00f0 d\u00f3mi s\u00ednum.<\/p>\n

appellatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e1fr\u00fdjun; \u00feegar a\u00f0ili d\u00f3msm\u00e1ls leitar endursko\u00f0unar \u00e1 d\u00f3mi um efni m\u00e1ls me\u00f0 m\u00e1lskoti til \u00e6\u00f0ra d\u00f3mst\u00f3ls. Ekki var gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skj\u00f3ta m\u00e1li til h\u00e6rra d\u00f3mstigs \u00e1 t\u00edmum l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins. \u00darskur\u00f0ur d\u00f3marans var endanlegur. En fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 t\u00edma principatus<\/em> m\u00e1tti \u00e1fr\u00fdja m\u00e1linu til n\u00e6sth\u00e6sta emb\u00e6ttismanns og \u00ed vissum tilvikum til sj\u00e1lfs keisarans. \u00c1 t\u00edmum einveldis (dominatus<\/em>) var d\u00f3mskerfi h\u00e1tta\u00f0 \u00feannig: 1. stig h\u00e9ra\u00f0sstj\u00f3ri (e\u00f0a \u2192 iudex datus<\/em> \u00ed hans umbo\u00f0i), 2. stig umd\u00e6misstj\u00f3ri (vicarius<\/em>) e\u00f0a hir\u00f0sstj\u00f3ri keisarans (pr\u00e6fectus pr\u00e6torio<\/em>); 3. stig keisari (nema praefectus praetorio<\/em> hef\u00f0i d\u00e6mt \u00e1 2. stigi enda var hann \u00e1litinn sta\u00f0gengill keisarans).<\/p>\n

apud iudicem\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>s\u00ed\u00f0asti partur m\u00e1laferlanna frammi fyrir d\u00f3mara sem \u00f3breyttur borgari allt til t\u00edma principatus<\/em>; hann sat r\u00e9ttarhaldi\u00f0 \u00e1 grundvelli \u00feeirra sta\u00f0reynda sem emb\u00e6ttisma\u00f0ur hins opinbera haf\u00f0i vi\u00f0urkennt fyrr (\u2192 litis contestatio<\/em>).<\/p>\n

arbitrium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>ger\u00f0ard\u00f3mur; \u00e1 t\u00edmum einveldis (dominatus<\/em>) endanleg \u00farlausn deilum\u00e1ls utan d\u00f3mst\u00f3ls ef b\u00e1\u00f0ir deilua\u00f0ilarnir komu s\u00e9r saman um \u00fea\u00f0. Arbiter <\/em>er \u00fear me\u00f0 ger\u00f0ard\u00f3mari e\u00f0a \u00farskur\u00f0ara\u00f0ili, oftast l\u00f6gl\u00e6r\u00f0ur einstaklingur.<\/p>\n

bonorum cessio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00feegar skuldari var or\u00f0inn gjald\u00ferota vegna \u00f3fyrirs\u00e9\u00f0ra a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na gat hann, samkv\u00e6mt reglusafninu, for\u00f0ast \u00fe\u00e1 vanvir\u00f0ingu sem fylgdi \u00feeirri framkv\u00e6md a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a til yfirvalda<\/u>,<\/u> me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leyfa honum a\u00f0 afsala s\u00e9r eignum s\u00ednum af frj\u00e1lsum vilja (cessio bonorum<\/em>) til l\u00e1nardrottna sinna.<\/p>\n

bonorum venditio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00feegar b\u00fai\u00f0 var a\u00f0 sannreyna, \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar m\u00e1lsh\u00f6f\u00f0unar, a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttur kr\u00f6fuhafa til fullnustu var \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0ur gat hann s\u00f3tt um pers\u00f3nulega e\u00f0a opinbera fullnustuger\u00f0. Opinber fullnustuger\u00f0 h\u00f3fst me\u00f0 tilskipun praetor <\/em>um a\u00f0 eignir skuldara yr\u00f0u ger\u00f0ar uppt\u00e6kar. Tilskipun \u00feessi var einungis br\u00e1\u00f0abirg\u00f0a\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i enda \u00feurfti fyrst a\u00f0 senda opinbera tilkynningu til allra annarra kr\u00f6fuhafa skuldara vegna yfirvofandi nau\u00f0ungars\u00f6lu \u00e1 eignum skuldara sem ger\u00f0ar voru uppt\u00e6kar. Kr\u00f6fuhafar voru kvaddir fyrir praetor<\/em> og \u00feeim gert a\u00f0 velja hver \u00feeirra \u00e6tti a\u00f0 fara me\u00f0 umsj\u00f3n nau\u00f0ungars\u00f6lunnar.<\/p>\n

cognitio extraordinaria\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u201e\u00f3hef\u00f0bundin ranns\u00f3kn\u201c; eftir \u2192 legis actio<\/em> og \u2192 formula<\/em> t\u00f3k r\u00e9ttarfar R\u00f3maveldis \u00e1 sig \u00feessa mynd \u00e1 t\u00edmum\u00a0 principatus<\/em> fyrst samhli\u00f0a formula<\/em> \u2013 r\u00e9ttarfari og s\u00ed\u00f0an allt fr\u00e1 342 e.Kr. sem eini h\u00e1ttur r\u00e9ttarhaldsins fyrir \u2192 iudicia privata<\/em> og \u2192 iudicia publica<\/em>. Cognitio<\/em> einkennist af tvennu: 1) r\u00edkisv\u00e6\u00f0ing alls r\u00e9ttarfars \u00ed hendur emb\u00e6ttismanns hins opinbera og \u00fear me\u00f0 ekki lengur skipting \u00e1 milli \u2192 in iure<\/em> frammi fyrir emb\u00e6ttismanni r\u00edkisins og \u2192 apud iudicem<\/em> hj\u00e1 d\u00f3mara \u00far r\u00f6\u00f0um \u00f3breyttra borgara; 2) en um lei\u00f0 og princeps<\/em> t\u00f3k m\u00e1laferli \u00ed s\u00ednar hendur og anna\u00f0ist st\u00f6ku sinnum r\u00e9ttarhaldi\u00f0 \u00ed sinni eigin pers\u00f3nu f\u00f3r \u00fea\u00f0 fram utan hins hef\u00f0bundna r\u00e9ttarhalds og var \u00feess vegna kalla\u00f0 cognitio extra ordinem<\/em> e\u00f0a cognitio extraordinaria<\/em>.<\/p>\n

condemnatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>sakfelling; \u00ed grundvallaratri\u00f0um var sakborningurinn\u00a0 epa hinn stefndi d\u00e6mdur til a\u00f0 borga sekt. Ef form\u00fala ger\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir m\u00e1tti d\u00f3marinn bj\u00f3\u00f0a honum til a\u00f0 skila \u00fev\u00ed sem hann haf\u00f0i undir hendi en sem var reyndar \u00ed l\u00f6glegri eign \u00e1k\u00e6randans (\u2192 rei vindicatio<\/em>).<\/p>\n

condictio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli in personam<\/em> til a\u00f0 innheimta skuldina\u00a0 (certa pecunia<\/em> = \u00e1kve\u00f0in fj\u00e1rupph\u00e6\u00f0). Condictio<\/em> er upprunni\u00f0 \u00ed legis actio<\/em> r\u00e9ttarfari (legis actio per condictionem<\/em>). \u00cd r\u00e9ttarfari per formulam<\/em> var \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 tiltekna tegund pers\u00f3nulegra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a \u00fear sem h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 krefjast tiltekins hlutar (certa res<\/em>) e\u00f0a tiltekinnar fj\u00e1rh\u00e6\u00f0ar (certa pecunia<\/em>) \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 tilgreina \u00feyrfti uppruna skuldbindingarinnar. \u00deetta var \u00fev\u00ed mj\u00f6g sveigjanleg a\u00f0ger\u00f0 sem h\u00e6gt var a\u00f0 nota til a\u00f0 innheimta n\u00e1nast hva\u00f0a peningaskuld sem var.<\/p>\n

confessio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>j\u00e1tning; hinn \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i j\u00e1tar sig sekan \u00feegar \u2192 in iure<\/em> \u00e1\u00f0ur en fari\u00f0 er til d\u00f3marans og er \u00fear me\u00f0 d\u00e6mdur (confessus pro iudicato habetur<\/em>).<\/p>\n

contumacia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00feegar manneskja hunsa\u00f0i stefnu um a\u00f0 koma fyrir d\u00f3m eftir cognitio <\/em>m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0inni, gat d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0 gagna\u00f0ilanum \u00ed hag sj\u00e1lfkrafa vegna neitunar hans \u00e1 a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0inni.<\/p>\n

crimen (publicum)<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 afbrot, gl\u00e6pur e\u00f0a meiri h\u00e1ttar refsivert \u00e1setningsbrot, oftast gegn almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum og s\u00e6tir opinberri \u00e1k\u00e6ru (\u2192<\/em> iudicia publica<\/em>).<\/p>\n

delictum (privatum)<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (l\u00f6g-)brot e\u00f0a s\u00fa h\u00e1ttsemi sem er andst\u00e6\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarreglum og gefur \u00feeim sem ver\u00f0ur fyrir \u00fev\u00ed t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 leita r\u00e9ttar s\u00edns fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum (\u2192 iudicia privata<\/em>).<\/p>\n

demonstratio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0arreglunum sem kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1 um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 hva\u00f0a grundvelli kr\u00f6fur m\u00e1lsins voru bygg\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

deportatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>strangasti \u00fatleg\u00f0ard\u00f3murinn; hinn d\u00e6mdi var lag\u00f0ur \u00ed fj\u00f6tra, fluttur \u00e1 \u00f6murlegan sta\u00f0 og sviptur \u00f6llum eignum s\u00ednum.<\/p>\n

episcopalis audientia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll biskups \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum ef b\u00e1\u00f0ir deilua\u00f0ilarnir sam\u00feykktu \u00fea\u00f0 (a\u00f0eins \u2192 iudicium privatum<\/em>!) allt fr\u00e1 t\u00edmum Konstant\u00ednusar keisara.<\/p>\n

evocatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>venjulega h\u00f3fust m\u00e1laferlin me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 annar m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ilanna beggja leita\u00f0i r\u00e9ttar s\u00edns, en fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 t\u00edmum principatus<\/em> gat keisarinn sj\u00e1lfur teki\u00f0 frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i, hafi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsranns\u00f3kn og kalla\u00f0 m\u00e1laferlin \u00f6ll til s\u00edn (= evocare<\/em>) ef honum \u00fe\u00f3tti vera miki\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00fafi sem snerti hi\u00f0 opinbera e\u00f0a hans eigin pers\u00f3nu (sj\u00e1 einnig \u2192 cognitio extraordinaria<\/em>). En \u00farskur\u00f0ir keisarans ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 ford\u00e6mi fyrir \u00f6nnur og svipu\u00f0 m\u00e1l sem kunnu a\u00f0 gerast \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni.<\/p>\n

exceptio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e9ttar\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i sem upprunalega kemur fr\u00e1 r\u00e9ttarfarsl\u00f6gum \u00fear sem stefndi gat andm\u00e6lt fullyr\u00f0ingum stefnanda. Almennt s\u00e9\u00f0 var \u00fea\u00f0 lagt til a\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni stefnda en \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 hafna kr\u00f6fu stefnanda.<\/p>\n

exceptio doli\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1lflutningur af h\u00e1lfu varnara\u00f0ilans \u2013 heimila\u00f0ur af praetor<\/em> \u2013 sem sta\u00f0festir a\u00f0 hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir blekkingum af h\u00e1lfu \u00e1k\u00e6randans \u00ed samningavi\u00f0skiptum (t.d. \u2192 actio in personam<\/em>).\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

exceptio metus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1lflutningur af h\u00e1lfu varnara\u00f0ilans \u2013 heimila\u00f0ur af praetor<\/em> \u2013 sem sta\u00f0festir a\u00f0 hafa gert samninginn bara af \u00f3tta vi\u00f0 h\u00f3tanir af h\u00e1lfu \u00e1k\u00e6randans.<\/p>\n

exilium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>mildara form \u00fatleg\u00f0ar, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e1tti hinn d\u00e6mdi lifa sem frj\u00e1ls ma\u00f0ur hvar sem honum \u00fe\u00f3kna\u00f0ist utan \u00cdtal\u00edu.<\/p>\n

formula \/\u00a0<\/em>processum formulare\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>allt fr\u00e1 150 f.Kr. var ekki lengur krafist tiltekinna or\u00f0a og a\u00f0fer\u00f0a \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum (\u2192 legis actio<\/em>), en m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ilar og d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ri komu s\u00e9r saman um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig m\u00e1li\u00f0 skyldi lagt fyrir d\u00f3marann (\u2192 iudex<\/em>). S\u00ed\u00f0an sendi d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ri d\u00f3maranum rita\u00f0a sk\u00fdrslu um alla m\u00e1lav\u00f6xtu. Var \u00feetta kalla\u00f0 a\u00f0 reka m\u00e1l per formulam<\/em>.<\/p>\n

infames\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>f\u00f3lk sem hefur veri\u00f0 stimpla\u00f0 infamia. <\/em>Vir\u00f0ing sl\u00edkra einstaklinga r\u00fdrna\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0eins \u00ed augum r\u00f3mverska samf\u00e9lagsins, heldur var \u00feeim einnig meina\u00f0 me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum a\u00f0 gegna tilteknum emb\u00e6ttum og a\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0a einkam\u00e1l e\u00f0a refsim\u00e1l fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum.<\/p>\n

infamia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>b\u00f3kstaflega \u201cm\u00e1lleysi\u201d; <\/em>skortur \u00e1 hei\u00f0ri og heilindum \/ sk\u00f6mm \/ sl\u00e6mt or\u00f0spor. Sum afbrot eins og \u00fej\u00f3fna\u00f0ur og r\u00e1n leiddu til \u00feess a\u00f0 menn f\u00e9llu \u00ed \u00e1liti innan \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsins og m\u00e1ttu ekki lengur taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum e\u00f0a l\u00e1ta annan gera \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir s\u00edna h\u00f6nd.<\/p>\n

in iure\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>fyrsti partur m\u00e1laferlanna frammi fyrir emb\u00e6ttismanni r\u00edkisins til a\u00f0 ganga \u00far skugga um hvort gildandi l\u00f6g geri r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir bei\u00f0ni ums\u00e6kjandans; d\u00f3mstj\u00f3rinn metur hvort leyfa eigi a\u00f0 hefja \u2192 actio<\/em> e\u00f0a ekki.<\/p>\n

intentio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0arreglur sem \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um grundv\u00f6ll l\u00f6gs\u00f3knarinnar sem og m\u00e1ls\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur stefnunnar.<\/p>\n

interdictio aquae et ignis\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u201ebann \u00e1 notkun vatns og elds\u201c; \u00feegar hinn \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00ed \u2192 iudicia publica<\/em> fl\u00fa\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur en d\u00f3murinn var felldur var hann \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0ur \u00fatl\u00e6gur og m\u00e1tti ekki lengur nj\u00f3ta vistar me\u00f0al samborgaranna. Ef hann sn\u00e9ri heim \u00ed leyfisleysi m\u00e1tti hver sem var drepa hann.<\/p>\n

interdictum\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>bann; <\/em>l\u00fdritur. Eitt af \u201eme\u00f0ulum\u201c r\u00e1\u00f0herravalds pretors. \u00darr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 vegum d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ra sem voru h\u00f6nnu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 skj\u00f3tum \u00e1rangri. Stefnandi l\u00fdsti kr\u00f6fu sinni og eftir a\u00f0 lagagrundv\u00f6llur kr\u00f6funnar haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 rannsaka\u00f0ur gaf praetor<\/em> \u00fat interdictum <\/em>(\u00fe.e. bann sem beint var a\u00f0 stefnda). Ef stefndi hl\u00fdddi \u00feessari skipun var ekki talin \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 m\u00e1laferlum. Hins vegar, ef \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i virti fyrirskipunina a\u00f0 vettugi e\u00f0a m\u00f3tm\u00e6lti henni, f\u00f3r m\u00e1li\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3m. Interdicta<\/em> voru flokku\u00f0 eftir tilgangi \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

iudex\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>d\u00f3mari; \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum einstaklinga \u00e1 milli ekki emb\u00e6ttisma\u00f0ur hins opinbera heldur \u00f3breyttur borgari mennta\u00f0ur \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i sem fali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma allt fram \u00e1 t\u00edma einveldis (dominatus<\/em>).<\/p>\n

iudex datus (pedaneus)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 t\u00edmum principatus<\/em> tilnefndu r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rar h\u00e9ra\u00f0anna sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u umsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldum \u00ed s\u00ednum umd\u00e6mum l\u00e6gra setta emb\u00e6ttismenn til a\u00f0 gegna hlutverki d\u00f3mara (sj\u00e1 einnig \u2192 cognitio extraordinaria<\/em>).<\/p>\n

iudicatus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>s\u00e1 sem hefur veri\u00f0 d\u00e6mdur sekur \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum.<\/p>\n

iudicia populi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00e1 fyrstu \u00f6ldum l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins voru m\u00e1laferli vegna \u00e1kve\u00f0inna afbrota og gl\u00e6pa (\u2192 crimen publicum<\/em>) borin fram til atkv\u00e6\u00f0a fyrir hundra\u00f0sdeilda\u00feingi (\u2192 comitia centuriata<\/em>) e\u00f0a sveita\u00feingi f\u00f3lksins (\u2192 comitia tributa<\/em>) [sj\u00e1 \u2192 saga R\u00f3maveldis].<\/p>\n

iudicia privata\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>einkam\u00e1l; m\u00e1l sem einstaklingur e\u00f0a l\u00f6gpers\u00f3na h\u00f6f\u00f0ar gegn einstaklingi e\u00f0a l\u00f6gpers\u00f3nu til \u00farlausnar \u00e1 r\u00e9ttar-\u00e1greiningi um r\u00e9ttindi \u00feeirra e\u00f0a skyldur.<\/p>\n

iudicia publica\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>sakam\u00e1l; m\u00e1l sem handhafar \u00e1k\u00e6ruvalds e\u00f0a einstaklingur sj\u00e1lfur sem var\u00f0 fyrir l\u00f6gbroti annars a\u00f0ila h\u00f6f\u00f0ar til refsingar l\u00f6gum samkv\u00e6mt.<\/p>\n

legis actio (sacramento)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>m\u00e1laferli \u00e1 grundvelli \u00e1kve\u00f0inna laga \u00ed gildi fr\u00e1 t\u00edmum t\u00f3lftaflnalaganna allt til endaloka l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins. \u00deessi m\u00e1laferli f\u00f3ru fram munnlega og krafist var a\u00f0 fara \u00ed einu og \u00f6llu eftir settum or\u00f0um enda g\u00e1tu hin minnstu afbrig\u00f0i \u00f3n\u00fdtt m\u00e1li\u00f0. \u00cd legis actio sacramento<\/em> sem var ein af fimm h\u00e1ttum \u00feessara fornu m\u00e1laferla f\u00e9kk hvor deilua\u00f0ilanna d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ranum \u00ed hendur fj\u00e1rh\u00e6\u00f0 nokkra (sacramentum<\/em>) og\u00a0 rann framlag \u00feess sem tapa\u00f0i m\u00e1linu til r\u00edkistr\u00faarinnar. Legis actio<\/em> m\u00e1laferli voru \u00ed gildi einnig \u00e1 t\u00edmum m\u00e1laferla \u2192 per formulam<\/em> en formlega afnumin me\u00f0 leges Iuliae iudiciorum publicorum et privatorum<\/em> \u00e1 t\u00edmum \u00c1g\u00fastusar.<\/p>\n

litis contestatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u201edeiluyfirl\u00fdsing\u201c; a\u00f0 loknum fyrsta \u00e1fanga \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum (\u2192 in iure<\/em>) sta\u00f0festi emb\u00e6ttisma\u00f0ur r\u00edkisins \u00fea\u00f0 sem umdeilt var me\u00f0al beggja deilua\u00f0ilanna \u00e1\u00f0ur en haldi\u00f0 var \u00e1fram frammi fyrir d\u00f3maranum (\u2192 apud iudicem<\/em>).<\/p>\n

missio in possessionem\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>eitt af \u00feeim \u201eme\u00f0ulum\u201c sem praetor<\/em> gat nota\u00f0 \u00ed processum formulare<\/em>; \u00ed krafti r\u00e1\u00f0herravalds s\u00edns gat d\u00f3mstj\u00f3rinn veitt \u00e1k\u00e6randanum umsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 eign (allri eigninni e\u00f0a a\u00f0 hluta til) hins \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a til a\u00f0 tryggja s\u00e6milega framkomu \u00feess \u00ed m\u00e1laferlunum sj\u00e1lfum. \u00deetta var \u00fev\u00ed einhvers konar haldlagning eignar me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir augum a\u00f0 vernda eignina. V\u00e6ri einnig h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a sem v\u00f6rslusvipting eignar \u00ed d\u00f3msm\u00e1li.<\/p>\n

parricidium\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00f3l\u00f6glegt dr\u00e1p frj\u00e1ls borgara (upphaflega foreldramor\u00f0 e\u00f0a dr\u00e1p \u00e6ttingja: parricidium<\/em> = patrem caedere<\/em> = a\u00f0 drepa f\u00f6\u00f0ur).<\/p>\n

perduellio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>landr\u00e1\u00f0.<\/p>\n

quaestiones<\/em><\/p>\n

extraordinariae\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll, fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2. \u00f6ld. f.Kr., reistur af gefnu tilefni til a\u00f0 rannsaka s\u00e9rstaka (p\u00f3lit\u00edska) gl\u00e6pi \u2192 crimen publicum<\/em>.<\/p>\n

quaestiones perpetuae\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 149 f.Kr. f\u00f3ru m\u00e1laferli afbrota og gl\u00e6pa (\u2192 crimen publicum<\/em>) fram fyrir kvi\u00f0d\u00f3mi undir forystu d\u00f3mstj\u00f3rans (praetor<\/em>).<\/p>\n

querela\u00a0<\/em>inofficosi testamenti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>r\u00e9ttar\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 t\u00edmum s\u00ed\u00f0l\u00fd\u00f0veldis sem kom \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 arfleifandi g\u00e6ti svipt skylduerfingja erf\u00f0ar\u00e9tti me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fatiloka vi\u00f0komandi erfingja \u00ed erf\u00f0askr\u00e1 \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00feeim erfingja sem hef\u00f0i fengi\u00f0 sinn hlut ef arfleifandi hef\u00f0i d\u00e1i\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 b\u00faa til erf\u00f0askr\u00e1r.<\/p>\n

relegatio\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>mildasta form \u00fatleg\u00f0ar; haf\u00f0i engan eignamissi \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r, en \u00fatlaginn var\u00f0 a\u00f0 dveljast \u00e1 tilteknum sta\u00f0, venjulega langt fr\u00e1 R\u00f3maborg.<\/p>\n

restitutio in integrum<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 eitt af \u00feeim \u201eme\u00f0ulum\u201c sem praetor <\/em>gat nota\u00f0 \u00ed processum formulare<\/em>; ef annar deilua\u00f0ilinn haf\u00f0i tapa\u00f0 miklu \u00ed m\u00e1laferlum stricti iuris<\/em> og var\u00f0 \u00fear me\u00f0 fyrir \u00f3r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti (t.d. ef hann var \u00f3reyndur, of ungur) gat d\u00f3mstj\u00f3rinn skipa\u00f0 a\u00f0 endurn\u00fdja \u00e1standi\u00f0 sem fyrr r\u00edkti \u00e1\u00f0ur en m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ilarnir ger\u00f0u samning s\u00edn \u00e1 milli.<\/p>\n

sententia\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>d\u00f3mur e\u00f0a \u00e1lit \u00ed ritum l\u00f6gspekinga. Einkum d\u00f3msni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a\/d\u00f3msor\u00f0 e\u00f0a ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00ed r\u00e9ttarfari anna\u00f0hvort condemno<\/em> = \u00e9g sakfelli (hinn \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a) e\u00f0a absolvo<\/em> = \u00e9g leysi (hinn \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a).<\/p>\n

stipulationes praetoriae\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>eitt af \u00feeim \u201eme\u00f0ulum\u201c sem praetor <\/em>gat nota\u00f0 \u00ed processum formulare<\/em>; d\u00f3mstj\u00f3rinn gat neytt annan m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ilanna beggja (e\u00f0a b\u00e1\u00f0a) til a\u00f0 gera \u2192 stipulatio<\/em> (sj\u00e1 \u2192 eignarr\u00e9ttur) \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 tryggja s\u00e6milega framkomu hans \/ \u00feeirra \u00ed m\u00e1laferlunum sj\u00e1lfum.<\/p>\n

reus\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>hinn \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum,\u00a0 sakborningur; \u00ed einkam\u00e1lum kallast oft pars conventa<\/em> = s\u00e1 sem er kalla\u00f0ur fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3l.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Roman law has always been part of the curriculum in the department of law at the University of Akureyri since the founding of the faculty of law in 2003. The impetus for this glossary emanated from my first year of teaching there (autumn 2019), because most of the students have not studied Latin at all during their high school years.\u00a0This second edition would not have been finished without the amiable help of dr. Gunnar Kristj\u00e1nsson, provost emeritus, and \u00deorkell \u00d6rn \u00d3lason who reviewed the text thoroughly. I owe them a great debt and gratefully acknowledge their generosity. Many terms have been added at the end of a seminar in Roman law held for the first time at the University of Iceland in Reykjav\u00edk (autumn 2021). I would like to thank, in particular, my students at this seminar who contributed to the second edition.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":607,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2056],"tags":[1286,432,372,703],"coauthors":[1996],"class_list":["post-11340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-other-contribution-editorial-review","tag-icelandic","tag-justinian","tag-roman-law","tag-university"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/607"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11340"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11937,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11340\/revisions\/11937"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11340"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11340"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11340"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=11340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}