{"id":100,"date":"2011-03-23T14:13:40","date_gmt":"2011-03-23T14:13:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/?p=100"},"modified":"2016-03-30T11:19:01","modified_gmt":"2016-03-30T11:19:01","slug":"giambattista-vico-heimspeki-forsjonarinnar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/06-1\/articles61\/giambattista-vico-heimspeki-forsjonarinnar\/","title":{"rendered":"Giambattista Vico \u2013 Heimspeki forsj\u00f3narinnar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t
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1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Inngangur<\/strong><\/div>\n

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Herra Giambattista Vico f\u00e6ddist \u00ed Napol\u00ed \u00e1ri\u00f0 1670, af hei\u00f0vir\u00f0u f\u00f3lki kominn er gat s\u00e9r allg\u00f3\u00f0s or\u00f0s \u00e1 l\u00edfslei\u00f0inni. Fa\u00f0ir hans var gla\u00f0lyndur a\u00f0 e\u00f0lisfari en m\u00f3\u00f0ir hans nokku\u00f0 \u00feung \u00ed lund; b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1ttu \u00feau eftir a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta skapger\u00f0 \u00feessa sonar \u00feeirra. Hann var \u00e6rslafullur drengur og t\u00e1pmikill; en \u00e1 \u00e1ttunda aldurs\u00e1ri f\u00e9ll hann fram fyrir sig af efsta stiga\u00ferepi ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 g\u00f3lf \u00fear sem hann l\u00e1 hreyfingar- og me\u00f0vitundarlaus \u00ed meira en fimm klukkustundir. H\u00f6fu\u00f0k\u00fapan haf\u00f0i brotna\u00f0 \u00e1 h\u00e6gri hli\u00f0inni \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fa\u00f0in rifna\u00f0i. Af brotinu mynda\u00f0ist st\u00f3rt k\u00fdli og missti barni\u00f0 miki\u00f0 bl\u00f3\u00f0. Svo miki\u00f0, a\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 hafa sko\u00f0a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 og teki\u00f0 tillit til \u00feess hversu lengi [drengurinn] haf\u00f0i legi\u00f0 me\u00f0vitundarlaus, sp\u00e1\u00f0i l\u00e6knirinn fyrir um a\u00f0 hann myndi anna\u00f0 hvort l\u00e1tast af s\u00e1rum s\u00ednum e\u00f0a ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 f\u00e1vita. Fyrir gu\u00f0s n\u00e1\u00f0 r\u00e6ttist hvorug sp\u00e1s\u00f6gn hans. En eftir a\u00f0 hafa n\u00e1\u00f0 bata var\u00f0 hann hins vegar \u00feunglyndur og \u00f6nugur \u00ed skapi, svo sem t\u00edtt er um andr\u00edka og dj\u00faphygla menn sem eru leiftursn\u00f6ggir \u00ed hugsun og gefa l\u00edti\u00f0 fyrir or\u00f0snilld e\u00f0a fals.<\/em>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00c1 \u00feessum or\u00f0um hefst sj\u00e1lfs\u00e6visaga Vicos en \u00fea\u00f0 rit veitir okkur d\u00fdrm\u00e6ta inns\u00fdn \u00ed annars l\u00edtt \u00feekkta \u00e6vi \u00feessa s\u00e9rst\u00e6\u00f0a hugsu\u00f0ar. Lengi vel h\u00f6f\u00f0u f\u00e1ir \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda helstu \u00e6viatri\u00f0um hans til haga, enda var \u00fea\u00f0 ekki fyrr en um \u00f6ld eftir andl\u00e1t Vicos sem fr\u00e6g\u00f0ars\u00f3l hans t\u00f3k a\u00f0 r\u00edsa. Eins og lesa m\u00e1 breg\u00f0ur \u00feessi heimild einnig lj\u00f3si \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfsmynd e\u00f0a pers\u00f3nuleika h\u00f6fundarins sem, af or\u00f0unum a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma, var nokku\u00f0 me\u00f0vita\u00f0ur um eigin ver\u00f0leika. En \u00feessi bernskuminning og lex\u00edan sem h\u00f6fundur dregur af henni er \u00e1hugaver\u00f0 fyrir annarra hluta sakir \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan er l\u00fdsandi fyrir a\u00f0ra atbur\u00f0i \u00ed l\u00edfi hans.<\/p>\n

Ef reyna \u00e6tti a\u00f0 endursegja \u00e6vi Vicos \u00ed kn\u00f6ppu m\u00e1li m\u00e6tti t.d. strax vekja \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed athygli a\u00f0 hann var alla s\u00edna t\u00ed\u00f0 umkringdur b\u00f3kum: Fa\u00f0ir hans starfa\u00f0i sem b\u00f3ksali og ungur ger\u00f0ist Vico einkakennari \u00e1 heimili a\u00f0als\u00e6ttarinnar af Rocca, \u00fear sem hann gat s\u00f6kkt s\u00e9r \u00ed s\u00f6gu- og b\u00f3kmenntarit fornaldar, r\u00e9ttars\u00f6gu, gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i o.fl. og \u00f6\u00f0last \u00feannig g\u00f3\u00f0a yfirs\u00fdn \u00e1 \u00f3l\u00edkar fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinar. Sl\u00edkt sj\u00e1lfsn\u00e1m var\u00f0, a\u00f0 sumra d\u00f3mi, til \u00feess a\u00f0 hann m\u00f3ta\u00f0i me\u00f0 s\u00e9r nokku\u00f0 s\u00e9rviskulegar sko\u00f0anir, sem getur \u00fe\u00f3 b\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kostur og galli \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0imennsku. Vitsmunaleg einangrun Vicos var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki meiri en svo a\u00f0 hann umgekkst helstu menntamannakre\u00f0sur Napol\u00edborgar, \u00fear sem ferskir vindar n\u00fdaldarheimspeki bl\u00e9su einna mest \u00e1 \u00f6llum \u00cdtal\u00eduskaga en a\u00f0 v\u00edsu \u00feurftu fulltr\u00faar \u00fear \u00e1vallt a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta s\u00edn \u00e1 v\u00f6kulu auga ranns\u00f3knarr\u00e9ttar p\u00e1fa.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

L\u00edf Vicos var a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti \u00fe\u00f3 nokkur barningur: Laun hans sem h\u00e1sk\u00f3lakennara \u00ed m\u00e6lskulist, sem var nokkurs konar undirb\u00faningsgrein fyrir lagan\u00e1m, hrukku skammt til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda uppi fj\u00f6lmennu og krefjandi heimili. \u00dev\u00ed var\u00f0 hann einnig a\u00f0 vinna fyrir s\u00e9r me\u00f0 einkakennslu og \u00fdmiss konar verkefnum \u00ed lausamennsku. Helsta von Vicos um a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3ta meiri upphef\u00f0 og b\u00e6ta hag sinn taldi hann vera a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last pr\u00f3fessorsst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann. Sta\u00f0a s\u00fa var laus til ums\u00f3knar 1723, \u00feegar hann haf\u00f0i kennt m\u00e6lskulist \u00ed t\u00e6pan aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ung, en \u00ed sta\u00f0 Vicos var glaumgosi nokkur r\u00e1\u00f0inn sem reyndist starfinu engan veginn vaxinn. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00feessi atbur\u00f0ur muni hafa valdi\u00f0 Vico s\u00e1rum vonbrig\u00f0um er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar hans sem hann tekur a\u00f0 leggja dr\u00f6g a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a h\u00f6fu\u00f0rit hans, Hin n\u00fdju v\u00edsindi<\/em>. Enn fremur losnar \u00fe\u00e1 um \u00e1kve\u00f0nar h\u00f6mlur \u00ed efnisvali og efnist\u00f6kum sem einkennt h\u00f6f\u00f0u fyrri rit hans. \u00dev\u00ed er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 fyrst \u00feegar hann gat h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 v\u00e6nta nokkurrar frekari upphef\u00f0ar \u00ed h\u00e1sk\u00f3lasamf\u00e9laginu sem Vico \u00f6\u00f0la\u00f0ist \u00fea\u00f0 frelsi sem \u00feurfti til \u00feess a\u00f0 geta sami\u00f0 algj\u00f6rt t\u00edmam\u00f3taverk innan heimspekinnar.<\/p>\n

Raunar er ritunarsaga Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda <\/em>anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um l\u00e1n \u00ed \u00f3l\u00e1ni, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 Vico \u00fe\u00f3ttu vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0in vi\u00f0 fyrstu \u00fatg\u00e1fu verksins (1725) svo l\u00edtil og dr\u00e6m a\u00f0 hann umrita\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed tv\u00edgang (1730 og 1744, \u00e1 d\u00e1nar\u00e1ri s\u00ednu) og b\u00e6tti vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lda d\u00e6ma \u00far \u00feeim margs konar fr\u00f3\u00f0leik sem hann haf\u00f0i afla\u00f0 s\u00e9r. Hvort allar \u00fe\u00e6r vi\u00f0b\u00e6tur hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 bera hr\u00f3\u00f0ur verksins eins v\u00ed\u00f0a og tilefni var til er nokku\u00f0 sem \u00fdmsir hafa \u00fe\u00f3 leyft s\u00e9r a\u00f0 draga \u00ed efa.<\/p>\n

L\u00e1n \u00ed \u00f3l\u00e1ni<\/em> \u2013 \u00feannig m\u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed l\u00fdsa \u00e6viferli Vicos. En einnig m\u00e1 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00feessi saga af slysinu sem s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur var\u00f0 fyrir sem barn geymi kjarnann \u00ed heimspeki hans \u00fear e\u00f0 inntakinu \u00ed Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum<\/em> m\u00e1 l\u00fdsa sem nokku\u00f0 svipu\u00f0u: \u00cd gegnum s\u00f6guna og \u00f6ll \u00feau skakkaf\u00f6ll sem h\u00fan \u00feekkir er a\u00f0 verki gu\u00f0leg forsj\u00f3n sem lj\u00e6r henni merkingu og \u2013 a.m.k. t\u00edmabundinn \u2013 tilgang. Heimspeki Vicos m\u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed l\u00fdsa sem heimspeki forsj\u00f3narinnar.<\/p>\n

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2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Rit fram a\u00f0 Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Vico mun hafi l\u00e1ti\u00f0 svo um m\u00e6lt, a\u00f0 s\u00e9r n\u00e6g\u00f0i ef Hin n\u00fdju v\u00edsindi<\/em> yr\u00f0u eina riti\u00f0 sem var\u00f0veittist eftir hann. \u00d6nnur verk hans eru mun minna \u00feekkt, enda n\u00e6r undantekningalaust um t\u00e6kif\u00e6risskrif a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a: fyrirlestrar, ritger\u00f0ir, lofkv\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00edkr\u00e6\u00f0ur, grafskriftir o.s.frv. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00fearf a\u00f0 gefa \u00feeim nokkurn gaum til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig betur \u00e1 inntaki Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda<\/em>. R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 nefna nokkur stef sem \u00ed \u00feeim er a\u00f0 finna.<\/p>\n

Huglei\u00f0ingar um \u00fer\u00f3un si\u00f0menningar<\/strong> skj\u00f3ta upp kollinum \u00ed t.d. skrifum um r\u00e9ttarfars\u00fer\u00f3un, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 framf\u00f6rum \u00e1 einu svi\u00f0i mannl\u00edfsins fylgi jafnan afturf\u00f6r \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00deannig fylgir \u00fev\u00ed, \u00feegar lagalegur r\u00e9ttur ver\u00f0ur almennari \u00e1 keisarat\u00edma R\u00f3mar en hann haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0veldist\u00edmanum, a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar f\u00e1st \u00ed raun a\u00f0eins vi\u00f0 einkar\u00e9tt. Sprenging ver\u00f0ur \u00ed fj\u00f6lda lagagreina og \u00fe\u00e6r sn\u00faast um \u00e6 f\u00e1fengilegri hluti. Hvort tveggja ver\u00f0ur til \u00feess a\u00f0 erfitt reynist a\u00f0 fara eftir l\u00f6gum og \u00feau sn\u00faast \u00e6 minna um a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta almannahags. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 fri\u00f0\u00fe\u00e6gja \u00feegnum veldisins ur\u00f0u l\u00f6gin auk \u00feess mildari me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum sem haf\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00feeir t\u00f6ldu \u00feau einungis var\u00f0a \u00feeirra einkahagi en ekki almannahag. Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum li\u00f0a\u00f0ist R\u00f3maveldi \u00ed sundur uns \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00e9ll fyrir innr\u00e1sum n\u00e1granna\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

Samb\u00e6rilega \u00fer\u00f3un \u00e1l\u00edtur Vico eiga s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 me\u00f0 vaxandi s\u00e9rh\u00e6fingu innan akadem\u00edunnar, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 forn\u00f6ld og \u00ed samt\u00edmanum: Fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega heildars\u00fdn skorti \u00feegar i\u00f0kun v\u00edsinda og fr\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00f3tast af sundurleitri hj\u00f6r\u00f0 mismunandi sk\u00f3la og stefna. Helst telur hann kennslufag sitt, m\u00e6lskulistina \u2013 sem \u201eviskuna er tali \u00e1 skreyttan og r\u00edkulegan h\u00e1tt \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 heilbrig\u00f0a skynsemi mannkyns\u201c \u2013 geta n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 sameina \u00f3l\u00edk fr\u00e6\u00f0asvi\u00f0<\/strong>.[3]<\/a> N\u00e1m \u00ed henni s\u00e9 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 uppeldis\u00feroska barna, \u00fe.e. h\u00fan leggi r\u00e6kt vi\u00f0 minni\u00f0 og \u00edmyndunarafli\u00f0<\/strong> \u00e1 me\u00f0an d\u00f3mgreindin s\u00e9 fremur einkenni \u00f6ldunga. Einstrengingslegar reglur um hvers konar \u00feekking teljist v\u00edsindaleg og \u00fev\u00ed \u00feess vir\u00f0i a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r og hva\u00f0 megi afgrei\u00f0a sem \u00f3\u00fearfa komist skiljanlega \u00ed t\u00edsku, enda l\u00e9tta \u00fe\u00e6r n\u00e1msm\u00f6nnum l\u00e6rd\u00f3minn. Hins vegar stangast \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 heilbrig\u00f0u skynsemi sem Vico telur a\u00f0 m\u00e6lskulistin leggi r\u00e6kt vi\u00f0 og sem gerir hana a\u00f0 jafn si\u00f0b\u00e6tandi vi\u00f0fangsefni og i\u00f0kun v\u00edsinda og dyg\u00f0ugs l\u00edfs.<\/p>\n

Af \u00feessum s\u00f6kum virtist Vico n\u00e1lgun m\u00e6lskulistarinnar vera \u00ed algj\u00f6ru \u00f3samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 n\u00fdjustu t\u00edskustefnu innan \u00edtalskra h\u00e1sk\u00f3la um 1700, kartesismann<\/strong>, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i sem kennd er vi\u00f0 franska heimspekinginn Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650). Um t\u00edma a\u00f0hylltist Vico sj\u00e1lfur \u00fe\u00e1 stefnu en t\u00f3k s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 beina spj\u00f3tum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 henni fyrir a\u00f0 bo\u00f0a a\u00f0eins eina \u00e1kve\u00f0na a\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 leita hins sanna me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ina a\u00f0 stofni allra v\u00edsinda vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan v\u00e6ri \u00e1litin \u00f6ruggari v\u00edsindi en \u00f6nnur. Telur Vico auglj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00f6rgum fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinum s\u00e9 alls ekki unni\u00f0 eftir kvar\u00f0anum \u201esatt\/\u00f3satt\u201c, heldur \u201esennilegt\/\u00f3sennilegt\u201c og a\u00f0 \u00feess vegna eigi ekki vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 beita einni a\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim \u00f6llum. \u00dea\u00f0 hlj\u00f3ti m.\u00f6.o. a\u00f0 fara eftir vi\u00f0fangsefni fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinanna sj\u00e1lfra hva\u00f0a a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i henti innan \u00feeirra. Raunv\u00edsindin komist a\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem er teljanlegt og m\u00e6lanlegt en grein eins og heimspeki, sem, a\u00f0 d\u00f3mi Vicos, hafi \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta manninn, ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta s\u00e9r n\u00e6gja a\u00f0 geta s\u00e9r til um a\u00f0 eitt s\u00e9 a\u00f0eins sennilegra<\/em> en anna\u00f0. \u00deannig megi v\u00e6nta \u00feess a\u00f0 komast n\u00e6r hinu sanna en hinu \u00f3sanna en ekkert getur \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 \u00f6ruggt \u00ed \u00feeim efnum. Heimspekinni gagnist l\u00edti\u00f0 a\u00f0 rembast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 beita \u201estr\u00f6ngum s\u00f6nnunum\u201c og raunar ska\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 hana a\u00f0eins \u00fev\u00ed \u00feegar h\u00fan gerir s\u00e9r grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sl\u00edkt s\u00e9 henni um megn lei\u00f0ist h\u00fan \u00fat \u00ed efahyggju, \u201e\u00feann sk\u00f3la sem gerir samf\u00e9laginu minnst gagn\u201c. Descartes hafi me\u00f0 r\u00f3tt\u00e6kum efa s\u00ednum vissulega leyst v\u00edsindin undan klafa kreddutr\u00faar \u00ed v\u00edsindum og me\u00f0 einfaldri a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i sinni teki\u00f0 til \u00ed heimi v\u00edsinda eftir \u00fe\u00e1 \u00f3rei\u00f0u sem sk\u00f3laspekin skildi eftir sig. En hvort tveggja s\u00e9 of sterkt og ska\u00f0legt me\u00f0al vi\u00f0 g\u00f6llum fort\u00ed\u00f0arinnar og \u00fev\u00ed fremur \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 a\u00f0 feta \u00e1kve\u00f0inn milliveg milli gagnr\u00fdni og hef\u00f0ar.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sem m\u00e1 kalla n\u00e6stfr\u00e6gasta rit Vicos, Um visku \u00cdtala til forna <\/em>(1710), vinnur hann \u00e1fram me\u00f0 \u00feessi stef sem og \u00f6nnur, t.a.m. \u00fe\u00e1 tilg\u00e1tu s\u00edna a\u00f0 vilji menn leita \u00f6ruggrar \u00feekkingar geti \u00feeir einungis afla\u00f0 hennar \u00e1 svi\u00f0i r\u00famfr\u00e6\u00f0innar. Byggir \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeirri kenningu Vicos a\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 hinu sanna<\/em> um eitthva\u00f0 \u00feurfi ma\u00f0ur a\u00f0 hafa b\u00fai\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 til sj\u00e1lfur, \u00fe.e. \u00feekkja allar orsakir \u00feess. Gu\u00f0 er einmitt alvitur vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hann hefur skapa\u00f0 heiminn en ma\u00f0urinn getur a\u00f0eins spunni\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfur st\u00e6r\u00f0- og r\u00famfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg hugsm\u00ed\u00f0ar og dregi\u00f0 \u00f6ruggar \u00e1lyktanir af \u00feeim einum. \u00deess vegna getur e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0in ekki veri\u00f0 eins \u00f6rugg fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein og fylgismenn Descartes vilja vera l\u00e1ta, \u00fear e\u00f0 h\u00fan byggir \u00e1 hlutbundnum veruleika sem stendur utan mannsins og \u00e1 tilraunum sem ger\u00f0ar eru \u00e1 \u00feessum veruleika til \u00feess a\u00f0 afla \u00feekkingar \u00e1 honum. \u00dev\u00ed meira sem fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein byggir \u00e1 \u00f3\u00feekkjanlegum ors\u00f6kum, \u00feeim mun minna getum vi\u00f0 komist a\u00f0 hinu sanna innan hennar: aflfr\u00e6\u00f0in er \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3\u00f6ruggari en r\u00famfr\u00e6\u00f0in, e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0in enn \u00f3traustari, en si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0in er \u00feeim mun \u00f3traustari fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein, \u00fev\u00ed jafnvel um eigin vitundarfyrirb\u00e6ri getum vi\u00f0 ekki \u00fe\u00f3st b\u00faa yfir m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a hins sanna og \u00f3sanna, enda \u00feekkjum vi\u00f0 ekki raunverulegar orsakir eigin hugsunar.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Me\u00f0 \u00feessari \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ikenningu<\/strong> leita\u00f0ist Vico vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hrekja tilraun Descartes til \u00feess a\u00f0 beita r\u00f3tt\u00e6kum efa sem a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 afla \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegrar \u00feekkingar. S\u00e1 sem efast er a\u00f0eins me\u00f0vita\u00f0ur um hugsun s\u00edna en \u00feekkir ekki orsakir hennar. \u00dev\u00ed getur hann ekki komist a\u00f0 m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a hins sanna og \u00f3sanna me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti.[6]<\/a> Lj\u00f3st m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 vera a\u00f0 Vico hafi ekki hugnast s\u00fa aflei\u00f0ing \u00feessarar kenningar a\u00f0 hva\u00f0eina \u00fea\u00f0 sem tengist verkum manna (og nefnist \u201esi\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i\u201c h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan en vi\u00f0 getum kalla\u00f0 \u201emannv\u00edsindi\u201c) s\u00e9 ill\u00feekkjanlegra en sta\u00f0reyndir raunv\u00edsinda.[7]<\/a> \u00deegar st\u00f3rvirki Vicos, Grunnreglur n\u00fdrra v\u00edsinda er var\u00f0a e\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna, \u00fear sem finna m\u00e1 grunnreglur annars kerfis um n\u00e1tt\u00farul\u00f6g \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna[8]<\/strong><\/a> <\/em>(h\u00e9r eftir sem fyrr nefnt Hin n\u00fdju v\u00edsindi<\/em>), kemur \u00fat 1725, hefur h\u00f6fundur sn\u00fai\u00f0 s\u00ednu kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed kross \u00ed \u00feessum efnum. \u00deekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0in er \u00f3breytt en \u00e1lyktunin um \u00feekkingarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega st\u00f6\u00f0u mannv\u00edsinda allt \u00f6nnur:<\/p>\n

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[…] ekki er me\u00f0 nokkru m\u00f3ti h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 efast um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 voru mennirnir sem sannarlega bygg\u00f0u \u00feennan samf\u00e9lagslega (<\/em>\u00edt. civile) heim og a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e9 og ver\u00f0i undirst\u00f6\u00f0u hans a\u00f0 leita \u00ed breytilegum myndum okkar mannss\u00e1lar. Hver s\u00e1 sem veltir \u00feessu fyrir s\u00e9r hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 fur\u00f0a sig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 heimspekingar skuli allir hafa af alv\u00f6ru reynt a\u00f0 leggja sig eftir \u00feekkingunni \u00e1 \u00feessum heimi n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar en \u00fear e\u00f0 Gu\u00f0 skapa\u00f0i hann, getur hann einn \u00feekkt hann; um lei\u00f0 hirtu \u00feeir ekki um a\u00f0 velta fyrir s\u00e9r \u00feessum heimi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna e\u00f0a samf\u00e9lagsheimi en \u00fear e\u00f0 mennirnir einir bjuggu hann til g\u00e1tu \u00feeir einir gert s\u00e9r vonir um a\u00f0 \u00feekkja hann. (331)<\/em>[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

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3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Hin n\u00fdju v\u00edsindi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Hvert er markmi\u00f0 \u00feessarar v\u00edsindagreinar sem Vico telur vera n\u00fdja<\/em>? \u00c1 einum sta\u00f0 \u00ed ritinu bendir Vico \u00e1 a\u00f0 til s\u00e9u vissir m\u00e1lsh\u00e6ttir e\u00f0a or\u00f0t\u00f6k sem finna megi \u00ed einni e\u00f0a annarri \u00fatg\u00e1fu \u00e1 hverri einustu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tungu. \u00dea\u00f0 sem hann vilji reyna a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a \u00ed lj\u00f3s og setja skipulega fram eru samb\u00e6rileg undirliggjandi l\u00f6gm\u00e1l sem eru a\u00f0 verki \u00ed s\u00f6gulegri \u00fer\u00f3un hverrar einustu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar (161). Huglei\u00f0ingar Vicos um \u00e1hrif r\u00e9ttar\u00fer\u00f3unar \u00ed R\u00f3maveldi h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan eru v\u00edsir a\u00f0 sl\u00edkri ranns\u00f3kn. \u00dea\u00f0 er erfitt a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hversu afgerandi Vico hafi hugsa\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00feau l\u00f6gm\u00e1l v\u00e6ru \u00fev\u00ed \u00feau vir\u00f0ast \u00ed senn vera \u00f3sveigjanleg um lei\u00f0 og \u00feeim er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a frj\u00e1lsan vilja mannsins til \u00e1kvar\u00f0ana og \u00fe\u00e6r aflei\u00f0ingar sem \u00fe\u00e6r hafa. \u00dear sem um algild v\u00edsindal\u00f6gm\u00e1l fyrir allar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a kemur ekki til greina a\u00f0 hver \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 l\u00fati einhverjum eigin l\u00f6gm\u00e1lum; hins vegar fylgir hver \u00feeirra \u00feessum almennu l\u00f6gm\u00e1lum me\u00f0 s\u00ednum h\u00e6tti. Eins \u00e1 si\u00f0menningin ekki uppruna sinn a\u00f0 rekja til einnar tiltekinnar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar, \u00fea\u00f0an sem h\u00fan barst til annarra, heldur ganga allar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00ed gegnum sama si\u00f0menningarferli\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00cdtreka\u00f0 klifar Vico \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kenning hans for\u00f0ist \u00f6fgar tveggja heimspekisk\u00f3la fornaldar og fylgismanna \u00feeirra \u00ed samt\u00edmanum og steyti h\u00fan \u00fev\u00ed hvorki \u00e1 skeri st\u00f3uspeki, \u00fe.e. hugmyndarinnar um a\u00f0 algild l\u00f6gm\u00e1l stj\u00f3rni veruleikanum og \u00fatiloki \u00fear me\u00f0 allt frelsi, n\u00e9 Ep\u00edkurisma, sem hafni hvers kyns l\u00f6gm\u00e1lum og undirselji allt tilviljunarkenndum \u00e1rekstrum at\u00f3ma. Me\u00f0alh\u00f3fi\u00f0 sem tryggi grei\u00f0a siglingu milli \u00feessara skera s\u00e9 s\u00fa hugmynd a\u00f0 gu\u00f0leg forsj\u00f3n bjargi mannkyninu fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tort\u00edma sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r og tryggi vi\u00f0gang \u00feess og \u00fer\u00f3un. (Um \u00fea\u00f0 er fjalla\u00f0 meira IV. kafla.)<\/p>\n

Eins og v\u00e6nta m\u00e1 hafnar Vico a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri einstefnu og segist munu sameina n\u00e1lgun heimspekinnar, sem leitar eil\u00edfra og \u00f3breytanlegra sanninda me\u00f0 skynsemina a\u00f0 vopni, og \u201ef\u00edlol\u00f3g\u00edunnar\u201c, er skapar vitund um mismunandi og tilfallandi sta\u00f0reyndir sem eiga uppt\u00f6k s\u00edn \u00ed ath\u00f6fnum manna. \u201eF\u00edlol\u00f3g\u00eda\u201c er h\u00e9r nota\u00f0 \u00ed brei\u00f0ari merkingu en \u201etextafr\u00e6\u00f0i\u201c, \u00fear e\u00f0 h\u00fan f\u00e6st ekki a\u00f0eins vi\u00f0 hvers kyns textaheimildir (go\u00f0sagnir, hetjus\u00f6gur, or\u00f0sifjar) heldur einnig \u00fea\u00f0 sem nefnist \u00ed dag efnismenning (leifar af styttum, \u00e1h\u00f6ldum o.fl.). \u201e\u00c1 me\u00f0al f\u00edlol\u00f3ga ber a\u00f0 telja alla m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, gagnr\u00fdnendur (\u00edt. critici<\/em>) sem afla vitneskju um tungum\u00e1l og gj\u00f6r\u00f0ir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna, b\u00e6\u00f0i heima fyrir, s.s. \u00ed si\u00f0um og l\u00f6gum \u00feeirra, sem og a\u00f0 heiman, \u00fe.e. \u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0um \u00feeirra, fri\u00f0arsamningum, bandal\u00f6gum, fer\u00f0um og vi\u00f0skiptum.\u201c (139) Hugsanlega \u00e1 h\u00e9r best vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tala einfaldlega um sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega a\u00f0fer\u00f0 og ver\u00f0ur \u00fea\u00f0 gert h\u00e9r eftir.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9tt eins og Vico undrast a\u00f0 heimspekingar skuli svo lengi hafa leita\u00f0 sannleikans \u00ed heimi n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar, \u00fear sem hann var ekki a\u00f0 finna, telur hann heimspeki og sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir l\u00f6ngu hafa geta\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 samf\u00e9laginu a\u00f0 meira gagni hef\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e6r greinar teki\u00f0 meira mi\u00f0 hvor af annarri, \u00fe.e.a.s. heimspekin leita\u00f0 hins sanna \u00e1 grunni v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6krar vitneskju og sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0in dregi\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0fe\u00f0mari \u00e1lyktanir af athugunum s\u00ednum. \u00dear sem \u00feeim s\u00e9 h\u00e9r n\u00fa beitt \u00ed sameiningu til \u00feess a\u00f0 skilja framvindu s\u00f6gunnar er um n\u00fdja <\/em>v\u00edsindagrein a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. En \u00feessi blanda\u00f0a a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem Vico beitir samviskusamlega \u00ed riti s\u00ednu \u00e1 l\u00edkast til mestan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hversu \u00feungt og erfitt aflestrar \u00fea\u00f0 er: Til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja heimspekilega sta\u00f0h\u00e6fingu er oftar en ekki haldi\u00f0 \u00ed langa fer\u00f0 um latneskar or\u00f0sifjar e\u00f0a forn-gr\u00edskar go\u00f0sagnir og stundum l\u00edtt traustvekjandi \u00e1lyktanir dregnar af \u00feeim. \u00cd heild sinni er um heillandi rit a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og oft \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ar p\u00e6lingar \u00fear a\u00f0 finna en … \u00fea\u00f0 er au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 drukkna \u00ed sm\u00e1atri\u00f0unum. Vandinn vi\u00f0 \u00feessa framsetningu er nefnilega einna helst s\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feegar hugurinn festist l\u00edtt vi\u00f0 langdregna e\u00f0a t\u00e6knilega \u00fatsk\u00fdringuna blasir skyndilega vi\u00f0 \u00f3v\u00e6nt ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a hennar sem kann a\u00f0 vera mikilv\u00e6g fyrir heildarskilning verksins. N\u00fa m\u00e1 vera a\u00f0 \u00feessi hugl\u00e6ga l\u00fdsing eigi ekki vi\u00f0 alla lesendur en l\u00e1tum h\u00e9r fylgja me\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um \u00feessa a\u00f0fer\u00f0:<\/p>\n

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Og Apoll\u00f3 er gu\u00f0inn sem stofna\u00f0i mannkyni\u00f0 og listir \u00feess, sem vi\u00f0 s\u00f6g\u00f0um r\u00e9tt \u00ed \u00feessu a\u00f0 v\u00e6ru listagy\u00f0jurnar (<\/em>\u00edt. muse), s\u00f6mu listir og Latverjar k\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u201e<\/em>liberales\u201c \u00ed skilningnum \u201etignar\u201c en ein \u00feeirra er rei\u00f0listin: \u00feess vegna fl\u00fdgur Pegasus yfir Parnassos-fjall vopna\u00f0ur v\u00e6ngjum s\u00f6kum tignar sinnar; og \u00feegar barbara\u00f6ldin gekk aftur \u00ed gar\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0ust sp\u00e6nskir a\u00f0alsmenn \u201ecavalieri\u201c vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir einir m\u00e1ttu bera vopn \u00e1 hestbaki. \u00deetta mannkyn (<\/em>\u00edt. umanit\u00e0) mun eiga r\u00f3t s\u00edna a\u00f0 rekja til \u201e<\/em>humare\u201c, \u00fe.e. \u201ea\u00f0 jar\u00f0setja\u201c (\u00feetta er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 greftrunin er valin sem \u00feri\u00f0ja undirsta\u00f0an \u00ed V\u00edsindum \u00feessum); og vegna \u00feessa voru A\u00feenub\u00faar, sem voru skv. Cicero mann\u00fa\u00f0legastir allra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, fyrstir til a\u00f0 grafa hina l\u00e1tnu. (537)<\/em>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Vi\u00f0leitni Vicos \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0um sem \u00feessum er s\u00fa a\u00f0 fanga upphaflega merkingu hugtaka, m.\u00f6.o. a\u00f0 skilja \u00feau \u00e1 upphaflegum forsendum \u00feeirra. \u00deetta eru fyrstu tv\u00e6r reglurnar \u00ed fyrsta hluta Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda<\/em>, er m\u00e6tti \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a sem Setning grunnreglnanna<\/em><\/strong>, en \u00fe\u00e6r kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um a\u00f0 ekki skuli meta \u00fea\u00f0 sem ma\u00f0ur ekki \u00feekkir e\u00f0a er manni fjarl\u00e6gt eftir n\u00fat\u00edmalegum e\u00f0a n\u00e6rt\u00e6kustu forsendunum sem \u00ed bo\u00f0i eru. Heimspekingar gerist t.d. sekir um sl\u00edkt \u00feegar \u00feeir eigni m\u00f6nnum \u00e1 \u00f6llum t\u00edmum s\u00f6mu vitundina um n\u00e1tt\u00farur\u00e9tt allra manna (en allar kenningar um samf\u00e9lagss\u00e1ttm\u00e1la hv\u00edla \u00e1 henni); betri \u201ef\u00edlol\u00f3g\u00edsk\u201c vitneskja hef\u00f0i geta\u00f0 for\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00feeim fr\u00e1 sl\u00edkri s\u00f6guskekkju. Hins vegar eru \u00e1kve\u00f0nir \u00fe\u00e6ttir sameiginlegir m\u00f6nnum \u00e1 \u00f6llum t\u00edmum, s.s. frj\u00e1ls vilji \u00feeirra. Einnig m\u00e1 \u00fear nefna sameiginlegan skilning<\/em>, sem \u201eer \u00f3yfirvega\u00f0ur d\u00f3mur er heil st\u00e9tt, l\u00fd\u00f0ur, \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 e\u00f0a mannkyn allt er samm\u00e1la um\u201c (142). Hann er mi\u00f0illinn fyrir breytingar \u00e1 hugarfari manna og \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsstofnunum, m.\u00f6.o. \u00fea\u00f0 sem greinir eitt s\u00f6gut\u00edmabil fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru. \u00cd tilvitnuninni h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan segir a\u00f0 greftrun l\u00e1tinna s\u00e9 \u201e\u00feri\u00f0ja undirsta\u00f0an\u201c \u00ed \u00feessum v\u00edsindum. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a eitt \u00feeirra \u00feriggja l\u00f6gm\u00e1la sem sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 a\u00f0 gildi hj\u00e1 \u00f6llum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um \u00e1 \u00f6llum t\u00edmum. Hin l\u00f6gm\u00e1lin tv\u00f6 eru a\u00f0 hj\u00e1 hverri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00feekkist tr\u00fa \u00e1 \u00e6\u00f0ri m\u00e1ttarv\u00f6ld \u00ed einhverjum skilningi og formleg hj\u00f3nav\u00edgsla. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00f3yggjandi undirst\u00f6\u00f0um m\u00e1 sm\u00ed\u00f0a kenningu um \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00f6gulegt ferli sem s\u00e9 sameiginlegt me\u00f0 \u00f6llum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

Langsamlega lengsti hluti Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda <\/em>er annar hlutinn, Sk\u00e1ldleg viska<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em> \u00dear er \u00fatlistu\u00f0 s\u00fa uppg\u00f6tvun sem Vico segist hafa veri\u00f0 heil 20 \u00e1r a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a og undirbyggja me\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ismunum en hana m\u00e6tti h\u00e9r kalla \u201eheimspeki-sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega uppg\u00f6tvun frummannsins\u201c. R\u00f6kin fyrir henni eru af \u00fdmsum toga en gjarnan teflir Vico fram \u00feeirri saml\u00edkingu a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt eins og manneskja gengur \u00ed gegnum sitt bernskuskei\u00f0 hl\u00fdtur mannkyni\u00f0 einnig a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1tt s\u00edna bernsku, \u00fear sem \u00edmyndunarafli\u00f0 var virkari \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed hugarstarfseminni en skynsemin.<\/p>\n

L\u00edkan af \u00fer\u00f3un si\u00f0menningar telst vart framb\u00e6rilegt nema lj\u00f3st s\u00e9 hver tilur\u00f0 \u00feess ferlis hefur veri\u00f0. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a hugmyndir sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0inga og heimspekinga fornaldar og \u00ed samt\u00edmanum um e\u00f0li hinna fyrstu manna greinir Vico \u00fe\u00e1 sem afkomendur sona N\u00f3a, \u00feeirra Sems, Kams og Jafets (1. M\u00f3seb\u00f3k 10:1) er hafi dreift s\u00e9r um j\u00f6r\u00f0ina eftir syndafl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0. N\u00e6r \u00f3gj\u00f6rningur s\u00e9 a\u00f0 setja sig inn \u00ed hugsunarh\u00e1tt \u00feessara villtu og tr\u00f6llv\u00f6xnu mannd\u00fdra en \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess, sem fyrr segir, a\u00f0 \u00f6ll samf\u00e9l\u00f6g \u00feekki \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e6\u00f0ri m\u00e1ttarv\u00f6ld megi \u00e1lykta a\u00f0 sl\u00edkur \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0ur hafi veri\u00f0 fyrsta \u00feroskamerki \u00feeirra sem samf\u00e9lagsvera. S\u00f6gu\u00fer\u00e1\u00f0urinn sem hefst \u00e1 \u00feessum upphafsreit og Vico leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 endursm\u00ed\u00f0a me\u00f0 heimildar\u00fdni sinni hefur Ingi Sigur\u00f0sson sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fessor teki\u00f0 saman \u00e1 svo pr\u00fd\u00f0ilegu m\u00e1li a\u00f0 ekki \u00feykir h\u00e9r \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta um betur:<\/p>\n

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\u00cd upphafi, eftir syndafl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0, reiku\u00f0u menn um j\u00f6r\u00f0ina, d\u00fdrum l\u00edkastir. \u00derumuve\u00f0ur skefldu \u00fe\u00e1, og \u00f3ttinn, blandinn kynfer\u00f0islegri sektarkennd var\u00f0 kveikja tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a og leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskyldur og f\u00f6st b\u00faseta komu til s\u00f6gunnar. Allt vald var \u00ed h\u00f6ndum fj\u00f6lskylduf\u00f6\u00f0urins. Allar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00e1ttu s\u00e9r tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0, og hj\u00f3nab\u00f6nd og greftrun dau\u00f0ra t\u00ed\u00f0ku\u00f0ust hvarvetna. \u00deetta er go\u00f0a\u00f6ldin.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ekki f\u00e9llu samt allir inn \u00ed fj\u00f6lskyldumynstri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessu skei\u00f0i; enn fyrirfundust reikunarmenn, sem voru \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed stigi, sem fj\u00f6lskyldan haf\u00f0i sprotti\u00f0 upp \u00far, og um margh\u00e1tta\u00f0 misr\u00e9tti var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, sem leiddi til \u00f3fri\u00f0ar. Vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r kringumst\u00e6\u00f0ur leitu\u00f0u \u00feeir, sem minna m\u00e1ttu s\u00edn, verndar hj\u00e1 \u00feeim, sem voldugir voru. \u00deannig var\u00f0 til \u00e1kve\u00f0nari st\u00e9ttaskipting en \u00e1\u00f0ur, og myndu\u00f0u fj\u00f6lskyldufe\u00f0urnir hagsmunabandal\u00f6g. Kom n\u00fa fram l\u00e9nsa\u00f0all \u00ed svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um hetjur\u00edkjum og einkennir hann hetju\u00f6ld, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 segja anna\u00f0 skei\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 hringferlinum.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feessu skei\u00f0i kom til \u00e1taka milli hinna tveggja meginst\u00e9tta \u2013 \u00ed R\u00f3mars\u00f6gu eru \u00fea\u00f0 patris\u00edar og plebeiar, sem um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00d3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milegt var, a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagssta\u00f0a og r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u manna batna\u00f0i sm\u00e1m saman og yfirst\u00e9ttin hlyti a\u00f0 missa forr\u00e9ttindi s\u00edn. L\u00fd\u00f0veldi t\u00f3ku n\u00fa vi\u00f0 af hetjur\u00edkjunum svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u, og \u00fear me\u00f0 h\u00f3fst mann\u00f6ld, \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00ferepi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3unarbrautinni.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00fa var skynsemi or\u00f0in r\u00edkjandi \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed e\u00f0li manna og haf\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00e1stand m\u00e1la \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu. \u00ddmis upplausnareinkenni birtust. Slaka\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00f6llum h\u00f6mlum og lausungar g\u00e6tti \u00ed hv\u00edvetna. Heimspeki t\u00f3k s\u00e6ti tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a. \u00deegar allur landsl\u00fd\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i fengi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalegt vald, kom a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 atkv\u00e6\u00f0i gengju kaupum og s\u00f6lum.<\/em>[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00dea\u00f0 er athyglisvert a\u00f0 Vico gerir h\u00e9r ekki r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir neinni gull\u00f6ld til forna. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti einkennist sagan lengi vel hj\u00e1 honum af t\u00f6luver\u00f0ri \u201evillimennsku\u201c. Fyrsta t\u00edmabili\u00f0 er sagt \u201esk\u00e1ldlegt\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eskapandi\u201c (\u00edt. poetico, dregi\u00f0 af poieisis \u00ed heimspeki Arist\u00f3telesar<\/em>) \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 hafi \u00edmyndunarafli\u00f0 fengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 leika mun lausari hala en s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed s\u00f6gunni. \u00d6ll hugsun mannsins var \u00fe\u00e1 hlutbundin (\u00fe.e. ekki \u00f3hlutbundin e\u00f0a afstrakt) og oftar en ekki yfirf\u00e6r\u00f0i hann \u00fe\u00e1 mannlega eiginleika \u00e1 heiminn, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra virkni seguls sem sam\u00fa\u00f0 hans. H\u00eder\u00f3gl\u00fdfur forn-Egypta eru d\u00e6mi um tj\u00e1ningara\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00feessa t\u00edma og \u00fev\u00ed afgrei\u00f0ir Vico getg\u00e1tur um a\u00f0 dj\u00fap heimspeki b\u00fai \u00feeim a\u00f0 baki sem hreina \u00f3ra.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja hlutanum, Um uppg\u00f6tvun hins sanna H\u00f3mers<\/em><\/strong>, leitast Vico vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 beita a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sinni til \u00feess a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a upp \u00far me\u00f0 hvort \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 sk\u00e1ld, H\u00f3mer a\u00f0 nafni, hafi veri\u00f0 h\u00f6fundur Il\u00edonskvi\u00f0u og \u00d3dysseifskvi\u00f0u<\/em>, e\u00f0a hvort ekkert sl\u00edkt sk\u00e1ld hafi veri\u00f0 uppi. \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feess m.a. hversu \u00f3l\u00edk verk er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00fe\u00f3tti seinni m\u00f6guleikinn l\u00edklegri \u00feegar \u00e1 t\u00edmum Vicos. Hins vegar segist hann geta fallist \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u201eH\u00f3mer\u201c hafi veri\u00f0 h\u00f6fundur kvi\u00f0anna ef heiti\u00f0 er skili\u00f0 sem hugtak yfir s\u00f6ngvask\u00e1ld Grikklands hins forna. Ill\u00edonskvi\u00f0a<\/em> er afur\u00f0 hins unga, \u00edmyndunarr\u00edka en einnig grimma og \u00f3hefla\u00f0a Grikklands sem d\u00e1ist a\u00f0 \u201eofbeldishetjunni\u201c Akkilesi. M\u00f6rgum \u00f6ldum s\u00ed\u00f0ar, \u00feegar gr\u00edska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in hefur \u00feroskast og r\u00f3ast, taka s\u00f6ngvask\u00e1ld hennar a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a um \u201eviskuhetjuna\u201c \u00d3dysseif. (879) Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00fdna \u00ed fornar b\u00f3kmenntir sem \u00feessar m\u00e1 \u00feannig skyggnast inn fyrir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ars\u00e1lina eins og h\u00fan var \u00e1 ritunart\u00edma \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

\u00cd fj\u00f3r\u00f0a hluta Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda<\/em>, Um ferli\u00f0 sem \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir fylgja<\/em><\/strong>, tekur Vico s\u00e9r fyrir hendur a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00fev\u00ed hvernig t\u00edmabilaskiptingin sem hann \u00feiggur fr\u00e1 Forn-Egyptum er a\u00f0 verki \u00ed l\u00edfi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. Enn fremur byggir hann \u00feessa skiptingu \u00e1 \u00fdmsum grunnreglum sem hann setur fram og r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ur \u00ed fyrsta hluta ritsins en \u00fea\u00f0 eru reglur sem tilheyra svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u201eeil\u00edfu s\u00f6gum\u00f3deli (\u00edt. storia ideal eterna<\/em>) sem s\u00e9rhver \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 fylgir me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan birtist, \u00feroskast og fullm\u00f3tast uns henni hnignar og h\u00fan hverfur af sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0inu.\u201c (245). \u00cd raun reynist ekki miki\u00f0 n\u00fdjabrum vera af reglum \u00feessa \u201eeil\u00edfa s\u00f6gum\u00f3dels\u201c \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r geyma a\u00f0allega hina klass\u00edsku hugmynd um hvernig samf\u00e9l\u00f6g r\u00edsa og falla l\u00edkt og l\u00edfverur, einkum \u00ed gegnum breytilega si\u00f0fer\u00f0iskennd \u00feeirra. Ein helsta regla \u00feessa m\u00f3dels er eftirfarandi: \u201eFyrst finna menn fyrir \u00fe\u00f6rf, kanna s\u00ed\u00f0an gagnsemi, huga \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e6st a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6gindum, gefa sig enn seinna a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e1n\u00e6gjulegt er, en af muna\u00f0inum ver\u00f0a \u00feeir gj\u00e1l\u00edfir, \u00e6rast loks og s\u00f3lunda au\u00f0i s\u00ednum.\u201c (241) \u00cd samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 hana \u00e1lyktar Vico \u00ed n\u00e6stu kennisetningu: \u201eE\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a er a\u00f0 vera \u00ed fyrstu \u00f3\u00feroska\u00f0ar, s\u00ed\u00f0ar strangar, \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e6st mildar, svo f\u00e1ga\u00f0ar en \u00e1 endanum si\u00f0lausar.\u201c (242) Fyrir hvert \u00feessara stiga \u00ed huga manna og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a m\u00e1 enn fremur finna fulltr\u00faa \u00ed s\u00f6gu hei\u00f0inna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed forn\u00f6ld en oftar en ekki l\u00e6tur Vico \u00fe\u00f3 n\u00e6gja a\u00f0 v\u00edsa \u00ed s\u00f6gu forn-Grikkja og R\u00f3maveldis m\u00e1li s\u00ednu til stu\u00f0nings:<\/p>\n

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    \n
  1. \n
    K\u00fdkl\u00f3par<\/em> eru fulltr\u00faar \u00feess t\u00edma \u00feegar mannkyni\u00f0 samanst\u00f3\u00f0 af risav\u00f6xnum kynjaverum er lutu \u00ed mesta lagi valdi einhvers fj\u00f6lskylduf\u00f6\u00f0ur;<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Akkilles<\/em> fyrir t\u00edma a\u00f0alsvelda \u00ed borgr\u00edkjum er uxu upp \u00far fj\u00f6lskyldu-samf\u00e9l\u00f6gunum;<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Aristides<\/em> og Scipio Africanus<\/em> \u201ery\u00f0ja brautina fyrir l\u00fd\u00f0stj\u00f3rn\u201c (243);<\/em><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
  5. \n
    s\u00ed\u00f0ar ver\u00f0a \u00edhugulli menn \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 T\u00edber\u00edus<\/em> a\u00f0 t\u00e1knmynd \u00feess \u00feegar sl\u00edk r\u00edki festa sig \u00ed sessi;<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    en loks eru \u00fea\u00f0 \u201eblyg\u00f0unarlausir brj\u00e1l\u00e6\u00f0ingar\u201c \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Kal\u00edg\u00fala<\/em>, Ner\u00f3<\/em> og D\u00f3mit\u00edanus<\/em> sem stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 hruni \u00feeirra.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a er til \u00feess a\u00f0 gefa \u00feessum sex li\u00f0um gaum \u00fev\u00ed ef vi\u00f0 hugum a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00fer\u00edskipta skema sem Vico dregur upp af \u00fer\u00f3un \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a vir\u00f0ist sem fyrsti li\u00f0urinn (a) gildi a\u00f0allega um go\u00f0veldis\u00f6ld, annar li\u00f0urinn (b) um hetju\u00f6ld, en risi\u00f0 og hnigi\u00f0 (c)-(f) gerist allt \u00e1 mann\u00f6ld. H\u00e9r er efni fj\u00f3r\u00f0a hluta b\u00f3karinnar teki\u00f0 saman me\u00f0 stikkor\u00f0akenndum h\u00e6tti:<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    Birtingarmynd<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Go\u00f0veldis\u00f6ld<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Hetju\u00f6ld<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Mann\u00f6ld<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1) Lund<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Sk\u00e1ldkennd og skapandi \u2013 \u00f3tti og grimmd<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Hetjulund \u2013 g\u00f6fuglyndi<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Greind, h\u00f3gv\u00e6r, velvilju\u00f0, skyns\u00f6m<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    2) Si\u00f0ir<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Tengdir tr\u00fa og gu\u00f0hr\u00e6\u00f0slu<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Tengdir skapbr\u00e6\u00f0i og formfestu<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Tengdir almennum borgaralegum skyldum<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    3) N\u00e1tt\u00farul\u00f6g<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Fr\u00e1 gu\u00f0um komin<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Vald skilyrt af tr\u00fa<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Skynsamlegar mannasetningar<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    4) Stj\u00f3rnarh\u00e6ttir<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Klerkaveldi<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Stj\u00f3rn hef\u00f0arst\u00e9tta sem einar nj\u00f3ta r\u00e9ttinda<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    L\u00f6g gilda jafnt fyrir alla, l\u00fd\u00f0sstj\u00f3rn e\u00f0a einveldi<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    5) Tungum\u00e1l<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Andlegt m\u00e1l \u00fe\u00f6gulla helgiathafna<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Skjaldarmerki<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    M\u00e1lhlj\u00f3\u00f0<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    6) T\u00e1kn<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    H\u00eder\u00f3gl\u00fdfur<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    S\u00f6guhetjur sem t\u00e1kn fyrir hugt\u00f6k, t.d. \u00d3dysseifur fyrir k\u00e6nsku<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    B\u00f3kstafir og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tungur<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    7) R\u00e9ttarfar<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Gu\u00f0legir sp\u00e1d\u00f3mar og t\u00falkun \u00feeirra<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Formfesta \u00ed r\u00e9ttarreglum umfram allt anna\u00f0<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Hins sanna leita\u00f0 og jafnr\u00e6\u00f0is g\u00e6tt<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    8) (\u00c1hrifa)vald<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    \u00cd h\u00f6ndum \u00feeirra er \u00feiggja vald sitt fr\u00e1 gu\u00f0unum<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Hj\u00e1 \u00feingm\u00f6nnum af hef\u00f0arst\u00e9tt<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    L\u00fd\u00f0veldi e\u00f0a einveldi, \u00fear sem einstaklingar e\u00f0a \u00feing gegna r\u00e1\u00f0gefandi hlutverki<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    9) Skynsemi<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    R\u00f6dd Gu\u00f0s, m.a. \u00ed sp\u00e1d\u00f3mum<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Str\u00f6ng lagahyggja, f\u00e1ir \u00fatvaldir g\u00e6ta hagsmuna r\u00edkisins<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Dreif\u00f0 \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 hagsmunum r\u00edkisins undir l\u00fd\u00f0veldi; mi\u00f0l\u00e6g stj\u00f3rn undir einveldi sem tryggir jafnr\u00e6\u00f0i milli \u00feegnanna, er huga umfram allt a\u00f0 einkahagsmunum s\u00ednum<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    10) D\u00f3mar<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Fyrri hringur[14]<\/a>: Gu\u00f0ir \u00e1kalla\u00f0ir \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum, r\u00e9ttur gu\u00f0legs e\u00f0lis<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    S\u00ed\u00f0ari hringur: h\u00f3lmg\u00f6ngur<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Fari\u00f0 algj\u00f6rlega eftir lagab\u00f3kstafnum<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    L\u00f6gin t\u00e6ki til \u00feess a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 hinu sanna \u00ed d\u00f3msm\u00e1lum, tillit teki\u00f0 til \u00e1setnings geranda<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    11) T\u00edmabil<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    T\u00edmabil tr\u00faarlegra stj\u00f3rna<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    Fyrri hringur: T\u00edmabil formfestu<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    S\u00ed\u00f0ari hringur: T\u00edmabil h\u00f3lmgangna<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n

    		\n

    T\u00edmabil n\u00e1tt\u00farur\u00e9ttar allra manna<\/p>\n

     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \n

    Margt \u00ed \u00feessari kn\u00f6ppu samantekt hl\u00fdtur reynast torskili\u00f0 e\u00f0a vekja fur\u00f0u, \u00fe\u00f3 ekki v\u00e6ri nema fyrir auglj\u00f3sar t\u00edmaskekkjur. Vissulega mun Vico hafa haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 skema\u00f0 sem hann setti fram gilti um allar sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r sem ekki fylgdu \u00fev\u00ed hlytu a\u00f0 glata sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00ednu fyrir \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00fej\u00f3um. Hins vegar fylgir hver \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00feessu m\u00f3deli \u00e1 s\u00ednum hra\u00f0a og me\u00f0 s\u00ednum h\u00e6tti, t.d. me\u00f0 einhverri sk\u00f6run milli t\u00edmabila, og \u00fev\u00ed eru einstakar birtingarmyndir \u00feessa m\u00f3dels, eins og gefur a\u00f0 skilja, fr\u00e1brug\u00f0nar \u00feeim sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum \u00far menningu Grikkja og R\u00f3mverja.<\/p>\n

    S\u00fa s\u00f6gus\u00fdn sem h\u00e9r birtist ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 teljast nokku\u00f0 svarts\u00fdnisleg, \u00fev\u00ed af henni m\u00e1 \u00e1lykta a\u00f0 me\u00f0 aukinni si\u00f0f\u00e1gun og almennari menntun fari si\u00f0spilling vaxandi, l\u00edkt og \u00feessir \u00fe\u00e6ttir fylgist alltaf a\u00f0. \u00cd fimmta hluta Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda <\/em>greinir Vico n\u00e1nar fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 taki vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 heilum \u201ehring\u201c go\u00f0aveldis-, hetju- og mannaldar loknum, \u00feegar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 er komin \u00e1 lei\u00f0arenda \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed ferli og si\u00f0fer\u00f0islegt hrun hennar blasir vi\u00f0. S\u00e1 hluti ber titilinn: Hringr\u00e1s mannlegra stofnana sem \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir fer\u00f0ast eftir \u00feegar \u00fe\u00e6r r\u00edsa upp \u00e1 n\u00fdtt<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Hin almenna kenning Vicos er s\u00fa a\u00f0 megni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 ekki lengur a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna s\u00e9r sj\u00e1lfri sakir si\u00f0fer\u00f0islegrar hnignunar sj\u00e1i forsj\u00f3nin til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f6nnur og h\u00e6fari \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 drottni yfir henni. En l\u00e1nist si\u00f0lausri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 frelsast \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt undan sj\u00e1lfri s\u00e9r magnast s\u00e9rg\u00e6ska borgaranna og sundur\u00feykkjan innan hennar svo mj\u00f6g a\u00f0 borgarastyrj\u00f6ld br\u00fdst \u00fat, si\u00f0menningin hrynur og borgir ver\u00f0a aftur a\u00f0 sk\u00f3gum. Vi\u00f0 tekur \u00e1 vissan h\u00e1tt n\u00fd \u00f6ld samb\u00e6rileg frummannsskei\u00f0inu, nema hva\u00f0 a\u00f0 vegna illgirninnar, sem hefur \u00fer\u00f3ast me\u00f0 \u00feeim, eru \u00edb\u00faar \u00e1 t\u00edmum si\u00f0fer\u00f0ishrunsins verri a\u00f0 e\u00f0lisfari en \u00feeir skepnum l\u00edku menn sem fyrri hringurinn h\u00f3fst \u00e1. A\u00f0eins \u00feegar allf\u00e1ir hjartahreinir einstaklingar hafa lifa\u00f0 \u00feennan hildarleik af getur n\u00fd go\u00f0veldis\u00f6ld hafist. (1105-6)<\/p>\n

    Endalok R\u00f3mar\u00edkis eru \u00f6gn fr\u00e1brug\u00f0in \u00feessari framvindu \u00fev\u00ed \u00fear opinbera\u00f0i Gu\u00f0 sannleika kristinnar tr\u00faar \u00ed dyg\u00f0 p\u00edslarvottanna, speki kirkjufe\u00f0ranna og kraftaverkum en um lei\u00f0 si\u00f0spillingu hei\u00f0inna R\u00f3mverja. En \u00feegar ofs\u00f3knir gegn kristnum m\u00f6gnu\u00f0ust \u201eleyf\u00f0i hann n\u00fdju skipulagi mannkynsins a\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0ast \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 koma fastri skipan \u00e1 [kristnina] \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt ferli mannlegra stofnana.\u201c (1047) Til \u00feess \u00feurfti hann hins vegar a\u00f0 fylgja \u201eeil\u00edfu s\u00f6gum\u00f3deli\u201c og koma \u00e1 n\u00fdrri go\u00f0veldis\u00f6ld og \u00fev\u00ed einnig n\u00fdrri \u201ebarbara\u00f6ld\u201c: veraldlegar h\u00f6f\u00f0ingjast\u00f6\u00f0ur runnu saman vi\u00f0 geistlegar, str\u00ed\u00f0s\u00e1t\u00f6k ur\u00f0u aftur tr\u00faarleg, ritm\u00e1l lag\u00f0ist n\u00e1nast af sem bendir til \u00feess a\u00f0 menn hafi aftur teki\u00f0 a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig \u00e1 \u00fe\u00f6glu m\u00e1li helgiathafna(!). Erfitt er a\u00f0 svara \u00fev\u00ed hvort mannkyni\u00f0 (e\u00f0a Evr\u00f3pub\u00faar) hafi teki\u00f0 einhverjum framf\u00f6rum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 feta sig eftir \u00feessum n\u00fdja hring \u00fev\u00ed Vico segist \u00feurfa a\u00f0 sty\u00f0jast vi\u00f0 heimildir um fyrri \u201ebarbara\u00f6ldina\u201c, \u00fe.e. hetju\u00f6ld fornaldar, til \u00feess a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00fdmsar stofnanir hins s\u00ed\u00f0ara, \u00fe.e. mi\u00f0alda. (1074)<\/p>\n

    Vico vir\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edta svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 hann hafi sj\u00e1lfur veri\u00f0 uppi \u00e1 uppl\u00fdstari t\u00edmum: Besta stj\u00f3rnarfyrirkomulag sem v\u00f6l er \u00e1, \u00fe.e. einveldi me\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0gefandi stofnunum, hafi \u00fe\u00e1 veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna \u00ed flestum Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkjum; a\u00f0eins \u00ed P\u00f3llandi og Englandi fari a\u00f0alsmenn enn me\u00f0 raunveruleg v\u00f6ld og hir\u00f0i \u00fe.a.l. s\u00ed\u00f0ur um hag almennra \u00feegna. (1083) H\u00e1sk\u00f3lum fari einnig fj\u00f6lgandi og \u00fe.m. ver\u00f0i \u00e6 v\u00ed\u00f0ar l\u00f6g\u00f0 r\u00e6kt vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i sem skili s\u00e9r \u00ed jafnari r\u00e9tti \u00feegna af mish\u00e1um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsstigum. (1086) \u00deessi \u00fer\u00f3un aukins jafnr\u00e9ttis innan uppl\u00fdstra einvelda s\u00e9 \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r \u00f3afturkallanleg: a\u00f0eins tilfallandi a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur geti h\u00e6gt \u00e1 henni e\u00f0a hindra\u00f0 hana, ekki innri r\u00f6kv\u00edsi s\u00f6gunnar. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e6ist best \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 yr\u00f0i reynt a\u00f0 hverfa aftur til a\u00f0alsveldis hlyti \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a til byltingar. Svo \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6mileg er \u00fer\u00f3unin eftir hinu \u201eeil\u00edfa s\u00f6gum\u00f3deli\u201c, segir Vico, a\u00f0 \u201ehandan hafsins, myndu amer\u00edskir [indi\u00e1nar] \u00ed hinum n\u00fdja heimi n\u00fa fylgja \u00feessu ferli mannlegra stofnana, hef\u00f0u Evr\u00f3pumenn ekki uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1\u201c (1095) og gert \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f3sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

    N\u00fa m\u00e1 vitaskuld leika s\u00e9r me\u00f0 framhaldi\u00f0 og velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvort \u00fdmis menningarleg fyrirb\u00e6ri s\u00ed\u00f0astli\u00f0inna \u00e1ratuga \u2013 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 afsta\u00f0a til gr\u00e6\u00f0gi og eigingirni, s\u00edfelld \u00fatv\u00edkkun mannr\u00e9ttindahugtaksins e\u00f0a \u201eendurkoma tr\u00faarl\u00edfsins\u201c \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum v\u00ed\u00f0a um heim \u2013 gefi ekki tilefni til nokkurrar svarts\u00fdni ef mark er takandi \u00e1 s\u00f6guheimspeki Vicos.[16]<\/a> H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur lesendum l\u00e1ti\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 huglei\u00f0a \u00feau efni en huga\u00f0 a\u00f0 grundvallarspurningu var\u00f0andi \u00feetta heimspekikerfi: Hva\u00f0a afl e\u00f0a r\u00f6kv\u00edsi er \u00fea\u00f0 sem lei\u00f0ir s\u00f6guna eftir \u00feessari braut?<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Forsj\u00f3nin<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    Vissulega hafa mennirnir sj\u00e1lfir b\u00fai\u00f0 til \u00feennan heim \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna […]; en vafalaust spratt \u00feessi heimur \u00far huga sem haf\u00f0i oft mismunandi og stundum andst\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00e6tlanir en \u00fe\u00e6r voru \u00e1vallt \u00e6\u00f0ri \u00fev\u00ed sem mennirnir h\u00f6f\u00f0u sj\u00e1lfir \u00e6tla\u00f0 s\u00e9r a\u00f0 gera; takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 hinna s\u00ed\u00f0astnefndu, sem ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 me\u00f0\u00f6lum til \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00e1 st\u00e6rri markmi\u00f0um, hefur hugur s\u00e1 alltaf beitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 var\u00f0veita mannkyni\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessari j\u00f6r\u00f0; mennirnir vilja nj\u00f3ta d\u00fdrslegrar girndar sinnar og losa sig vi\u00f0 afkv\u00e6mi s\u00edn en kalla \u00feannig fram hreinl\u00edfi hj\u00f3nabandsins, hva\u00f0an fj\u00f6lskyldurnar eru sprottnar; fe\u00f0urnir vilja beita hj\u00fa \u00feeirra f\u00f6\u00f0urvaldi \u00far h\u00f3fi fram en beygja \u00feau me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed undir borgaralegt vald, hva\u00f0an borgir eru sprottnar; yfirr\u00e1\u00f0ast\u00e9tt a\u00f0alsmanna vill misbeita fyrirmannlegu valdi gegn l\u00fd\u00f0num en ney\u00f0ist til \u00feess a\u00f0 gegna \u00feeim l\u00f6gum sem einkenna l\u00fd\u00f0veldi; frj\u00e1lsar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir vilja losna undan h\u00f6mlum laga \u00feeirra en ganga \u00fear me\u00f0 einv\u00f6ldum \u00e1 vald; einvaldar vilja veikja eigin \u00feegna me\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00f6stum si\u00f0spillingarinnar en koma \u00fev\u00ed \u00fear me\u00f0 til lei\u00f0ar a\u00f0 \u00feeir ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lum sterkari \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a; \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0irnar vilja leysa sig upp en eftirlifendur \u00feeirra fl\u00fdja \u00ed skj\u00f3l \u00f3bygg\u00f0anna, hva\u00f0an \u00feeir spretta fram a\u00f0 n\u00fdju l\u00edkt og F\u00f6nix. \u00dea\u00f0 sem kom \u00f6llu \u00feessu til lei\u00f0ar var hugur, \u00fear e\u00f0 mennirnir beittu viti s\u00ednu til \u00feess; en ekki \u00f6rl\u00f6gin, \u00fev\u00ed \u00feeir \u00e1kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0; og ekki tilviljunin vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1vallt hl\u00fdst \u00fea\u00f0 sama af \u00fev\u00ed sem eins er gert. (1108)<\/em>[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

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    \u00deennan s\u00edgilda texta \u00far ni\u00f0urlagskafla Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda <\/em>m\u00e1 taka saman me\u00f0 eftirfarandi h\u00e6tti: \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 vera takmarka\u00f0ar og syndugar verur taka menn frj\u00e1lsar \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir til \u00feess a\u00f0 uppfylla \u00fearfir s\u00ednar og \u00fej\u00f3na \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00feeir telja vera beina hagsmuni s\u00edna. En athafnir \u00feeirra reynast me\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0 og t\u00edma hafa a\u00f0rar og umfangsmeiri aflei\u00f0ingar \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r en \u00feeir hug\u00f0u e\u00f0a \u00feeim kannski hugna\u00f0ist. A\u00f0 baki \u00feeirri \u00f3v\u00e6ntu \u00fer\u00f3un b\u00fdr \u00fea\u00f0 sem Vico nefnir forsj\u00f3nina<\/em>. Forsj\u00f3nin vinnur hvorki kraftaverk me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa inn \u00ed gang n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar n\u00e9 sveigja vilja manna, heldur beinir h\u00fan \u00feeirri s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu, eins og g\u00f3\u00f0 lagasetning b\u00fdr til gagnlegar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsstofnanir \u00far l\u00f6stum mannanna.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00cd sj\u00e1lfs\u00e6vis\u00f6gu sinni l\u00fdsir Vico sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r sem tr\u00faum \u00fej\u00f3ni r\u00e9ttrar tr\u00faar \u00e1 t\u00edmum \u00feegar \u00f3gu\u00f0r\u00e6kin heimspeki hafi fanga\u00f0 huga margra samt\u00edmanna hans. \u00de\u00e1 t\u00falkun \u00e1 hugsun Vicos a\u00f0 hann hafi fyrst og fremst veri\u00f0 ka\u00fe\u00f3lskur hugsu\u00f0ur hefur m\u00e1tt finna allt fram \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld. En strax \u00e1 18. \u00f6ld dr\u00f3gu \u00fdmsir, s.s. d\u00f3m\u00ednikaninn G.F. Finetti, \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0un \u00ed efa og bentu \u00e1 a\u00f0 kenningar Vicos um a\u00f0 mannkyni\u00f0 hafi \u00ed \u00e1rdaga veri\u00f0 d\u00fdrum l\u00edkast og tr\u00fa \u00feess \u00e1 \u00e6\u00f0ri m\u00e1ttarv\u00f6ld \u00e1tt s\u00e9r n\u00e1tt\u00farulegar orsakir geti ekki talist \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 kristna tr\u00fa. A\u00f0 sama skapi vakna\u00f0i s\u00fa spurning hvort \u00fat fr\u00e1 Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum <\/em>m\u00e6tti ekki \u201eleysa upp\u201c fleiri forna h\u00f6funda en H\u00f3mer, s.s. M\u00f3ses, \u00ed tiltekna rithef\u00f0 \u00e1 afm\u00f6rku\u00f0u sv\u00e6\u00f0i og t\u00edmabili og hva\u00f0a aflei\u00f0ingar sl\u00edkt hef\u00f0i \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r fyrir tr\u00fana.[19]<\/a> \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feess a\u00f0 forsj\u00f3nin leiddi mannkyni\u00f0 \u00e1fram til aukinna l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e9ttinda hl\u00fdtur s\u00fa spurning einnig a\u00f0 vakna hvort h\u00fan hlj\u00f3ti skv. \u00feessu heimspekikerfi ekki einnig a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 verki \u00feegar mannkyni\u00f0 steyptist inn \u00ed n\u00fdja go\u00f0a\u00f6ld, \u00fe.e. hinar myrku mi\u00f0aldir. En ef \u00feau skakkaf\u00f6ll ur\u00f0u til \u00feess, sem fyrr segir, a\u00f0 mannkyni\u00f0 kynntist hinni s\u00f6nnu kristnu tr\u00fa, \u00fearf ekkert gu\u00f0last a\u00f0 felast \u00ed \u00feeirri kenningu.<\/p>\n

    \u00deessi tilhneiging forsj\u00f3narinnar til \u00feess a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a menn a\u00f0 allt annarri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u en \u00feeir stefndu upphaflega a\u00f0 minnir t\u00f6luvert \u00e1 hlutverk andans \u00ed s\u00ednum \u00f3l\u00edku birtingarmyndum \u00ed heimspeki G.W.F. Hegels (1770-1831) og \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann nefndi \u201el\u00e6v\u00edsi skynseminnar\u201c sem er a\u00f0 verki \u00ed s\u00f6gunni. Vita\u00f0 er a\u00f0 Hegel \u00feekkti nokku\u00f0 til Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda<\/em> Vicos og hafa \u00fdmsir or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 \u00ed heimspeki \u00feess s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda fyrirrennara s\u00f6guspeki Hegels, ekki s\u00edst sveitungi Vicos, heimspekingurinn Benedetto Croce (1866-1952). Eins hefur kenning Auguste Comte (1798-1857) um \u00fer\u00edskipta s\u00f6gu mannkyns og v\u00edsinda \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega, frumspekilega og loks p\u00f3sit\u00edva \u00f6ld \u00fe\u00f3tt svipa til t\u00edmabilaskiptingarinnar \u00ed Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum<\/em>. Aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti gera hvorki Hegel n\u00e9 Comte r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir einhvers konar hruni til frumstigsins e\u00f0a sp\u00edralhreyfingum samf\u00e9laga \u00ed gegnum n\u00fd en fastm\u00f3tu\u00f0 s\u00f6guferli, heldur \u00fevert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti fyrir einhverju lokastigi s\u00f6gulegrar \u00fer\u00f3unar. Enn fremur \u00feykjast menn sj\u00e1 \u00fear anna\u00f0 hreyfiafl \u00feessarar \u00fer\u00f3unar a\u00f0 verki en hj\u00e1 Vico: Andinn keyrir \u00feannig s\u00f6guna \u00e1fram hj\u00e1 Hegel og gengur alfari\u00f0 fyrir sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r, ef svo m\u00e1 a\u00f0 or\u00f0i komast. A\u00f0 d\u00f3mi Vicos er sl\u00edk kenning hins vegar \u00f3t\u00e6k \u00fear e\u00f0 h\u00fan er til marks um \u00f6rlagahyggju \u00ed anda st\u00f3uspeki, \u00fear sem eitthvert allsherjarafl r\u00e6\u00f0ur f\u00f6r \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 frj\u00e1ls vilji mannsins skipti neinu verulegu m\u00e1li. Vandinn sem felst \u00ed hugtaki Vicos um gu\u00f0lega forsj\u00f3n er hins vegar s\u00e1 a\u00f0 ef sagan \u00fer\u00f3ast algj\u00f6rlega eftir fyrir\u00e6tlun Gu\u00f0s alm\u00e1ttugs er ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur um \u00f6rlagahyggju a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a en \u00ed st\u00f3uspeki. \u00dev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast h\u00e6pi\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00fa hafi veri\u00f0 raunveruleg afsta\u00f0a Vicos. En \u00fe\u00e1 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra ver\u00f0ur st\u00f6\u00f0u og hlutverk forsj\u00f3narinnar me\u00f0 einhverjum \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti en a\u00f0 l\u00edkja henni vi\u00f0 andann \u00ed heimspeki Hegels e\u00f0a inngrip Gu\u00f0s \u00ed frj\u00e1lsar \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir mannsins.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Ein lei\u00f0 til \u00feess er s\u00fa a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 \u00feurfi \u00ed gegnum h\u00e1stemmdar tr\u00faarj\u00e1tningar Vicos og l\u00edta \u00e1 vond og m\u00f3tsagnakennd r\u00f6k \u00ed m\u00e1li hans sem dulin skilabo\u00f0 til lesenda um a\u00f0 taka ekki s\u00e9rlega h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0lega \u00fe\u00e1 afst\u00f6\u00f0u sem \u00feeim er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja. \u00deannig heldur Frederick Vaughan \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00f3\u00fearft s\u00e9 a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir gu\u00f0legri forsj\u00f3n \u00ed heimspekikerfi Vicos; h\u00fan tolli \u00ed raun illa vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegu afst\u00e6\u00f0ishyggju Vicos a\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00farur\u00e9ttarkenningin hafi fyrst komi\u00f0 fram \u00e1 sj\u00f3narsvi\u00f0i\u00f0 (og \u00fear me\u00f0 skipt m\u00e1li) \u00feegar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edka og jafnvel andst\u00e6\u00f0a si\u00f0i t\u00f3ku a\u00f0 eiga me\u00f0 s\u00e9r vaxandi samskipti. Yfirl\u00fdsingar sem bendi til annars beri \u00fe.a.l. a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 t\u00falka sem tilraun h\u00f6fundar til \u00feess a\u00f0 koma eldfimri kenningu sinni \u00ed gegnum n\u00e1laraugu ritsko\u00f0unar ranns\u00f3knarr\u00e9ttarins, sem menn fundu vissulega enn fyrir \u00e1 t\u00edma Vicos.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Me\u00f0 svipu\u00f0um h\u00e6tti hefur hugmyndasagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Jonathan Israel f\u00e6rt r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Vico geri hvergi hei\u00f0arlega tilraun til \u00feess a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra hva\u00f0 s\u00e9 gu\u00f0legt vi\u00f0 forsj\u00f3nina. Annars vegar megi \u00ed Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum<\/em> finna \u00fdmsar hugmyndir sem eigi mest sammerkt me\u00f0 heimspeki Spinoza, Bayle og \u00f6\u00f0rum \u201enat\u00faralistum\u201c (\u00fe.e. efnishyggjusinnum) 17. aldar, s.s. um a\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagsstofnanir manna eigi s\u00e9r a\u00f0eins r\u00f3t \u00ed \u00fe\u00f6rfum \u00feeirra og kr\u00f6fu um \u00f6ryggi. \u00deegar kanna\u00f0 er me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a h\u00e6tti forsj\u00f3nin er a\u00f0 verki \u00ed s\u00f6gunni s\u00e9 ekkert sem bendi til \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 af yfirn\u00e1tt\u00farulegum e\u00f0a yfirskilvitlegum toga e\u00f0a a\u00f0 h\u00fan birtist \u00ed kraftaverkum. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti s\u00e9u birtingarmyndir hennar (samf\u00e9lagsstofnanirnar sem menn komi \u00e1 f\u00f3t) a\u00f0eins skynsamleg skipan m\u00e1la \u00ed samspili manna (v\u00e6ntinga \u00feeirra, \u00f3tta og si\u00f0venja) og n\u00e1tt\u00faru; andsta\u00f0an vi\u00f0 st\u00f3u og Ep\u00edk\u00far s\u00e9 a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegs e\u00f0lis, \u00fe.e. tilraun til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00feessu samspili \u00e1n v\u00e9lr\u00e6nnar nau\u00f0hyggju (st\u00f3uspeki) e\u00f0a \u00feeirrar tr\u00faar a\u00f0 allt s\u00e9 tilviljunum undirorpi\u00f0 (Ep\u00edkurismi). \u00deessu hafi andst\u00e6\u00f0ingar uppl\u00fdsingarinnar \u00e1 18. \u00f6ld \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Finetti \u00e1tta\u00f0 sig \u00e1 og \u00fev\u00ed aldrei gert \u00fe\u00e1 skissu a\u00f0 telja Vico til vopnabr\u00e6\u00f0ra sinna.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00de\u00f3tt \u00feessi t\u00falkun \u00e1 Vico s\u00e9 vel r\u00f6kstudd ver\u00f0ur h\u00fan \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 teljast nokku\u00f0 afdr\u00e1ttarlaus, enda krefst h\u00fan \u00feess a\u00f0 lesandinn hugsi gegn \u00fev\u00ed sem h\u00f6fundur segir \u00e1 fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum st\u00f6\u00f0um, \u00feannig a\u00f0 n\u00e1nast ver\u00f0i um \u201ege\u00f0klofa\u201c lestur a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Leon Pompa reynir a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast a\u00f0 ganga jafn langt \u00ed t\u00falkun sinni en vi\u00f0urkennir a\u00f0 ef \u00f6ll umm\u00e6li Vicos um forsj\u00f3nina eru tekin saman s\u00e9u \u00feau \u00fea\u00f0 misv\u00edsandi a\u00f0 \u00feau geti ekki mynda\u00f0 samst\u00e6\u00f0a heild. \u00dev\u00ed leggur hann til a\u00f0 forsj\u00f3narhugtakinu s\u00e9 skipt \u00ed tvennt, \u00fe.e. \u00ed \u201e\u00edverandi\u201c (e. immanent) og \u201eyfirskilvitlega\u201c (e. transcendent) forsj\u00f3n. S\u00fa fyrrnefnda er a\u00f0 verki \u00ed <\/em>s\u00f6gunni og er af \u00feeim \u201enat\u00faral\u00edska\u201c toga sem Vaughan og Israel telja a\u00f0 Vico a\u00f0hyllist einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu. S\u00fa forsj\u00f3n s\u00e9 ekki fyrirfram gefin heldur komi \u00ed lj\u00f3s eftir \u00e1, \u00feegar eftir \u00fev\u00ed er gaumur gefinn hversu \u201en\u00e1tt\u00farulega\u201c samf\u00e9lagsstofnanir manna m\u00f3tast, \u00fe.e. \u00e1n tilverkna\u00f0ar yfirskilvitlegs gu\u00f0s. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn s\u00e9 oft a\u00f0 finna sta\u00f0i \u00ed Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum<\/em>, eins og \u00ed tilvitnuninni h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan, \u00fear sem forsj\u00f3ninni er l\u00fdst sem \u201ehuga\u201c er vinni eftir langt\u00edmamarkmi\u00f0i, s.s. \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda mannl\u00edfi \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u; henni megi \u00fev\u00ed l\u00fdsa sem yfirskilvitlegri \u00fear e\u00f0 h\u00fan getur ekki veri\u00f0 hluti af \u00feessum heimi. Spurningin er s\u00fa, segir Pompa, hvort Vico hafi rugla\u00f0 \u00feessum tvenns konar skilningi saman til \u00feess a\u00f0 sigla undir f\u00f6lsku flaggi r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0ar, eins og Vaughan og Israel halda fram, e\u00f0a hvort hann hafi ekki gert s\u00e9r grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed hversu \u201enat\u00faral\u00edsk\u201c heimspeki hans v\u00e6ri. Um \u00fea\u00f0 getum vi\u00f0 aldrei komist a\u00f0 endanlegri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, \u00e1lyktar hann, enda ekki um neina \u00farslitaspurningu a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a hversu me\u00f0vita\u00f0ur Vico hafi veri\u00f0 um \u00feetta \u00f3samr\u00e6mi til \u00feess a\u00f0 skilja megi heimspeki hans.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Sj\u00e1lfsagt m\u00e1 einnig spyrja hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00fea\u00f0 hafi a\u00f0 velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r, \u00e1 t\u00edmum r\u00fastabj\u00f6rgunar og a\u00f0kallandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsvandam\u00e1la, hvort forsj\u00f3narhugtak Vicos s\u00e9 veraldlegs e\u00f0a gu\u00f0legs e\u00f0lis. En hin eil\u00edfa spurning um tilgang og gagnsemi heimspekilegra vangaveltna sem \u00feessara \u00fearf \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki ekki a\u00f0 vera svo hvimlei\u00f0 sem oft ella. \u00dev\u00ed hva\u00f0 er l\u00edfsmott\u00f3 heillar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar um a\u00f0 \u201e\u00feetta reddast\u201c e\u00f0a \u201e\u00feetta hefst \u00e1 endanum\u201c anna\u00f0 en einl\u00e6g og dj\u00fap tr\u00faarj\u00e1tning s\u00f6mu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar \u00e1 a\u00f0 forsj\u00f3nin s\u00e9 a\u00f0 verki \u00ed s\u00f6gulegum veruleika hennar? \u00dea\u00f0 hl\u00fdtur \u00fe\u00e1 einnig a\u00f0 skipta einhverju m\u00e1li hvort s\u00fa forsj\u00f3n teljist vera veitt a\u00f0 ofan (me\u00f0 \u00feeirri nau\u00f0hyggju sem af \u00fev\u00ed getur stafa\u00f0) e\u00f0a a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 einfaldlega skynsamleg skipan samspilsins milli manns og n\u00e1tt\u00faru sem komist \u00e1 \u00feegar n\u00e1tt\u00farulegar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur leyfa. Spurningin sem eftir situr er hvort vi\u00f0 s\u00e9um einhverju n\u00e6r um \u00fea\u00f0 hvers vegna \u201e\u00feetta reddast\u201c (e\u00f0a eigi a\u00f0 reddast) vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 huglei\u00f0a forsj\u00f3narhugtak Vicos.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n
    \n

    [1]<\/a> Giovanbattista Vico: Vita di Giovanbattista Vico scritta da se medesimo<\/em>. Sj\u00e1: http:\/\/www.intratext.com\/IXT\/ITA1788\/_P1.HTM<\/a>; The Autobiography of Giambattista Vico<\/em>, (\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0. Max Harold Fisch og Thomas Goddard Bergin), Cornell University Press: Ithaca og London 1944, s. 111.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Max Harold Fisch: \u201eIntroduction\u201c, The Autobiography of Giambattista Vico<\/em>, s. 31-36.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> G. Vico: \u201cII. De nostri tempore studionis Ratione\u201d, \u0152uvres choisies de Vico contenants s\u00e9s M\u00e9moires \u00e9crits par lui-m\u00eame, La science nouvelle, Les opuscules. Lettres etc. pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9es d\u2018une introduction sur sa vie et ses ouvrages<\/em>, (ritstj. J. Michelet), Ernest Flammarion: Paris [1835?], s. 145-162, h\u00e9r s. 162. Sj\u00e1: http:\/\/www.archive.org\/stream\/oeuvreschoisiesd00vicouoft#page\/n3\/mode\/2up<\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> Giambattista Vico: \u201cIV. R\u00e9ponse \u00e0 un article d\u2019un journal d\u2019Italie \u2026\u201d, Sama rit, s. 164-169.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> Giambattista Vico: \u201cDe l\u2019antique sagesse de l\u2019Italie, retrouv\u00e9e dans les origines de la langue latine\u201d, Sama rit, s. 211-280, h\u00e9r s. 222-223.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Sama rit, s. 225-227.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 huglei\u00f0ingar Leon Pompa um hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00fea\u00f0 eru \u00ed heimspeki Vicos sem geri honum kleift a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00feessari gj\u00f6rbreyttu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed: Leon Pompa: Vico. A study of the \u2018New Science\u2019<\/em>, (2. \u00fatg.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge o.fl. 1990, s. 75-86.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> Sj\u00e1 huglei\u00f0ingar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0enda ensku \u00fatg\u00e1funnar um allar m\u00f6gulegar lei\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 skilja \u00feennan titil \u00ed: \u201cIntroduction\u201d, The New Science of Giambattista Vico. Revised Translation of the Third Edition (1744)<\/em>, (\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0. Thomas Goddard Bergin og Max Harold Fisch), Cornell University Press: Ithaca og London 1968, s. xix-xlv. \u00deess m\u00e1 geta a\u00f0 \u00f6nnur og \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00fatg\u00e1fa ritsins bar talsvert styttri titil: Grunnreglur n\u00fdrra v\u00edsinda um sameiginlegt e\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> Giambattista Vico: Princ<\/em>\u00ecpi di scienza nuova<\/em>, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore: Milano, Napoli 1992, s. 121. T\u00f6lur innan sviga v\u00edsa n\u00famer efnisgreinar \u00ed Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum<\/em>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> Sama rit, s. 237.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> Ingi Sigur\u00f0sson: \u201cUm s\u00f6guspeki Vicos (Erindi flutt \u00e1 fundi \u00ed F\u00e9lagi \u00e1hugamanna um heimspeki 6. ma\u00ed 1979)\u201d. (fj\u00f6lrit), s. 17-18.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Thomas Whittaker: Reason. A Philosophical Essay with Historical Illustrations (Comte and Mill, Schopenhauer, Vico, Spinoza)<\/em>, Greenwood Press: Westport, Conn. 1977, s. 141-143.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> Monarchia<\/em> er h\u00e9r \u00fe\u00fdtt or\u00f0r\u00e9tt sem einveldi, enda notar Vico \u00fea\u00f0 sem v\u00ed\u00f0ara hugtak en stj\u00f3rn konunga, auk \u00feess sem Sesar ger\u00f0ist ekki formlega konungur \u00ed R\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> Me\u00f0 hring er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 heilt ferli sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0rar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar \u00ed gegnum go\u00f0veldis-, hetju- og mann\u00f6ld. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed ferli loknu tekur n\u00fdr hringur vi\u00f0. \u00cd fj\u00f3r\u00f0a hluta Hinna n\u00fdju v\u00edsinda<\/em> birtist \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1kve\u00f0in m\u00f3ts\u00f6gn \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi: \u00cd seinni hringnum tilheyra h\u00f3lmg\u00f6ngur go\u00f0veldis\u00f6ld<\/em> hva\u00f0 (10) d\u00f3ma var\u00f0ar en \u00fe\u00e6r tilheyra einnig (11) t\u00edmabili hetjualdar<\/em>; me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda t\u00edmabilinu mun Vico einkum hafa haft mi\u00f0aldir \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed huga.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> \u00deessi afsta\u00f0a er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 eftirfarandi yfirl\u00fdsingu \u00ed lok fyrsta hluta verksins: \u201e[\u00de]ar e\u00f0 gu\u00f0leg forsj\u00f3n hefur komi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00feannig fyrir ur\u00f0u stofnanir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna, ver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r og munu \u00fer\u00f3ast eins og r\u00f6kstutt er \u00ed \u00feessum V\u00edsindum, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00f3endanlegir heimar spryttu upp \u00ed eil\u00edf\u00f0inni, nokku\u00f0 sem er \u00f6rugglega ekki tilfelli\u00f0.\u201c (348)<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> Leon Pompa telur \u00feessa svarts\u00fdni Vicos stafa af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann \u00e1l\u00edti \u00edmyndunarafli\u00f0 og skynsemina ekki r\u00famast \u00e1 sama t\u00edma hj\u00e1 einni og s\u00f6mu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni. S\u00fa grunnregla stangist \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 vi\u00f0 greiningu hans sj\u00e1lfs \u00e1 \u00fdmsum s\u00f6guskei\u00f0um: \u00c1 t.d. go\u00f0veldis\u00f6ld, \u00feegar \u00edmyndunarafli\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00ed hugum f\u00f3lks, beita l\u00e6gri st\u00e9ttir engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur skynsemi sinni til \u00feess a\u00f0 hafna gu\u00f0legu tilkalli r\u00e1\u00f0andi st\u00e9tta til valda. Ef \u00feessir tveir \u00f3l\u00edku \u00fe\u00e6ttir hugarstarfseminnar \u00fatiloka ekki hvor annan \u00fearf Vico \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 \u00f3ttast a\u00f0 \u00f6ll samf\u00e9lagstengsl rofni \u00e1 mann\u00f6ld, \u00feegar skynsemin r\u00e6\u00f0ur f\u00f6r. \u00c9g er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki viss um a\u00f0 \u00feetta d\u00e6mi eitt og s\u00e9r dugi til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja m\u00e1l Pompa. Sj\u00e1: Leon Pompa: \u201eVico, Giambattista\u201c, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. v. 9. Sociology of knowledge to Zoroastrianism<\/em>, Routledge: London og New York 1998, s. 599-606.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> Giambattista Vico: Princ<\/em>\u00ecpi di scienza nuova<\/em>, s. 510.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> \u201eL\u00f6ggj\u00f6fin metur manninn eins og hann er til \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00fdta hann \u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1gu \u00ed mannlegu samf\u00e9lagi: \u00far grimmd, \u00e1girnd og metna\u00f0i, \u00feeim \u00feremur l\u00f6stum sem eru \u00e1vallt til sta\u00f0ar hj\u00e1 mannkyninu, b\u00fdr h\u00fan \u00feannig til hermennsku, verslun og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og \u00fear me\u00f0 styrk, au\u00f0 og visku r\u00edkisins; og \u00far \u00feessum \u00feremur h\u00f6fu\u00f0l\u00f6stum, sem g\u00e6tu h\u00e6glega eytt mannkyninu \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u, kemur h\u00fan \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagslegri hamingju. \u00deessi regla sannar a\u00f0 gu\u00f0leg forsj\u00f3n s\u00e9 til sta\u00f0ar og a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 gu\u00f0legur l\u00f6ggefandi hugur sem hafi gert \u00far \u00e1str\u00ed\u00f0um mannanna, sem leita allir eigin hags og myndu ella lifa sem villid\u00fdr \u00ed \u00f3bygg\u00f0um, \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagslegar stofnanir er tryggja a\u00f0 \u00feeir lifi \u00ed mannlegu samf\u00e9lagi.\u201c (132-133) Sama rit, s. 79-80.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [19]<\/a> Max Harold Fisch: \u201eIntroduction\u201c, The Autobiography of Giambattista Vico<\/em>, s. 63.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [20]<\/a> Leon Pompa: Vico. A study of the \u2018New Science\u2019<\/em>, s. 51-56. Heimspeki Vicos er a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti ka\u00fe\u00f3lsk a\u00f0 h\u00fan vi\u00f0urkennir frelsi mannsins. Vandinn er hins vegar s\u00e1 hvernig gera megi grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gu\u00f0leg forsj\u00f3n s\u00e9 a\u00f0 verki \u00ed s\u00f6gunni \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan sker\u00f0i \u00feetta frelsi.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [21]<\/a> Frederick Vaughan: The Political Philosophy of Giambattista Vico. An Introduction to <\/em>La Scienza Nuova, Martinus Nijhoff: Haag 1972, s. 19-27. D\u00e6mi um \u00feessa lymsku s\u00e9r Vaughan einnig \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Vico geri enga hei\u00f0arlega tilraun til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja af hverju \u00fer\u00f3unin sem allar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir fylgi eigi ekki a\u00f0 gilda um hina \u00fatv\u00f6ldu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 gy\u00f0inga. Vico geri \u00feessa undantekingu bers\u00fdnilega til \u00feess eins a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a ekki saka\u00f0ur um gu\u00f0last. (Sama rit, s. 27-33.)<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [22]<\/a> Jonathan I. Israel: Enlightenment Contested. Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752<\/em>, Oxford University Press: Oxford, New York 2006, s. 528-537.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [23]<\/a> Leon Pompa: Vico. A study of the \u2018New Science\u2019<\/em>, s. 56-61.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    L\u00e1n \u00ed \u00f3l\u00e1ni<\/em> \u2013 \u00feannig m\u00e6tti\u00a0l\u00fdsa \u00e6viferli Vicos. En einnig m\u00e1 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 sagan af slysinu sem s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur var\u00f0 fyrir sem barn geymi kjarnann \u00ed heimspeki hans \u00fev\u00ed inntakinu \u00ed Hinum n\u00fdju v\u00edsindum<\/em> m\u00e1 l\u00fdsa sem nokku\u00f0 svipu\u00f0u: \u00cd gegnum s\u00f6guna og \u00f6ll \u00feau skakkaf\u00f6ll sem h\u00fan \u00feekkir er a\u00f0 verki gu\u00f0leg forsj\u00f3n sem lj\u00e6r henni merkingu og \u2013 a.m.k. t\u00edmabundinn \u2013 tilgang. Heimspeki Vicos m\u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed l\u00fdsa sem heimspeki forsj\u00f3narinnar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":282,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[283,284,102,285,286,287],"coauthors":[1051],"class_list":["post-100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles61","tag-heimspeki","tag-italia","tag-saga","tag-sagnfraedi","tag-vico","tag-visindi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/282"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1132,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100\/revisions\/1132"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nome.unak.is\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}